SaniTwice: A Novel Approach to Hand Hygiene for Reducing Bacterial Contamination on Hands When Soap and Water Are Unavailable

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 2296-2300 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH L. EDMONDS ◽  
JAMES MANN ◽  
ROBERT R. McCORMACK ◽  
DAVID R. MACINGA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER M. FRICKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Standard Application ◽  
Paper Towels ◽  
Foodborne Infections

The risk of inadequate hand hygiene in food handling settings is exacerbated when water is limited or unavailable, thereby making washing with soap and water difficult. The SaniTwice method involves application of excess alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS), hand “washing” for 15 s, and thorough cleaning with paper towels while hands are still wet, followed by a standard application of ABHS. This study investigated the effectiveness of the SaniTwice methodology as an alternative to hand washing for cleaning and removal of microorganisms. On hands moderately soiled with beef broth containing Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229), washing with a nonantimicrobial hand washing product achieved a 2.86 (±0.64)-log reduction in microbial contamination compared with the baseline, whereas the SaniTwice method with 62% ethanol (EtOH) gel, 62% EtOH foam, and 70% EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.64 ±0.89, 3.64 ±0.57, and 4.61 ±0.33 log units, respectively. When hands were heavily soiled from handling raw hamburger containing E. coli, washing with nonantimicrobial hand washing product and antimicrobial hand washing product achieved reductions of 2.65 ± 0.33 and 2.69 ± 0.32 log units, respectively, whereas SaniTwice with 62% EtOH foam, 70% EtOH gel, and 70% EtOH advanced formula gel achieved reductions of 2.87 ±0.42, 2.99 ± 0.51, and 3.92 ± 0.65 log units, respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of the SaniTwice regimen with various ABHS is equivalent to or exceeds that of the standard hand washing approach as specified in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Food Code. Implementation of the SaniTwice regimen in food handling settings with limited water availability should significantly reduce the risk of foodborne infections resulting from inadequate hand hygiene.

Hand Hygiene Regimens for the Reduction of Risk in Food Service Environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH L. EDMONDS ◽  
ROBERT R. McCORMACK ◽  
SIFANG STEVE ZHOU ◽  
DAVID R. MACINGA ◽  
CHRISTOPHER M. FRICKER
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Human Norovirus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Product Formulation ◽  
The Impact

Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli and human norovirus are the main etiologic agents of foodborne illness resulting from inadequate hand hygiene practices by food service workers. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial and antiviral efficacy of various hand hygiene product regimens under different soil conditions representative of those in food service settings and assess the impact of product formulation on this efficacy. On hands contaminated with chicken broth containing E. coli, representing a moderate soil load, a regimen combining an antimicrobial hand washing product with a 70% ethanol advanced formula (EtOH AF) gel achieved a 5.22-log reduction, whereas a nonantimicrobial hand washing product alone achieved a 3.10-log reduction. When hands were heavily soiled from handling ground beef containing E. coli, a wash-sanitize regimen with a 0.5% chloroxylenol antimicrobial hand washing product and the 70% EtOH AF gel achieved a 4.60-log reduction, whereas a wash-sanitize regimen with a 62% EtOH foam achieved a 4.11-log reduction. Sanitizing with the 70% EtOH AF gel alone was more effective than hand washing with a nonantimicrobial product for reducing murine norovirus (MNV), a surrogate for human norovirus, with 2.60- and 1.79-log reductions, respectively. When combined with hand washing, the 70% EtOH AF gel produced a 3.19-log reduction against MNV. A regimen using the SaniTwice protocol with the 70% EtOH AF gel produced a 4.04-log reduction against MNV. These data suggest that although the process of hand washing helped to remove pathogens from the hands, use of a wash-sanitize regimen was even more effective for reducing organisms. Use of a high-efficacy sanitizer as part of a wash-sanitize regimen further increased the efficacy of the regimen. The use of a well-formulated alcohol-based hand rub as part of a wash-sanitize regimen should be considered as a means to reduce risk of infection transmission in food service facilities.

scholarly journals Boosting toxic protein expression: transient in vivo inactivation of engineered bacterial alkaline phosphatase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Krawczun ◽  
Marta Bielawa ◽  
Kasjan Szemiako ◽  
Beata Lubkowska ◽  
Ireneusz Sobolewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Metal Affinity ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Key Enzyme

