scholarly journals Clostridium difficile infection: the next big thing!

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Michelle M Squire ◽  
Thomas V Riley
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Environmental Contamination ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Toxigenic Strains

Clostridium difficile causes infectious diarrhoea in humans and animals. It has been found in pigs, horses, and cattle, suggesting a potential reservoir for human infection, and in 20-40% of meat products in Canada and the USA, suggesting the possibility of food-borne transmission. It is likely that excessive antimicrobial exposure is driving the establishment of C. difficile in animals, in a manner analogous to human infection, rather than the organism just being normal flora of the animal gastrointestinal tract. Outside Australia, PCR ribotype 078 is the most common ribotype of C. difficile found in pigs (83% in one study in the USA) and cattle (up to 100%) and this ribotype is now the third most common ribotype of C. difficile found in humans in Europe. Human and pig strains of C. difficile are genetically identical in Europe confirming that a zoonosis exists. Rates of community-acquired C. difficile infection (CDI) are increasing world-wide, and a new community strain of unidentified origin has recently emerged in Australia. Environmental contamination may also play a role. C. difficile spores survive in treated piggery effluent, the by-products of which are used to irrigate crops and pasture and manufacture compost. There is abundant evidence that food products intended for human consumption contain toxigenic strains of C. difficile but food-borne transmission remains unproven. Thus there are four problems that require resolution: a human health issue, an animal health issue and the factors common to both these problems, environmental contamination and antimicrobial misuse.

scholarly journals Prevalence, molecular characterization and antimicrobial profiles of Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157 isolated from ruminants slaughtered in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawood Al-Ajmi ◽  
Shafeeq Rahman ◽  
Sharmila Banu
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
E Coli

Abstract Background: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are associated with major food illness around the world. E.coli O157, has been widely reported as the most common STEC serogroup, and has emerged as an important enteric pathogen. Further, cattle have been identified as a major E. coli O157:H7 reservoir for human infection; however, the ecology of this organism in camels, sheep and goats is less understood. The current study aims to evaluate the prevalence of E. coli serotype O157 in feces of cattle, camels, sheep and goats slaughtered in United Arab Emirates (UAE) for meat consumption. This study was carried out on fecal samples of healthy cattle (n = 137), camels (n = 140), sheep (n = 141) and goats (n = 150) during the period of September 2017 to August 2018. We have used the traditional sensitive immunomagnetic separation technique (IMS) coupled with a culture plating method for detection of E. coli O157. Non-sorbitol fermenting colonies were assessed via the latex agglutination test and the positive cultures were subjected to PCR for detection of attaching and effacing genes (eaeA), hemolysin A (hlyA) and Shiga toxin-producing genes (stx1 and stx2) and genes specific for E. coli O157:H7 (rfb O157, uid A and flic H7). All E. coli O157 isolates were analyzed for their susceptibility pattern toward 20 select antibiotics.Results: E. coli O157 was present in the fecal samples of goats, camels and cattle at 2%, 3.3%, and 1.6%, respectively. In sheep we failed to detect any E. coli O157 strains. The most prevalent E.coli O157 gene identified across all species’ isolates was stx2, while stx1 was not detected in any of the samples. ­After testing samples from camels, goats and cattle, Cefotaxime (100%), Chloramphenicol (100%), Ciprofloxacin (100%), Norfloxacin (100%) and Polymixin B (100%) showed susceptibility showed susceptibility to all E.coli O157 isolates.Conclusion: This is the first study, to our knowledge, to report on the prevalence of E. coli O157 in the slaughter animals in UAE and clearly demonstrates the presence of these pathogens in slaughtered animals, which could possibly contaminate the meat products intended for human consumption.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characterization of Aeromonas Spp. Isolated from Some Meat Products in Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elbayoumi ZH ◽  
Zahran RN ◽  
Shawish RR
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Aeromonas Species ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Food Borne Pathogens ◽  
Food Borne

Background/Objective: Meat products are one of the most valuable foods for human consumption. However, meat products may also act as a source of food borne pathogens including Aeromonas species which caused a serious threat to a public health concern. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and virulence characteristics of Aeromonas species isolated from meat products in Egypt.

scholarly journals Isolation of a Toxigenic and Clinical Genotype of Clostridium difficile in Retail Meats in Costa Rica

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
CARLOS QUESADA-GÓMEZ ◽  
MICHAEL R. MULVEY ◽  
PABLO VARGAS ◽  
MARÍA del MAR GAMBOA-CORONADO ◽  
CÉSAR RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Cytopathic Effects ◽  
Retail Meats

We isolated a regional toxigenic genotype of Clostridium difficile, previously found in human infection in 4 of 200 (2%) samples of retail meats for human consumption: 1 of 67 samples of beef, 2 of 66 of pork, and 1 of 67 of poultry meat. These four isolates were positive for the tcdA and tcdB genes but negative for deletion of the tcdC and cdtB genes. All strains induced cytopathic effects in HeLa cells. However, they were susceptible to some antibiotics to which clinical isolates are often resistant. All strains were susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and rifampicin but resistant to clindamycin and ciprofloxacin. This first report of isolation of C. difficile in foodstuff from Latin America lends support to the notion that animal products serve as a reservoir for clinical strains of this pathogen in the community.

