Isolation and Identification of Arcobacter Species from Costa Rican Poultry Production and Retail Sources

ABSTRACT Arcobacter is a gram-negative rod recognized as a potential food- and waterborne pathogen; nevertheless, little is known about the effects of this pathogen on human and animal health. Although Arcobacter species are commonly found in nature, poultry is suspected to be the main vehicle for the transmission of this pathogen. The aims of this work were to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in broilers produced in Costa Rica for human consumption and to analyze the pathogenic capacity of the isolates through the detection of virulence genes. One hundred fifty-two samples of cecal content (87 farms), 104 samples of carcass rinse after chiller (six processing plants), and 96 carcass rinses from as many retail stores were analyzed. The suspicious isolates were identified using genus-specific PCR, and species-level identification was achieved with a multiplex PCR. Virulence genes were identified using the protocol described by L. Douidah, L. de Zutter, J. Baré, P. De Vos, P. Vandamme, O. Vandenberg, A.-M. Van den Abeele, and K. Houf (J. Clin. Microbiol. 50:735–741, 2012), which includes nine different virulence genes. The overall isolation frequency of Arcobacter was 6.5% (n = 23). Eight (34.8%) of the isolates came from cecal content, 2 (8.7%) were isolated from samples taken after chiller, and 13 (56.5%) were from retail stores. The species isolated included A. thereius (30.4%), A. butzleri (21.7%), A. skirrowii (4.3%), and A. cibarius (4.3%). The remaining samples were classified as Arcobacter sp. Gene tlyA was the most prevalent virulence gene, present in 9 of 23 samples analyzed; genes hecA and pldA were present in one only strain each. A strain of A. butzleri isolated from a retail store presented the highest number of virulence genes (five), and 11 samples did not present any of the genes analyzed. The results obtained suggest that the presence of virulent Arcobacter isolates in the poultry production chain from Costa Rica could be a risk for individuals who consume the contaminated product.

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Virulence Factors and Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Salmonella Infantis Strains Isolated from Chicken Meat: First Findings in Chile

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10061049 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1049

Author(s):

Lisette Lapierre ◽

Javiera Cornejo ◽

Sebastián Zavala ◽

Nicolás Galarce ◽

Fernando Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Resistance Genes ◽

Biofilm Formation ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Salmonella Serotype

Salmonella Infantis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes gastroenteritis in humans and animals, with poultry being its main reservoir. In Chile, there are no data to characterize S. Infantis strains in poultry production. In this study, 87 S. Infantis strains were isolated from chicken meat for sale in supermarkets in Santiago, Chile, and characterized according to their virulence genes, biofilm formation abilities, antibiotic susceptibility, and resistance genes. Through polymerase chain reaction or PCR, the strains were analyzed to detect the presence of 11 virulence genes, 12 antibiotic resistance genes, and integrase genes. Moreover, disc diffusion susceptibility to 18 antimicrobials and the ability to form biofilm in vitro were evaluated. Results demonstrated six different virulence gene profiles. Ninety-four percent of the strains were multi-resistant to antibiotics with weak biofilm formation abilities, 63.2% of the strains were broad spectrum β- lactam resistant, and the bla CTX-M-65 gene was amplified in 13 strains. Only 3.4% of the strains were fluoroquinolone resistant, and the qnrB gene was amplified in two strains. Colistin resistance was exhibited in 28.7% of the strains, but mrc genes were not amplified in any strain under study. The isolated S. Infantis strains are pathogenic and antibiotic multi-resistant, and thus, this Salmonella serotype should be under surveillance in the poultry food production chain with the aim of protecting public health.