Abstract Background:The biotechnology production of enzymes is often troubled by the toxicity of the recombinant products of cloned and expressed genes, which interferes with the recombinant hosts’ metabolism. Various approaches have been taken to overcome these limitations, exemplified by tight control of recombinant genes or secretion of recombinant proteins. An industrial approach to protein production demands maximum possible yields of biosynthesized proteins, balanced with the recombinant host’s viability. Bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) is a key enzyme used in protein/antibody detection and molecular cloning. As it removes terminal phosphate from DNA, RNA and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, it is used to lower self-ligated vectors’ background. The precursor enzyme contains a signal peptide at the N-terminus and is secreted to the E. coli periplasm. Then, the leader is clipped off and dimers are formed upon oxidation.Results: We present a novel approach to phoA gene cloning, engineering, expression, purification and reactivation of the transiently inactivated enzyme. The recombinant bap gene was modified by replacing a secretion leader coding section with a N-terminal his6-tag, cloned and expressed in E. coli in a P BAD promoter expression vector. The expression was robust, resulting in accumulation of His6-BAP in the cytoplasm, exceeding 50% of total cellular proteins. The His6-BAP protein was harmless to the cells, as its natural toxicity was inhibited by the reducing environment within the E. coli cytoplasm, preventing formation of the active enzyme. A simple protocol based on precipitation and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification yielded homogeneous protein, which was reactivated by dialysis into a redox buffer containing reduced and oxidized sulfhydryl group compounds, as well as the protein structure stabilizing cofactors Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ and phosphate. The reconstituted His6-BAP exhibited high activity and was used to develop an efficient protocol for all types of DNA termini, including problematic ones (blunt, 3’-protruding).Conclusions: The developed method appears well suited for the industrial production of ultrapure BAP. Further, the method of transient inactivation of secreted toxic enzymes by conducting their biosynthesis in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, followed by in vitro reactivation, can be generally applied to other problematic proteins.

Glow Gel Hand Washing in the Waiting Room: A Novel Approach to Improving Hand Hygiene Education

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna B. Fishbein ◽  
Itza Tellez ◽  
Henry Lin ◽  
Christine Sullivan ◽  
Mary E. Groll
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Waiting Room ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Hygiene Intervention ◽  
Hygiene Education

Objectives.To characterize handwashing behaviors of children and assess the efficacy of a waiting room-based hand hygiene intervention at improving handwashing ability.Design.Prospective randomized pilot study.Setting.Emergency department waiting room at a freestanding urban pediatric hospital.Participants.Children (8–18 years) and their parent.Intervention.Participants were randomized to glow gel hand washing without hand hygiene education or glow gel hand washing with hand hygiene education. After participants washed with glow gel, “dirty areas” were illuminated using a black light, and hands were scored. A questionnaire about handwashing behavior was administered. All subjects returned 2–4 weeks after intervention to repeat glow gel hand washing and the questionnaire.Results.Sixty pediatric patients and 57 parents were recruited, with 77% of patients returning for follow up. Patients were 50% male, 58% Latino, 28% African American, and 8% Caucasian. At the initial visit, 91% of children reported hand washing after using the bathroom and 78% reported hand washing before dinner. On the basis of objective scoring, all children improved handwashing ability when compared with the initial visit (P = .02) and were more likely to use warm water at follow up (P = .01). Parents did not significantly improve in handwashing ability (P = .73).Conclusion.Glow gel hand washing is an effective method to improve children's handwashing ability. This short-term intervention was effective even in the absence of specific hand hygiene education. This intervention could serve as a valuable public health measure to teach hand washing in healthcare settings.

scholarly journals Boosting toxic protein expressionbiosynthesis: transient in vivo inactivation of engineered bacterial alkaline phosphatase

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Krawczun ◽  
Marta Bielawa ◽  
Kasjan Szemiako ◽  
Beata Lubkowska ◽  
Ireneusz Sobolewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Sulfhydryl Group ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Bacterial Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Metal Affinity ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Key Enzyme

