Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- an emerging threat for the swine feed and pork production industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Susan Rensing ◽  
Cassandra K. Jones ◽  
Valentina Trinetta
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Swine Feed

Salmonella continues to be a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in human medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Salmonella as the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and the leading cause of both hospitalizations and deaths. Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium and it is an emerging threat to both human and animal health. STM was first identified in the 1980’s from poultry products and has become increasingly prevalent in meat products including pork. STM has also been identified in swine farms as well as feed manufacturing environments and feed itself. Similar pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles have been observed between human clinical cases and the STM samples originating from swine feed. These related profiles suggest a link between swine ingesting contaminated feed and the source of foodborne illness in human. The objective of this article was to better understand the history of STM and the possible pathway between swine feed to the household table. Continued research is necessary to better understand how STM can enter both the feed supply chain and the pork production chain to avoid contamination of pork products destined for human consumption.

Hygiene and Safety in the Meat Processing Environment from Butcher Shops: Microbiological Contamination and Listeria monocytogenes

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANILO AUGUSTO LOPES da SILVA ◽  
MARIANE REZENDE DIAS ◽  
MARCUS VINÍCIUS COUTINHO COSSI ◽  
NATÁLIA PARMA AUGUSTO de CASTILHO ◽  
ANDERSON CARLOS CAMARGO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Meat Processing ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
Butcher Shops

ABSTRACT The quality and safety of meat products can be estimated by assessing their contamination by hygiene indicator microorganisms and some foodborne pathogens, with Listeria monocytogenes as a major concern. To identify the main sources of microbiological contamination in the processing environment of three butcher shops, surface samples were obtained from the hands of employees, tables, knives, inside butcher displays, grinders, and meat tenderizers (24 samples per point). All samples were subjected to enumeration of hygiene indicator microorganisms and detection of L. monocytogenes, and the obtained isolates were characterized by their serogroups and virulence genes. The results demonstrated the absence of relevant differences in the levels of microbiological contamination among butcher shops; samples with counts higher than reference values indicated inefficiency in adopted hygiene procedures. A total of 87 samples were positive for Listeria spp. (60.4%): 22 from tables, 20 from grinders, 16 from knives, 13 from hands, 9 from meat tenderizers, and 7 from butcher shop displays. Thirty-one samples (21.5%) were positive for L. monocytogenes, indicating the presence of the pathogen in meat processing environments. Seventy-four L. monocytogenes isolates were identified, with 52 from serogroups 1/2c or 3c and 22 from serogroups 4b, 4d, 4a, or 4c. All 74 isolates were positive for hlyA, iap, plcA, actA, and internalins (inlA, inlB, inlC, and inlJ). The establishment of appropriate procedures to reduce microbial counts and control the spread of L. monocytogenes in the final steps of the meat production chain is of utmost importance, with obvious effects on the quality and safety of meat products for human consumption.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Meat Animals and Meat Products Destined for Human Consumption†

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIAO GUO ◽  
JITENDER P. DUBEY ◽  
DOLORES HILL ◽  
ROBERT L. BUCHANAN ◽  
H. RAY GAMBLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Undercooked Meat

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of all estimated deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the United States. Human infection results from accidental ingestion of oocysts from the environment, in water, or on insufficiently washed produce or from consumption of raw or undercooked meat products that contain T. gondii tissue cysts. This review focused on studies of T. gondii in meat because many human T. gondii infections are acquired through consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Prevalence of T. gondii is higher in conventionally reared pigs, sheep, and poultry than in cattle and is greater in meat products from organic than from conventionally reared meat animals because of outdoor access, which poses substantially greater opportunities for exposure to infected rodents, wildlife, and oocyst-contaminated feed, water, or environmental surfaces. Risk factors related to T. gondii exposure for livestock include farm type, feed source, presence of cats, methods of rodent and bird control, methods of carcass handling, and water quality. This review serves as a useful resource and information repository for informing quantitative risk assessment studies for T. gondii infection in humans through meat consumption.

scholarly journals Endogenous Metabolites Released by Sanitized Sprouting Alfalfa Seed Inhibit the Growth of Salmonella enterica

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ga-Hee Ban ◽  
Yue Dai ◽  
Tao Huan ◽  
Alfred Ke ◽  
Pascal Delaquis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Combinatorial Treatment