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Phenotypes, antibacterial-resistant profile, and virulence-associated genes of Salmonella serovars isolated from retail chicken meat in Egypt

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2020.440-445 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 440-445

Author(s):

Amal Awad ◽

Mayada Gwida ◽

Eman Khalifa ◽

Asmaa Sadat

Keyword(s):

Virulence Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Salmonella Serovars ◽

Meat Samples ◽

Retail Chicken Meat

Aim: The present study was designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in chicken meat samples, and to explore the susceptibility of the strains to antimicrobials, as well as their virulence-associated genes. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred retail chicken meat samples from different shops, as well as 25 stool specimens from retail shop workers, were included in the study. The collected samples were examined bacteriologically for the presence of salmonellae. Salmonella isolates were serotyped using a slide agglutination test for O and H antigens and were screened for the presence of five virulence genes (stn, pef, invA, sopB, and avrA) using a uniplex polymerase chain reaction assay and for their susceptibility to 18 antimicrobial agents using the disk diffusion method. Results: Thirty-one Salmonella isolates belonging to 12 different serovars were identified. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Kentucky were the dominant serovars (22.6% each). Salmonella isolates displayed a high antibiotic resistance against erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, doxycycline, cephalexin, cefaclor, tetracycline, polymyxin B, cefuroxime, vancomycin, and streptomycin. All Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) and demonstrated different virulence genes. The majority of Salmonella serovars (87.1%) harbored sopB gene, 54.8% carried avrA and pef genes, while all isolates carried invA and stn genes. Conclusion: The presence of virulent MDR Salmonellae in raw chicken meat could allow the possibility of transmission of these resistant serovars to humans. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be followed on the whole poultry production chain to decrease the potential transmission of Salmonella infection from poultry meat to humans.

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Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- an emerging threat for the swine feed and pork production industry

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/jfp-21-400 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Olivia Harrison ◽

Susan Rensing ◽

Cassandra K. Jones ◽

Valentina Trinetta

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Animal Health ◽

Meat Products ◽

The United States ◽

Foodborne Illness ◽

Pulse Field ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Production Chain ◽

Pork Production ◽

Swine Feed

Salmonella continues to be a significant cause of foodborne illnesses in human medicine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported Salmonella as the second leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States, and the leading cause of both hospitalizations and deaths. Salmonella enterica 4,[5],12:i:- (STM) is a monophasic variant of S. Typhimurium and it is an emerging threat to both human and animal health. STM was first identified in the 1980’s from poultry products and has become increasingly prevalent in meat products including pork. STM has also been identified in swine farms as well as feed manufacturing environments and feed itself. Similar pulse-field gel electrophoresis profiles have been observed between human clinical cases and the STM samples originating from swine feed. These related profiles suggest a link between swine ingesting contaminated feed and the source of foodborne illness in human. The objective of this article was to better understand the history of STM and the possible pathway between swine feed to the household table. Continued research is necessary to better understand how STM can enter both the feed supply chain and the pork production chain to avoid contamination of pork products destined for human consumption.

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Salmonella from Farm to Table: Isolation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Commercial Broiler Supply Chain and Its Environment

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2021/3987111 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

M. Nasim Sohail ◽

D. Rathnamma ◽

S. Chandra Priya ◽

S. Isloor ◽

H. D. Naryanaswamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enrichment Culture ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Production Chain ◽