Abstract Background The biotechnology production of enzymes is often troubled by the toxicity of the recombinant products of cloned and expressed genes, which interferes with the recombinant hosts’ metabolism. Various approaches have been taken to overcome these limitations, exemplified by tight control of recombinant genes or secretion of recombinant proteins. An industrial approach to protein production demands maximum possible yields of biosynthesized proteins, balanced with the recombinant host’s viability. Bacterial alkaline phosphatase (BAP) from Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a key enzyme used in protein/antibody detection and molecular cloning. As it removes terminal phosphate from DNA, RNA and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, it is used to lower self-ligated vectors’ background. The precursor enzyme contains a signal peptide at the N-terminus and is secreted to the E. coli periplasm. Then, the leader is clipped off and dimers are formed upon oxidation.Results We present a novel approach to phoA gene cloning, engineering, expression, purification and reactivation of the transiently inactivated enzyme. The recombinant bap gene was modified by replacing a secretion leader coding section with a N-terminal his6-tag, cloned and expressed in E. coli in a PBAD promoter expression vector. The gene expression was robust, resulting in accumulation of His6-BAP in the cytoplasm, exceeding 50% of total cellular proteins. The His6-BAP protein was harmless to the cells, as its natural toxicity was inhibited by the reducing environment within the E. coli cytoplasm, preventing formation of the active enzyme. A simple protocol based on precipitation and immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) purification yielded homogeneous protein, which was reactivated by dialysis into a redox buffer containing reduced and oxidized sulfhydryl group compounds, as well as the protein structure stabilizing cofactors Zn2+, Mg2+ and phosphate. The reconstituted His6-BAP exhibited high activity and was used to develop an efficient protocol for all types of DNA termini, including problematic ones (blunt, 3’-protruding).Conclusions The developed method appears well suited for the industrial production of ultrapure BAP. Further, the method of transient inactivation of secreted toxic enzymes by conducting their biosynthesis in an inactive state in the cytoplasm, followed by in vitro reactivation, can be generally applied to other problematic proteins.

Antibacterial Efficacy of Commonly Available Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers on Escherichia Coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Josephat S. Hema ◽  
Doreen A. Mloka ◽  
George M. Bwire ◽  
Ezekiel M. Marandu ◽  
Kennedy D. Mwambete
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Reduction Factor ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Antibacterial Efficacy ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Life Years ◽  
En 1500

Background: The WHO estimates that approximately 600 million people fall ill after consumption of contaminated food and over 420 000 die every year, resulting in loss of 33 million healthy life years. Hand hygiene is considered by the WHO to be the most effective preventive measure for infectious diseases including food borne diseases.Methods: A laboratory-based study involving convenient sampling of common brands alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) from retail community pharmacies and local supermarkets was conducted in Ilala District, Dar es salaam, Tanzania. The study was conducted, between December 2018 to January 2019. A modified protocol of The European Norm (EN) 1500 was used for in vivo testing of sampled ABHs. Efficacy was evaluated using standard strain of Escherichia coli. A total of 26 healthy volunteers were used for hand sanitization. The percentage of bioburden/microbial reduction was assessed at baseline and after treatment, and the log reduction factor calculated.Results: A total of 10 gel ABHS were purchased and assayed for antibacterial efficacy. Majority (70%) of ABHS were imported products and contained ethanol as the sole active ingredient. About 60% of them did not correctly indicate the label disclosure information on concentration of active ingredients. Only one product was efficacious against E. coli with log reduction of 3.75; while majority (70%) of the samples had poor bacterial efficacy with log reduction ranging from 0.140 -0.664.Conclusions: Most of ABHS gel products available in the Dar es Salaam market were not efficacious as per FDA and EN 1500 guidelines. Post market surveillance is recommended of the circulating ABH to safe guard consumers. Keywords: Hand sanitizers, efficacy, E. coli, EN 1500.

scholarly journals The contribution of hand drying in prevention of transmission of microorganisms: Comparison of the efficacy of three hand drying methods in the removal and distribution of microorganisms

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J Pitt ◽  
Samantha L Crockett ◽  
Gregory M Andreou
Keyword(s):  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Nutrient Agar ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogens ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Paper Towels ◽  
Hand Drying