ABSTRACT Sprouts are the leading cause of foodborne disease outbreaks globally, mainly because the specialized conditions required to germinate seed sprouts for human consumption contribute to an environment that allows pathogenic bacteria to flourish. To reduce risk of illness, current food safety guidelines in the United States and Canada recommend hypochlorite treatment for seed sanitation. However, many growers and consumers have become wary of the impact of hypochlorite on human health and the environment and are actively seeking less caustic approaches. Here, we evaluated the effects of both the traditional hypochlorite treatment and a milder alternative on nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica colonization of germinating alfalfa seed. Moreover, we explored three biological factors as potential contributors for inhibition of S. enterica growth: colonization by indigenous bacteria, seed composition changes, and seed metabolite release. In this experimental setting, we found that a combinatorial treatment of heat, peroxide, and acetic acid was as effective as hypochlorite for inhibiting S. enterica growth. Notably, we pinpointed N-acetyl-spermidine as an endogenous metabolite exuded by treated seeds that strongly inhibits S. enterica growth. In doing so, we both elucidated one of the mechanisms of chemical sanitation and highlighted a potential seed-derived mode of antimicrobial treatment that may apply to modernized food safety protocols. IMPORTANCE Warm, humid, and nutrient-rich conditions that are used to produce sprouts encourage Salmonella enterica to proliferate. However, many disparate sanitation methods exist, and there is currently no single treatment that can guarantee pathogen-free seeds. Here, we compared the ability of traditional hypochlorite treatment against a combinatorial treatment of heat, peroxide, and vinegar (HPA) commonly used in organic farming practices to inhibit S. enterica colonization and growth during alfalfa germination and found HPA to be at least as effective. Furthermore, we explored seed-based changes following sanitization treatments using metabolomics and identified polyamines as strong inhibitors of Salmonella growth on germinating alfalfa. Our findings enable a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions in sprout microbial communities and promote in-depth, evidence-based research in seed sprout safety.

scholarly journals Clostridium difficile infection: the next big thing!

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Michelle M Squire ◽  
Thomas V Riley
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Clostridium difficile causes infectious diarrhoea in humans and animals. It has been found in pigs, horses, and cattle, suggesting a potential reservoir for human infection, and in 20-40% of meat products in Canada and the USA, suggesting the possibility of food-borne transmission. It is likely that excessive antimicrobial exposure is driving the establishment of C. difficile in animals, in a manner analogous to human infection, rather than the organism just being normal flora of the animal gastrointestinal tract. Outside Australia, PCR ribotype 078 is the most common ribotype of C. difficile found in pigs (83% in one study in the USA) and cattle (up to 100%) and this ribotype is now the third most common ribotype of C. difficile found in humans in Europe. Human and pig strains of C. difficile are genetically identical in Europe confirming that a zoonosis exists. Rates of community-acquired C. difficile infection (CDI) are increasing world-wide, and a new community strain of unidentified origin has recently emerged in Australia. Environmental contamination may also play a role. C. difficile spores survive in treated piggery effluent, the by-products of which are used to irrigate crops and pasture and manufacture compost. There is abundant evidence that food products intended for human consumption contain toxigenic strains of C. difficile but food-borne transmission remains unproven. Thus there are four problems that require resolution: a human health issue, an animal health issue and the factors common to both these problems, environmental contamination and antimicrobial misuse.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Identification of Multiple Salmonella Serovars in a Single Sample by Using CRISPR-SeroSeq

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron P. Thompson ◽  
Alexandra N. Doak ◽  
Naufa Amirani ◽  
Erin A. Schroeder ◽  
Justin Wright ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is represented by >2,600 serovars that can differ in routes of transmission, host colonization, and in resistance to antimicrobials. S. enterica is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States, with well-established detection methodology. Current surveillance protocols rely on the characterization of a few colonies to represent an entire sample; thus, minority serovars remain undetected. Salmonella contains two CRISPR loci, CRISPR1 and CRISPR2, and the spacer contents of these can be considered serovar specific. We exploited this property to develop an amplicon-based and multiplexed sequencing approach, CRISPR-SeroSeq (serotyping by sequencing of the CRISPR loci), to identify multiple serovars present in a single sample. Using mixed genomic DNA from two Salmonella serovars, we were able to confidently detect a serovar that constituted 0.01% of the sample. Poultry is a major reservoir of Salmonella spp., including serovars that are frequently associated with human illness, as well as those that are not. Numerous studies have examined the prevalence and diversity of Salmonella spp. in poultry, though these studies were limited to culture-based approaches and therefore only identified abundant serovars. CRISPR-SeroSeq was used to investigate samples from broiler houses and a processing facility. Ninety-one percent of samples harbored multiple serovars, and there was one sample in which four different serovars were detected. In another sample, reads for the minority serovar comprised 0.003% of the total number of Salmonella spacer reads. The most abundant serovars identified were Salmonella enterica serovars Montevideo, Kentucky, Enteritidis, and Typhimurium. CRISPR-SeroSeq also differentiated between multiple strains of some serovars. This high resolution of serovar populations has the potential to be utilized as a powerful tool in the surveillance of Salmonella species. IMPORTANCE Salmonella enterica is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the United States and is represented by over 2,600 distinct serovars. Some of these serovars are pathogenic in humans, while others are not. Current surveillance for this pathogen is limited by the detection of only the most abundant serovars, due to the culture-based approaches that are used. Thus, pathogenic serovars that are present in a minority remain undetected. By exploiting serovar-specific differences in the CRISPR arrays of Salmonella spp., we have developed a high-throughput sequencing tool to be able to identify multiple serovars in a single sample and tested this in multiple poultry samples. This novel approach allows differences in the dynamics of individual Salmonella serovars to be measured and can have a significant impact on understanding the ecology of this pathogen with respect to zoonotic risk and public health.