Selective Enrichment ◽

Commercial Broiler ◽

Retail Meat ◽

Agar Media

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry production chain is one of the major food safety concerns due to indiscriminate usage of antibiotics and the presence of pathogens such as Salmonella which causes infections in various stages of production. In the present study, 182 samples were collected from commercial broiler supply chain, viz., three hatcheries ( n = 29 ), three commercial broiler farms (CBF; n = 99 ), and three retail meat shops (RMS; n = 54 ), and used for isolation and identification of Salmonella using three different selective agar media and a selective enrichment medium followed by PCR confirmation targeting the hilA gene. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was 47/182 (25.82%), and a significantly higher ( P < 0.05 ) prevalence was observed in retail meat shops (46.29%), CBF (19.19%), and hatcheries (10.34%). Comparison of three agar media for isolation of Salmonella revealed that all the media were equally selective. However, PCR amplification of hilA gene fragment was significantly higher ( P < 0.01 ) in selective enrichment culture tetrathionate brilliant green bile broth (TTB) as compared to all solid (agar-based) media. Susceptibility pattern against most frequently used antibiotics revealed that 100% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. High resistance was observed for doxycycline (94.34%), followed by cefpodoxime (84.91%), ciprofloxacin (72.64%), gentamicin (65.09%), enrofloxacin (61.32%), colistin sulphate (40.42%), amikacin (34.91%), ampicillin (33.96%), neomycin (33.02), cefotaxime (30.19%), ceftazidime (29.25%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (23.58%), amoxicillin+clavulanic acid (21.70%), and chloramphenicol (12.26%); 16.98% of the isolates were ex-tended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 76.41% were multidrug resistant (MDR). MDR Salmonella were significantly higher ( P < 0.01 ) in RMS (91.66%) followed by CBF (82.75%), whereas no MDR isolates were present in the isolates from hatcheries. The results indicated a higher prevalence of Salmonella and AMR for commonly used antibiotics in the complete broiler supply chain, especially RMS and CBF. Also, this study idicated that TTB enrichment followed by PCR and colony PCR was found to be rapid, specific and time-saving method.

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Arcobacter Isolation from Minced Beef Samples in Costa Rica

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-493 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 80 (5) ◽

pp. 775-778 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Oscar Córdoba-Calderón ◽

Mauricio Redondo-Solano ◽

Eduardo Castro-Arias ◽

María Laura Arias-EchandI

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Latin American ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Central Valley ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Control Measures ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Minced Beef ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

ABSTRACT The presence of Arcobacter spp. in minced meat (including beef) samples has been well documented in different countries, with varying frequencies. Nevertheless, the only Latin American country reporting this bacterium in minced beef samples is Mexico, with a 28.8% frequency in 2003. Previous studies in Costa Rica have demonstrated the presence of Arcobacter species in samples taken from the poultry production chain, but still there are no studies performed in bovine meat. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of this bacterium in 120 samples of minced beef acquired from the Central Valley region of Costa Rica and to describe the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates obtained. A total of 75 different Arcobacter strains were isolated from minced beef samples, for a final frequency of 48.3%. After species PCR identification, the strains were classified as A. butzleri (37.3%), A. cibarius (14.7%), A. thereius (12%), and Arcobacter spp. (36%). All samples were sensitive to gentamicin but were resistant to ampicillin, levofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and ciprofloxacin. The results obtained in this study show that the frequency of isolation of Arcobacter in minced beef samples is high and that there is a high resistance rate for antibiotics in common use. This suggests that Arcobacter represents a health risk for Costa Rica and that control measures should be developed to decrease its potential impact.

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Time series evaluation of ascitic syndrome condemnation at poultry abattoirs under Federal Inspection Service of Brazil (2010-2019)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6806 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Marina C.C. Souza ◽

Luiz Felipe N.M. Borges ◽

Yago F. Nascimento ◽

Letícia R.M. Costa ◽

Sthéfany C. Dias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Impact ◽

Animal Health ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Economic Implications ◽

Technological Advances ◽

Historical Series ◽

Series Evaluation ◽

Inspection Service ◽

Seasonal Index

ABSTRACT: Over the last decade, Brazil registered a 10.56% increase in the number of poultry slaughtered in establishments registered under the “Serviço de Inspeção Federal” (SIF - Federal Inspection Service), as a result of technological advances in management, health and genetics applied to national aviculture. At slaughter, during post-mortem inspection, carcasses can be totally or partially condemned for various reasons, including ascitic syndrome. This syndrome has economic implications for the industry, in addition to being a problem for the health and welfare of poultry. The objective of this work was to evaluate the historical series (2010-2019) of partial and total condemnations of poultry carcasses due to ascitic syndrome in slaughterhouses registered under the SIF and located in the main poultry-producing states. Through official data, the condemnation occurrence index (COI) and the adjusted seasonal index (ASI) were calculated. The condemnation rate was 1,140 carcasses condemned, totally or partially, for ascitic syndrome for every 1,000,000 poultry slaughtered. The smallest and largest COIs were found in São Paulo (February 2010) and in Goiás (January 2017), respectively. The occurrence of condemnations for this syndrome was cyclical throughout the historical series, showing peaks of condemnation in all years evaluated, with the highest ASIs in July, August and September, and with rates varying between 1.24 and 1.54 in these months. Considering the period of pre-slaughter housing, the highest ASIs coincide with the coldest period of the year (May to August) for all analyzed states. The results show that ascitic syndrome is a growing problem in Brazil, with greater occurrence during the coldest months of the year, having a negative impact on animal health and the profitability of producers and industries in the poultry production chain.