Background: Hand hygiene is a key tool in infection control. While methods of hand washing have been widely researched, there have been fewer studies investigating the effectiveness of available ways to dry hands in public areas. Aims: This study compared the efficacy of using paper towels (PT), warm air dryers (WAD) and jet air dryers (JAD) after hand washing in terms of microbiological effectiveness and potential for dispersal of pathogens. Methods: Microbial flora on palms and fingertips of 30 subjects were sampled on nutrient agar plates before washing hands and after drying with PTs, WADs and JADs. Total colony forming units (cfus) were recorded. Walls in the vicinity of a PT dispenser, WAD and JAD in female and male washrooms were sampled for the presence of viable microorganisms. Results: Mean cfu significantly reduced after drying with PTs (palms t= 2.67, p <0.05; fingertips t=4.44, p<0.01) significantly increased after using WADs (palms t=3.11, p<0.01; fingertips t=2.06, p<0.05), but there was no difference with JAD (palms t= 1.85, p>0.05; fingertips t=0.97, p>0.05). Some dispersal of organisms was detected on the washroom walls, with the least distribution around PT dispensers and unusual opportunistic pathogens isolated from the JAD units. Discussion: PTs are more effective at drying hands than WADs and JADs, they are more likely to be used appropriately and lead to minimal dispersal of microorganisms from wet hands.

scholarly journals Production and Evaluation of an Avian IgY Immunotoxin against CD133+ for Treatment of Carcinogenic Stem Cells in Malignant Glioma: IgY Immunotoxin for the Treatment of Glioblastoma

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elda-Georgina Chavez-Cortez ◽  
Gustavo Vargas Felix ◽  
Edgar Rangel López ◽  
Julio Sotelo ◽  
Carlos Martínez-Canseco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Malignant Glioma ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Original Goal ◽  
Design Production ◽  
A Chain

Background. Glioblastoma is the most common malignant tumor of Central Nervous System. Despite the research in therapeutics, the prognosis is dismal. Malignant glioma stem cells (MGSCs) are a major cause of treatment failure and increasing tumor recurrence. In general, cancer stem cells (CSCs) express prominin-1 (CD133), considered as a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we produced an avian immunotoxin directed against the subpopulation of CD133+ CSCs within a malignant glioma. We used the avian IgY because it has various advantages as increased affinity to mammal antigens and inexpensive obtention of large amounts of specific antibodies (approximately 1 mg/per egg). The design, production, purification and use of IgY anti CD133 immunotoxin constitute an original goal of this research.Methods. The immunodominant peptide of CD133 was designed to immunize hens; also, the extracellular domain of CD133 was cloned to probe the IgY antibodies. In parallel, a recombinant abrin A chain was produced inE. coliin order to join it to the Fc domain of the anti-CD133 IgY to conform the immunotoxin. This anti-CD133 IgY anti-tumor immunotoxin was testedin vitroandin vivo. Results. The cytotoxicity of the immunotoxinin vitroshowed that IgY-abrin immunotoxin reduced 55% cell viability. After subcutaneous MGSCs implantation, the animals treated intraperitoneally or intratumorally with the IgY-abrin immunotoxin showed more than 50% decrease of tumor volume.Conclusion. Results showed that the IgY-abrin immunotoxin had cytotoxic activity against CD133+ MGSCs and provides a novel approach for the immunotherapy of glioblastoma.

scholarly journals PSIII-33 Stability and function of encapsulated Lactobacillus zeae for pig gut health