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Meat Animals and Meat Products Destined for Human Consumption†

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIAO GUO ◽  
JITENDER P. DUBEY ◽  
DOLORES HILL ◽  
ROBERT L. BUCHANAN ◽  
H. RAY GAMBLE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Farm Type ◽  
Undercooked Meat

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that is responsible for approximately 24% of all estimated deaths attributed to foodborne pathogens in the United States. Human infection results from accidental ingestion of oocysts from the environment, in water, or on insufficiently washed produce or from consumption of raw or undercooked meat products that contain T. gondii tissue cysts. This review focused on studies of T. gondii in meat because many human T. gondii infections are acquired through consumption of raw or undercooked meat. Prevalence of T. gondii is higher in conventionally reared pigs, sheep, and poultry than in cattle and is greater in meat products from organic than from conventionally reared meat animals because of outdoor access, which poses substantially greater opportunities for exposure to infected rodents, wildlife, and oocyst-contaminated feed, water, or environmental surfaces. Risk factors related to T. gondii exposure for livestock include farm type, feed source, presence of cats, methods of rodent and bird control, methods of carcass handling, and water quality. This review serves as a useful resource and information repository for informing quantitative risk assessment studies for T. gondii infection in humans through meat consumption.

Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- an emerging threat for the swine feed and pork production industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Harrison ◽  
Susan Rensing ◽  
Cassandra K. Jones ◽  
Valentina Trinetta
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Pulse Field ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Swine Feed

Salmonella continues to be a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in human medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Salmonella as the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and the leading cause of both hospitalizations and deaths. Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium and it is an emerging threat to both human and animal health. STM was first identified in the 1980’s from poultry products and has become increasingly prevalent in meat products including pork. STM has also been identified in swine farms as well as feed manufacturing environments and feed itself. Similar pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles have been observed between human clinical cases and the STM samples originating from swine feed. These related profiles suggest a link between swine ingesting contaminated feed and the source of foodborne illness in human. The objective of this article was to better understand the history of STM and the possible pathway between swine feed to the household table. Continued research is necessary to better understand how STM can enter both the feed supply chain and the pork production chain to avoid contamination of pork products destined for human consumption.

The complex factors that contribute to Clostridium difficile infection

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate E Mackin ◽  
Dena Lyras
Keyword(s):  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Limited Disease ◽  
Main Risk Factor ◽  
The Past ◽  
Strain Type ◽  
Antibiotic Associated Diarrhoea

Over the past decade Clostridium difficile has emerged as a serious public health issue, causing both hospital-based epidemics and community-associated disease. The most commonly recognised cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in the human population, C. difficile was initially seen as a nuisance pathogen causing limited disease in the hospital setting. However, the emergence of ‘hypervirulent' strain types, associated with an increase in both morbidity and mortality, has made it a pathogen of great concern worldwide. Infection with C. difficile is also being increasingly documented in animals, with suggestions that animals destined for human consumption may provide a reservoir for disease. The use of antibiotics is considered the main risk factor for the development of human infection; however, many other factors such as strain type, patient age, and host immune response all contribute to disease caused by C. difficile.

scholarly journals Differentiation of toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from retail meat products

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S17-S22
Author(s):  
Z. Šťástková ◽  
R. Karpíšková ◽  
K. Koukalová ◽  
K. Bogdanovičová
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Food Contamination ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Toxigenic Strains ◽  
Probable Origin ◽  
Fatal Sepsis

Staphylococcus aureus is a saprophyte and commensal of the skin and mucous membranes in both animals and humans. As a pathogen, it can cause a number of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to fatal sepsis. Toxigenic strains of S. aureus are currently among the leading causes of food-borne intoxication (staphylococcal enterotoxicosis). Food contamination sources can be humans, raw materials, environment, technological equipment, etc. The identification of the origin of S. aureus would be helpful in the detection of the sources and routes of contamination. The aim of our study was to determine the probable origin of the selected S. aureus isolates coming from retail meat products intended for direct consumption with the use of phenotypic and genotypic methods. A set of 45 S. aureus isolates producing staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) with the potential to cause food-borne intoxication were selected for the study. These isolates were producers of the following enterotoxins: SEA (n = 10), SEB (n = 8), SEC (n = 10), SED (n = 7), SEH (n = 9), and SEB along with SED (n = 1). The phenotypic method used was based on the assessment of the growth on crystal violet agar (CV agar). A PCR-based genotypic method enabled the screening of the isolates for the sak gene encoding the enzyme staphylokinase typically found in human S. aureus isolates. As can be inferred from the type of growth on CV agar and the presence of the sak gene, all the isolates analysed were probably of human origin. These results confirm that humans are a major source of the bacteria S. aureus in both the food industry and retail sale of food products.

