Microbial Loads, Mycotoxins, and Quality of Durum Wheat from the 2001 Harvest of the Northern Plains Region of the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK A. MANTHEY ◽  
CHARLENE E. WOLF-HALL ◽  
SAUJANYA YALLA ◽  
CHITRA VIJAYAKUMAR ◽  
DARLA CARLSON
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Northern Plains ◽  
Internal Mold ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
Kernel Content

The 2001 durum wheat crop grown in the Northern Plains was surveyed for microbial loads, mycotoxins, and quality. Correlations among these factors were identified. Effects of cleaning, milling, and pasta processing on microbial loads and deoxynivalenol(DON) concentrations were determined. Aerobic plate counts (APCs), mold and yeast counts (MYCs), internal mold infection (IMI), and internal Fusarium infection (IFI) were lowest in grain samples from Montana and highest in grain from northeastern North Dakota. DON and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON) were not detected in samples from Montana. Nivalenol was not detected in any samples. DON in North Dakota samples ranged from none detected to 23 μg/g. 15-ADON was detected in a few North Dakota samples, with a maximum of 0.8 μg/g. DON positively correlated with APCs, MYCs, IFI, damaged kernels, total defects, U.S. grade number, and tombstone kernel content and negatively correlated with test weight, vitreous kernel content, and kernel weight. APCs, MYCs, and DON concentrations were lower in semolina than whole grain. Processing semolina into spaghetti did not change DON concentrations. APCs for spaghetti were reduced 2.2 to 4.1 logs from those for semolina, whereas MYCs were reduced 0.1 to 1.7 log. Some APCs in durum flour and semolina were higher than certain industry specifications would allow, although other factors were acceptable. However, microbial loads in the spaghetti were all within specifications found in the available literature.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME DURUM WHEAT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SEMOLINA MILLING PROPERTIES

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. MATSUO ◽  
J. E. DEXTER
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Yellow Pigment Content ◽  
Weight Protein ◽  
Kernel Content ◽  
Milling Yield ◽  
Milling Properties ◽  
The Relationship

A recently developed modified milling flow for a three-stand Allis-Chalmers laboratory mill that gives a semolina yield and semolina granulation similar to that of Canadian commercial mills was used to study the relationship between durum wheat test weight, 1000-kernel weight, protein content and semolina milling yield for a series of 174 durum wheat samples. All correlations except the correlation between protein content and 1000-kernel weight were significant. Maximum milling yield was obtained for samples possessing high test weight and high 1000-kernel weight. Increased protein content resulted in a tendency to lower milling yield. For a series of hand-picked samples it was found that as starchy kernel content increased, milling yield was not affected but the proportion of flour increased. Protein content and yellow pigment content decreased with increased starchy kernel content.

Concentration of cadmium and other elements in the grain of near-isogenic durum lines

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Clarke ◽  
W. A. Norvell ◽  
F. R. Clarke ◽  
W. T. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
Cadmium Concentration ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Test Weight ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Grain Cadmium

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var durum) shows genetic variation for concentration of the heavy metal cadmium in the grain. This variation is being exploited to develop cultivars with low cadmium concentration, but there is no information on the effect of incorporation of the trait on uptake of other elements or on economic traits such as yield. Five pairs of near-isogenic high/low cadmium durum wheat lines and their parents were grown in a randomized complete block trial with three replications. Trials were grown at Swift Current, Saskatchewan in 1994, at Swift Current, Stewart Valley and Regina, Saskatchewan in 1995 and 1996, at Langdon and Fargo, North Dakota in 1995, and at Casselton and Langdon, North Dakota in 1996. Grain yield, test weight, kernel weight and protein concentration were determined. Grain cadmium, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel and zinc were measured by atomic absorption or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The low cadmium trait had no significant effect on average yield, grain protein concentration, test weight, or kernel weight as indicated by comparison of the high and low cadmium isolines. Average grain cadmium concentration differed among years within locations, among locations within years, and among genotypes. The average grain cadmium concentration of the high cadmium isolines was approximately double that of the low cadmium isolines. There were significant genotypic differences in grain concentration of the other elements, but the differences were not associated with the high and low cadmium isogenic lines. The low cadmium allele seems to be specific for cadmium, lowering cadmium without altering concentrations of other elements or affecting economic traits. Key words: Triticum turgidum L. var durum; grain cadmium concentration; grain yield

scholarly journals Olive mill wastewater effects on durum wheat crop attributes and soil microbial activities: A pilot study in Syria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jehan Khalil ◽  
Hasan Habib ◽  
Michael Alabboud ◽  
Safwan Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewater ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Microbial Activities ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Olive Mill

AbstractOlive mill wastewater is one of the environmental problems in semiarid regions. The main goals of this study were to investigate the impacts of different olive mill wastewater levels on durum wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Douma1) production and soil microbial activities (i.e., bacteria and fungi). A pot experiment was conducted during the growing seasons 2015/2017 to evaluate the effect of three levels of olive mill wastewater on both growth and productivity attributes of wheat. Vertisol soil samples were collected from southern Syria. Two months before wheat cultivation, three levels of olive mill wastewater: T5 (5 L/m 2), T10 (10 L/m2) and T15 (15 L/m 2) were added to pots filled with the collected soil samples. Also, a control (T0) free of olive mill wastewater was considered as a reference. Results showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in germination rate (%), plant height (cm), ear length (cm), kernels number, kernels weight per ear (g) and grain yield (g/m2) compared to control. However, T5 treatment did not induce a significant increase in terms of ear length, kernels weight per ear or yield (in the second season). On the other hand, T10 treatment had recorded the best results compared with the other two treatments (T5, T15). Similarly, the results showed a significant increase in the number of bacterial and fungi cells by increasing olive mill wastewater concentration. This research provides promising results toward using olive mill wastewater in an eco-friendly way under Syrian conditions.