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 367-368
Author(s):  
Linyan Li ◽  
Xiaoyin Wang ◽  
Hai Yu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Luca Lo Verso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Probiotic Bacterium ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Lactobacilli have been used in livestock production to improve animal gut health; however, they are heat sensitive, which limits their use as feed additives. We have developed a novel spray-drying encapsulation technology that resulted in an approximately 0.5-log reduction of Lactobacillus zeae LB1, a probiotic bacterium known for its potential to reduce the infections caused by Salmonella and enterotoxigenic E. coli in vivo. In this study, encapsulated LB1 was evaluated for its stability during storage and feed pelleting and for its potential to modulate piglet performance. After 14-month storage at 4℃ and 22℃ in a sealed container, the survival rate of encapsulated LB1 represented 17.1% and 85.6% reduction of the original concentration, respectively. In the feed pelleting test, the survived non-encapsulated LB1 in pelleted or mash feed was 1-log lower in the concentration than encapsulated LB1 on the 7th and 30th day after pelleting. To examine the influence of LB1 alone or in combination with colostrum on pig performance, 80 newly-weaned piglets were equally allocated to five groups: 1) basal diets (control-CTL); 2) basal diets supplemented with non-encapsulated LB1 (NEP); 3) basal diets supplemented with encapsulated LB1 (EP); 4) basal diets supplemented with bovine colostrum (BC); 5) basal diets supplemented with EP and BC (EP-BC, same dose as in Group 3 or 4). No significant difference in growth performance was observed between the CTL group and other dietary treatments after five days’ treatment. Supplementation of LB1 or colostrum individually did not affect the population size of Lactobacillus in the ileum and colon of pigs. However, the EP-BC group had a significantly increased population of Lactobacillus in both the ileum and colon (94.57-fold and 23.51-fold, respectively) compared with the CTL group. In conclusion, our encapsulation technology can increase survival and delivery of Lactobacillus zeae potentially beneficial to piglet performance.

In vitro pharmacodynamics of omadacycline against Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
A R Noel ◽  
M Attwood ◽  
K E Bowker ◽  
A P MacGowan
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Model ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Static Effect

Abstract Background The pharmacodynamics of omadacycline have been extensively studied against Gram-positive pathogens but less information is available for Gram-negative pathogens. We describe the pre-clinical pharmacodynamics of omadacycline against Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii. Methods An in vitro dilutional pharmacokinetic model was used. Exposure experiments with fAUC/MIC ratios ranging from 0 to 1200 were performed using five strains of E. coli and five strains of A. baumannii. Reduction in bacterial load and changes in population profiles were measured. Results The fAUC/MIC targets against E. coli for 24 h static and −1 log reduction in load were 25.3 ± 17.2 and 42.7 ± 32.5, respectively. For A. baumannii the fAUC/MIC for 24 h static effect was 108.1 ± 38.6. Changes in population profiles were observed for E. coli at fAUC/MIC ratios of ≤200 and for A. baumannii up to 1200. MICs were increased 2–32 fold. Conclusions fAUC/MIC targets for A. baumannii are greater than for E.coli and changes in population profiles more likely. E. coli fAUC/MIC targets align with in vivo data and will be useful in determining omadacycline dosing for this pathogen.

scholarly journals Restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant E. coli: Combinatorial use of MarR inhibitor with efflux pump inhibitor

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niranjana Sri Sundaramoorthy ◽  
Pavithira Suresh ◽  
Subramaniapillai Selva Ganesan ◽  
ArunKumar GaneshPrasad ◽  
Saisubramanian Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Tissue ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Efflux Pump Inhibitor ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Time Kill

AbstractAntibiotics like colistin are the last resort to deal with infections by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CREB). Resistance to colistin severely restricts therapeutic options. To tackle this dire situation, urgent measures to restore colistin sensitivity are needed. In this study, whole-genome sequencing of colistin-resistant E. coli strain was performed and the genome analysis revealed that the strain belonged to the sequence type ST405. Multiple mutations were observed in genes implicated in colistin resistance, especially those related to the L-Ara-4-N pathway but mgrB was unmutated and mcr1-9 genes were missing. MarR inhibitor salicylate was used to re-sensitize this strain to colistin, which increased the negative charge on the cell surface especially in colistin resistant E. coli (U3790 strain) and thereby facilitated a decrease in colistin MIC by 8 fold. It is indeed well known that MarR inhibition by salicylate triggers the expression of AcrAB efflux pumps through MarA. So, in order to fully restore colistin sensitivity, a potent efflux pump inhibitor (BC1), identified earlier by this group was employed. The combination of colistin with both salicylate and BC1 caused a remarkable 6 log reduction in cell counts of U3790 in time-kill assay. Infection of muscle tissue of zebrafish with U3790 followed by various treatments showed that the combination of colistin + salicylate + BC1 was highly effective in reducing bioburden in infected muscle tissue by 4 log fold. Thus, our study shows that a combination of MarR inhibitor to enhance colistin binding and efflux pump inhibitor to reduce colistin extrusion was highly effective in restoring colistin sensitivity in colistin-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli in vitro and in vivo.

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