Exposure of the Gulf of St. Lawrence grey seal Halichoerus grypus population to potentially zoonotic infectious agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
CC Sauvé ◽  
A Hernández-Ortiz ◽  
E Jenkins ◽  
F Mavrot ◽  
A Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meat Products ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae ◽  
Public Health Significance ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Health Significance ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The population of grey seals Halichoerus grypus in Canadian waters is currently used as a commercial source of meat for human consumption. As with domestic livestock, it is important to understand the occurrence in these seals of infectious agents that may be of public health significance and thus ensure appropriate measures are in place to avoid zoonotic transmission. This study examined the prevalence of antibodies against Brucella spp., Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 6 serovars of Leptospira interrogans, and Toxoplasma gondii in 59 grey seals and determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of these potentially zoonotic agents in specific organs and tissues of seropositive animals. The presence of encysted Trichinella spp. larvae was also investigated by digestion of tongue, diaphragm and other muscle samples, but none were detected. Seroprevalence against Brucella spp. and E. rhusiopathiae was low (5 and 3%, respectively). All 59 seals tested had antibodies against L. interrogans, but no carrier of this bacterium was detected by PCR. Seroprevalence against T. gondii was 53%, and DNA of this protozoan was detected by PCR in 11/30 (37%) seropositive animals. Standard sanitary measures mandatory for commercialization of meat products for human consumption should greatly reduce the potential for exposure to these infectious agents. However, special consideration should be given to freezing seal meat for at least 3 d to ensure destruction of tissue cysts of T. gondii.

Оrganic Meat Production of Broiler Chickens Hubbard Redbro Cross

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Environmentally Safe ◽  
The Impact

This article presents the results of studying the impact of housing and feeding conditions on broiler chickens of Hubbard RedBro cross, as well as the quality of products obtained when using floor and cage content, in a farm. It established that when receiving a mixed feed of own production using feed raw materials grown on a farm without the use of pesticides, a statistically significant decrease in potentially dangerous substances for animal health is recorded. Compared with factory feed, it has reduced the content of pesticides by 14 times, and mercury and arsenic by 24 times, cadmium by five times, and lead by ten times. The results of the study of economic indicators of growing Hubbard RedBro cross broiler chickens, as well as the chemical composition and quality of carcasses, indicated that there was no significant difference between the floor and cell conditions of keeping. Still, the use of a diet based on eco-feeds contributed to a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of toxic metals in the muscles of the poultry of the experimental groups. As a result, it found that the use of the studied compound feed in the diets of broiler chickens increased the indicators of Biosafety and ensured the production of environmentally safe ("organic") poultry meat products.

Functionality and genomics of selenium and vitamin E supplementation in ruminants

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (8) ◽  
pp. 1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Chauhan ◽  
F. Liu ◽  
B. J. Leury ◽  
J. J. Cottrell ◽  
P. Celi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Lipid Hydroperoxides ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Function Discovery

Selenium (Se) and vitamin E are essential micronutrients for animal health and production. The major function of both Se and vitamin E is to prevent the oxidative damage of biological membranes and they can influence growth, reproduction, immune function, health, and product quality in ruminants. Both Se and vitamin E are important for maintaining low cellular and systemic concentrations of reactive oxygen species and lipid hydroperoxides, to ensure optimum cellular function. Discovery of various selenoproteins and vitamin E-responsive genes has contributed significantly to improving our understanding about multiple functions of Se and vitamin E. There is evidence that these functions extend beyond the classical antioxidant properties to immunomodulation and intracellular cell signalling and gene regulation. Research in recent years has also shown that supranutritional supplementation of Se and vitamin E is required to improve the performance of ruminants under certain stressful conditions such as heat stress and during transition period. Considering the growing awareness among consumers of the benefits of antioxidant-rich food, there is a great opportunity for the livestock industries to focus on producing antioxidant-enriched milk and meat products or functional foods. The present review focuses on the recent developments in understanding multiple functions of Se and vitamin E at the cellular and molecular level and the effects of supranutritional supplementation on ruminant performance. In addition, the paper also articulates the potential opportunities to produce functional foods enriched with antioxidants, and underlines the need for optimum supplementation of these micronutrients for efficient ruminant production.

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