scholarly journals Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter Species from Costa Rican Poultry Production and Retail Sources

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 779-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karol Barboza ◽  
Irina Angulo ◽  
Leana Zumbado ◽  
Mauricio Redondo-Solano ◽  
Eduardo Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Cecal Content ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Two Samples

ABSTRACT Arcobacter is a gram-negative rod recognized as a potential food- and waterborne pathogen; nevertheless, little is known about the effects of this pathogen on human and animal health. Although Arcobacter species are commonly found in nature, poultry is suspected to be the main vehicle for the transmission of this pathogen. The aims of this work were to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broilers produced in Costa Rica for human consumption and to analyze the pathogenic capacity of the isolates through the detection of virulence genes. One hundred fifty-two samples of cecal content (87 farms), 104 samples of carcass rinse after chiller (six processing plants), and 96 carcass rinses from as many retail stores were analyzed. The suspicious isolates were identified using genus-specific PCR, and species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. Virulence genes were identified using the protocol described by L. Douidah, L. de Zutter, J. Baré, P. De Vos, P. Vandamme, O. Vandenberg, A.-M. Van den Abeele, and K. Houf (J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:735–741, 2012), which includes nine different virulence genes. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 6.5% (n = 23). Eight (34.8%) of the isolates came from cecal content, 2 (8.7%) were isolated from samples taken after chiller, and 13 (56.5%) were from retail stores. The species isolated included A. thereius (30.4%), A. butzleri (21.7%), A. skirrowii (4.3%), and A. cibarius (4.3%). The remaining samples were classified as Arcobacter sp. Gene tlyA was the most prevalent virulence gene, present in 9 of 23 samples analyzed; genes hecA and pldA were present in one only strain each. A strain of A. butzleri isolated from a retail store presented the highest number of virulence genes (five), and 11 samples did not present any of the genes analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of virulent Arcobacter isolates in the poultry production chain from Costa Rica could be a risk for individuals who consume the contaminated product.

Effect of Short-Term Lairage on the Prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Cull Sows†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1489-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. LARSEN ◽  
H. S. HURD ◽  
J. D. McKEAN ◽  
R. W. GRIFFITH ◽  
I. V. WESLEY
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Swine Farm ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Ground Pork ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Cull Sows

This study was designed to compare Salmonella enterica prevalence in sows held in a holding pen at the abattoir for approximately 2 h (hold sows) with sows slaughtered immediately after transport to the abattoir (no-hold sows). Cull sows (n = 160) were sampled from four sampling periods over 8 weeks (February to March 2002) at the abattoir. Sows originated from an integrated swine farm and were sent to a live-hog market and then to the slaughter facility. Before testing, sows entered the abattoir pen and four 100-cm2 four-ply gauze squares were placed randomly on the pen floor for S. enterica culture. Sows were alternatively assigned to the hold or no-hold group. Samples collected from sows during slaughter were ileocecal lymph node, cecal contents, transverse colon contents, subiliac lymph node, sponge swabs of the left and right carcass section (300 cm2), and chopped meat. Overall, S. enterica was isolated from 44% (35 of 80) of the no-hold sows, which was significantly less (P < 0.05) than 59% (47 of 80) of the held sows. Also, no-hold sows had a lower cecal content prevalence (39%, 31 of 80) compared with that (55%, 44 of 80) of held sows (P < 0.05). S. enterica serovars isolated from no-hold sows were Brandenburg (n = 16), Derby (n = 12), Hadar (n = 8), Infantis (n = 6), Johannesburg (n = 3), 6,7:z10-monophasic (n = 3), and Typhimurium (n = 1). S. enterica serovars isolated from held sows (n = 61 isolates) were Derby (n = 19), 6,7: z10-monophasic (n = 15), Brandenburg (n = 10), Infantis (n = 6), Hadar (n = 5), Johannesburg (n = 4), and Tennessee (n = 2). Serovars recovered from the pen were Reading (n = 6), Derby (n = 4), Uganda (n = 2), and Manhattan (n = 2). Results of this study suggest that holding pens contribute to increased S. enterica carriage in cull sows. Abattoir holding pens might be an important control point for S. enterica in the ground pork production chain.