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Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chicken at three levels of the poultry production chain in Costa Rica.

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/jfp-21-111 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sabrina Lazo-Láscarez ◽

Leana Zumbado Gutiérrez ◽

Francisco Duarte-Martínez ◽

Juan José Romero Zúñiga ◽

María Laura Arias Echandi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Costa Rica ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Diarrheal Disease ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Control Measures ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is considered the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis, one of the four main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide, and one of the main foodborne pathogens causing hospitalizations and deaths. A total of 148 strains of Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry at farms, processing plants and retail stores in Costa Rica were examined for resistance to six antibiotics. An agar dilution test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility profiles against doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. In addition, a PFGE analysis was carried out to determine the genotype relatedness of a representative subset of the isolates. Around 92% (136/148) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance to the tested drugs. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, were the antibiotics for which resistance occurred most frequently (91.2%, 85.8% and 85.8%, respectively); followed by doxycycline (25.0%), chloramphenicol (5.4%) and erythromycin (2.7%). The profile conferring only resistance to quinolones was the most frequently found in this study, and only 2.0% of the isolates showed resistance to quinolones and macrolides simultaneously. Results showed a high frequency of resistant Campylobacter spp. strains, and evidenced the distribution, selection, and circulation of resistant strains along the poultry chain from farms to consumers. Cross contamination and resistance seem to play an important role in the dissemination of these strains at specific points of the poultry chain even when control measures are being taken. The establishment of effective surveillance and control strategies represents an essential tool for foodborne diseases mitigation. The rational use of antibiotics, especially those still showing efficacy, should be a priority issue in both human and veterinary medicine in order to contain the progress of this phenomenon and its consequences.

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Presence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Recovered from Retail Chicken in China

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-080 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 77 (10) ◽

pp. 1773-1777 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

QIAN WU ◽

MEILI XI ◽

XIAOYING LV ◽

YUNFENG XU ◽

YUQING FENG ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Shaanxi Province ◽

Farmers Markets ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Production Chain ◽

E Coli

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli in retail whole chicken in the People's Republic of China. Five hundred seventy-six raw whole chicken samples, randomly purchased from 146 farmers' markets or supermarkets in four provinces from March through December 2010, were analyzed for E. coli contamination, and the E. coli isolates were further tested for the presence of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility. The overall positive rate for E. coli in retail chicken was 69.1%. E. coli prevalence was the highest in Beijing (86.8%), followed by Henan province (78.5%), Shaanxi province (65.3%), and the lowest prevalence was found in Sichuan province (45.8%). Among 398 isolates recovered, only the eae gene was detected in one isolate; no other virulence genes were detected. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (84.4%), followed by nalidixic acid (74.1%), ampicillin (71.1%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (70.1%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (68.8%), and streptomycin (58.5%). Lower resistance was detected to chloramphenicol (43.7%), kanamycin (42.7%), ciprofloxacin (30.2%), gentamicin (29.4%), cefoperazone (13.6%), amikacin (12.6%), gatifloxacin (8%), and cefoxitin (7.8%). Only 3.8% of the isolates were susceptible to all tested antimicrobials. Six percent of the isolates displayed resistance to one antimicrobial, 6.3% to two, and 83.9% to three or more of the antimicrobials. Our findings indicate that retail chicken in China was commonly contaminated with E. coli, and many E. coli strains exhibited multiple drug resistance. The implementation of good manufacturing practices throughout the poultry production chain is necessary to reduce E. coli contamination in retail chicken, and the prudent use of antibiotics is imperative in poultry production in China.