scholarly journals Abiotic Stress Response of Near-Isogenic Spring Durum Wheat Lines under Different Sowing Densities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2053
Author(s):  
Judit Bányai ◽  
Marco Maccaferri ◽  
László Láng ◽  
Marianna Mayer ◽  
Viola Tóth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Flag Leaf ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Isogenic Lines

A detailed study was made of changes in the plant development, morphology, physiology and yield biology of near-isogenic lines of spring durum wheat sown in the field with different plant densities in two consecutive years (2013–2014). An analysis was made of the drought tolerance of isogenic lines selected for yield QTLs (QYld.idw-2B and QYld.idw-3B), and the presence of QTL effects was examined in spring sowings. Comparisons were made of the traits of the isogenic pairs QYld.idw-3B++ and QYld.idw-3B−− both within and between the pairs. Changes in the polyamine content, antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content of the flag leaf and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of the plot were monitored in response to drought stress, and the relationship between these components and the yield was analyzed. In the case of moderate stress, differences between the NIL++ and NIL−− pairs appeared in the early dough stage, indicating that the QYld.idw-3B++ QTL region was able to maintain photosynthetic activity for a longer period, resulting in greater grain number and grain weight at the end of the growing period. The chlorophyll content of the flag leaf in phenophases Z77 and Z83 was significantly correlated with the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. The grain yield was greatly influenced by the treatment, while the genotype had a significant effect on the thousand-kernel weight and on the grain number and grain weight of the main spike. When the lines were compared in the non-irrigated treatment, significantly more grains and significantly higher grain weight were observed in the main spike in NIL++ lines, confirming the theory that the higher yields of the QYld.idw-3B++ lines when sown in spring and exposed to drought stress could be attributed to the positive effect of the “Kofa” QTL on chromosome 3B.

scholarly journals Effects from Early Planting of Late-Maturing Sunflowers on Damage from Primary Insect Pests in the United States

Helia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (64) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Prasifka ◽  
L. F. Marek ◽  
D. K. Lee ◽  
S. B. Thapa ◽  
V. Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Smicronyx Fulvus ◽  
Sunflower Moth ◽  
Homoeosoma Electellum

AbstractDelayed planting is recommended to reduce damage from sunflower insect pests in the United States, including the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) and banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham. However, in some locations, planting earlier or growing later-maturing hybrids could improve yield or oil content of sunflowers which would partially offset any added costs from insect pests or their management. Because the abundance and distribution of some sunflower insects have changed since recommendations for delayed planting were developed, experimental plots were grown in 2012 and 2013 at sites in North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. Sunflowers were planted two to four weeks earlier than normal, including hybrids that flower two to three weeks later than elite commercial hybrids. The sum of seed damaged by sunflower moth, banded sunflower moth, and red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, (i. e., total percentage) was influenced by location, but not the relative maturity of tested entries. However, when damage attributed solely to the red sunflower seed weevil was analyzed, more damaged seed were found for late-maturing entries in North Dakota and Nebraska. In addition to the trial data, current pest populations are lower than when delayed planting was first recommended and insecticide use during sunflower bloom is both common and effective. Together, these observations suggest factoring insect pests into planting time decisions may be unnecessary, except for areas with a history of problems with severe pests that cannot be managed using insecticides (e. g., sunflower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagné).

Modelling fuzzy combination of remote sensing vegetation index for durum wheat crop analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 684-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodoro Semeraro ◽  
Giovanni Mastroleo ◽  
Alessandro Pomes ◽  
Andrea Luvisi ◽  
Elena Gissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Wheat Crop

scholarly journals Productivity, quality and efficiency of spring durum wheat cultivation when treating crops with a biological product

2021 ◽  
Vol 845 (1) ◽  
pp. 012026
Author(s):  
V A Sergeeva ◽  
A A Muravyov ◽  
L M Vlasova
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Grain Processing ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
Control Variant

Abstract The production experiments were carried out based on the farm “Yaroslav the Wise” of the Starooskol district of the Belgorod region. The article studies the effect of the biological product Biogor KM during the pre-sowing treatment of grain in combination with double spraying of growing plants of spring durum wheat Dar Chernozemya 2. One of the experiments provides for grain processing with the period of “germination-ripening” of its wheat plants reduced by 8 days. The second variant, in addition to processing the grain, had two sprayings carried out during the growing season. The second experiment lasted even less by 12 days in comparison with the control variant. The article establishes the positive influence of the biological product on the formation of the productivity structure of spring durum wheat plants. Grain processing in combination with spraying during the growing season led to the formation of the best productivity structure: plant height was 39% higher, the number of spikelets was 41.8% higher, the number of spikelets was higher by 35.3%, and the grain weight per spike was 39.2%. versus the control variant. The yield in the experiment was in direct proportion to the method of application of the biological product and the conditions of the growing season. The largest increase in yield - 0.40 t / ha or 14.5% was obtained in the variant with grain processing in combination with double spraying of plants during the growing season, the average yield for the studied period was 3.14 t / ha and was maximum, indicators of economic and bioenergy efficiency was also the best.

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