From Pig to Pork: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Pork Production Chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1108 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIRGIT LASSOK ◽  
BERND-ALOIS TENHAGEN
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Pork Production

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major global public health concern and could be a food safety issue. Recurrent reports have documented that pig herds are an important reservoir for MRSA, specifically the livestock-associated sequence type 398. The high prevalence of MRSA in pig primary production facilities and the frequent detection of MRSA of the same types in pork and pig meat products raise the question of underlying mechanisms behind the introduction and transmission of MRSA along the pork production chain. A comprehensive review of current literature on the worldwide presence of livestock-associated MRSA in various steps of the pork production chain revealed that the slaughter process plays a decisive role in MRSA transmission from farm to fork. Superficial heat treatments such as scalding and flaming during the slaughter process can significantly reduce the burden of MRSA on the carcasses. However, recontamination with MRSA might occur via surface treating machinery, as a result of fecal contamination at evisceration, or via increased human handling during meat processing. By optimizing processes for carcass decontamination and avoiding recontamination by effective cleaning and personal hygiene management, transmission of MRSA from pig to pork can be minimized.

scholarly journals Foodborne Illness A Dynamic, Everywhere Possible Emergency Field Today

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Liana Monica Deac ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Illnesses ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
The Right

Foodborne illness is a common, costly yet preventable public health problem. Every year in the United States, 17 % of Americans get sick, as a result of consuming contaminated foods or beverages. During 2017-2019, we have observed foodborn diseases in Transylvania region, Romania, and realized a complex epidemiological and clinical study, with the right interpretations and conclusions. Most cases appeared in adults with several chronic illnesses, in 56%, male in 68% from rural side in 57%. The pathology was relevant for family events as wedding, birthday party etc., when food contamination occurred probably at any point, from: production, processing, distribution, or any meals preparation with eggs, milk and meat products, as even from less hand washing or hygiene protective uses. There were several forms from simple one, in 70%, middle one, in 22% to severe who arrived in totality to 8 % and needed almost several days of hospitalization. These foodborn infections have had the etiology of: Salmonella spp in 67%, mostly Salmonella enteritidis in 29 %. Other 14% were determined by Staphylococcus aureus and in 19% forms, we could not put in evidence any microbiological determinant germs. To protect people from such disease there is needed to survive correct each chain of food production, processing, transportation, handling, and all preparation steps as to use a correct hand washing activity in food uses.

scholarly journals Isolation and Characterization of Clostridium difficile Associated with Beef Cattle and Commercially Produced Ground Beef

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORASAK KALCHAYANAND ◽  
TERRANCE M. ARTHUR ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
DAYNA M. BRICHTA-HARHAY ◽  
STEVEN D. SHACKELFORD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ground Meat ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Beef Products

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection has recently increased in North American and European countries. This pathogen has been isolated from retail pork, turkey, and beef products and reported associated with human illness. This increase in infections has been attributed to the emergence of a toxigenic strain designated North America pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type 1 (NAP1). The NAP1 strain has been isolated from calves as well as ground meat products, leading to speculation of illness from consumption of contaminated meat products. However, information on C. difficile associated with beef cattle during processing and commercially produced ground beef is limited. To address this data gap, samples from various steps during beef production were collected. Samples from hides (n = 525), preevisceration carcasses (n = 475), postintervention carcasses (n = 471), and 956 commercial ground beef samples were collected from across the United States. The prevalence of C. difficile spores on hides was 3.2%. C. difficile spores were not detected on preevisceration and postintervention carcasses or in commercially produced ground beef. Phenotypic and genetic characterizations were carried out for all 18 isolates collected from hide samples. Twenty-two percent of the isolates were nontoxigenic strains, while 78% of the isolates were toxigenic. Toxinotyping and PCR ribotyping patterns revealed that 6 and 33% of the isolates were identified as NAP1 and NAP7 strains, respectively. This article evidences that the prevalence of C. difficile, specifically pathogenic strains, in the U.S. beef production chain is low.

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