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Evaluation of Microbial Load from Canned Soya Milk Drinks in Malaysia

Research in Pharmacy and Health Sciences ◽

10.32463/rphs.2016.v02i01.04 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Nur Amalina binti Mustafa ◽

Muhammad Ashraf bin Redzuan ◽

Muhamad Hazim bin Zuraimi ◽

Muhamad Shuhaimi bin Shuib ◽

Shahnaz Majeed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Culture Media ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Nutrient Agar ◽

Microbial Load ◽

Blood Agar ◽

Human Consumption ◽

Processing Unit ◽

Soya Milk ◽

Two Samples

Objective: Owing to the habit of consuming ready food among the citizens of Malaysia a study was conducted to evaluate 20 samples of canned soya milk for the presence of possible microbial content. The samples were collected randomly from shopping malls, restaurants and kiosk in Ipoh Malaysia. Methods: All samples collected across Ipoh, were subjected to test for presence bacteria in nutrient agar, blood agar and macConkey media. The possible microbial load was swapped from surface and soya milk content with a sterile cotton and streaked on nutrient agar, blood agar and macConkey culture media. The streaked petri plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37oC. Results: The study revealed negative microbial growth in all except two samples from the surface and soya milk content collected from a restaurant in nutrient agar and blood agar medium. The presence of microbes was conformed as gram positive staphylococcus sp. through gram staining. The positive growth may be imputed to poor storage condition at the restaurant. Conclusion: It can be computed from the study that the majority of the samples were free from bacterial growth, suggesting strong in house quality control mechanism at the processing unit and exquisite storage conditions in malls and kiosk suggesting that soya milk available in malls and kiosk are fit for human consumption.

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Serotype distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility, antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence genes of Salmonella isolated from a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, China

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-019-0936-9 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Quan Li ◽

Jian Yin ◽

Zheng Li ◽

Zewei Li ◽

Yuanzhao Du ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Production Chain ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

AbstractSalmonella is an important food-borne pathogen associated with public health and high economic losses. To investigate the prevalence and the characteristics of Salmonella in a pig slaughterhouse in Yangzhou, a total of 80 Salmonella isolates were isolated from 459 (17.43%) samples in 2016–2017. S. Derby (35/80, 43.75%) was the most prevalent, followed by S. Rissen (16/80, 20.00%) and S. Newlands (11/80, 13.75%). The highest rates of susceptibility were observed to cefoxitin (80/80, 100.0%) and amikacin (80/80, 100.0%), followed by aztreonam (79/80, 98.75%) and nitrofurantoin (79/80, 98.75%). The highest resistance rate was detected for tetracycline (65/80, 81.25%), followed by ampicillin (60/80, 75.00%), bactrim (55/80, 68.75%), and sulfisoxazole (54/80, 67.50%). Overall, 91.25% (73/80) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, while 71.25% (57/80) of the isolate strains were multidrug resistant in the antimicrobial susceptibility tested. In addition, 86.36% (19/22) of the 22 antimicrobial resistance genes in the isolates were identified. Our data indicated that the resistance to certain antimicrobials was significantly associated, in part, with antimicrobial resistance genes. Furthermore, 81.25% (65/80) isolates harbored the virulence gene of mogA, of which 2 Salmonella Typhimurium isolates carried the mogA, spvB and spvC virulence genes at the same time. The results showed that swine products in the slaughterhouse were contaminated with multidrug resistant Salmonella commonly, especially some isolates carry the spv virulence genes. The virulence genes might facilitate the dissemination of the resistance genes to consumers along the production chain, suggesting the importance of controlling Salmonella during slaughter for public health.

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