Health Issues of Materials Used in Residential Buildings

2010 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
M GREENBERG MB FRCP FFOM
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Materials Used

scholarly journals Correlation between Defects and Technical Wear of Materials Used in Traditional Construction

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2482
Author(s):  
Jarosław Konior ◽  
Mariusz Rejment
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Water Penetration ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Traditional Construction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Measurable Property

The degree of technical wear of old buildings, which are made of basic materials (cement, concrete, steel, timber, plaster, brick) using traditional technology, is expressed by the size and intensity of damage to their elements. The topic of the research concerns old residential buildings from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, which are located in the downtown district of Wroclaw, Poland. The descriptive analysis and the analysis of the definitions of defects that occur in the elements of residential buildings, which were performed as random analyzes, do not allow defects to be considered as measurable variables at a level of visual investigation. The major drawback of the method that is used by experts when assessing the technical condition of civil engineering buildings is that it does not numerically express the magnitude (strength) of the defects. Therefore, an attempt was made to numerically express the relationship (if such a relationship exists) between the occurred defects of buildings and the extent of their technical wear process. When calculating the strength of this relationship, the method of determining the point biserial correlation coefficient for the measurable property and the dichotomous property was used. It was found that the direction of the relation is right-hand for all the tested building elements, but the strength of the correlation between the detected defects and technical wear shows a considerable span and depends on the conditions of the apartment house’s maintenance. As a rule, damage caused by water penetration and moisture penetration always shows correlations of at least moderate strength.

scholarly journals PERBAIKAN DAN PERKUATAN BANGUNAN SEDERHANA AKIBAT GEMPA

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bambang Hadibroto ◽  
Sahala Ronitua
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Final Project ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Earthquake Load ◽  
Column Joint ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Building Engineering

Bangunan yang sering rusak apabila gempa bumi terjadi adalah bangunan sederhana atau bangunan non-engineering. Bangunan non-engineered adalah bangunan yang umumnya merupakan bangunan penduduk, rumah tinggal, dan lain-lain yang kebanyakan didirikan oleh masyarakat biasa tanpa bantuan ahli struktur. Telah banyak bangunan yang rusak akibat gempa, Sehingga  sangat dibutuhkan pengembangan metode perbaikan dan perkuatan struktur bangunan untuk memperbaiki dan memperkuat bangunan yang rusak akibat gempa. Titik-titik lemah bangunan yang merupakan titik-titik kegagalan bangunan akibat beban gempa, antara lain : join fondasi-kolom, join balok-kolom, dinding pasangan dan sistem struktur atap. Dibutuhkan perbaikan pada elemen-elemen tersebut untuk mengembalikan fungsinya seperti semula serta elemen-elemen tersebut sangat membutuhkan perkuatan sebelum terjadi gempa serta pendetailan penulangan yang akurat. Perbaikan dan perkuatan elemen struktur bangunan yang telah dikembangkan antara lain : perbaikan dinding retak dengan  metode  plesteran yang diperkuat  kawat, melapisi elemen struktur bangunan dengan lapisan beton baru, penambahan tulangan dan lapisan beton pada elemen balok, kolom dan pelat, pembuatan jangkar pada setiap 6 lapis bata dan pembuatan kolom praktis pada dinding roboh serta perbaikan dan perkuatan pada rangka atap dan plafon. Material yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan perbaikan dan perkuatan bangunan sederhana akibat gempa adalah beton, baja tulangan, batu bata, bahan kimia (epoxy) untuk mempercepat proses pekerjaan serta bahan-bahan umum lainnya yang sering dijumpai dalam pelaksanaan pekerjaan kontruksi Kata Kunci : Bangunan Sederhana (Non-Engineering), Perkuatan, Perbaikan  ABSTRACT Buildings are often damaged when the earthquake occurred is a simple building or non- building engineering . Non - engineered buildings are buildings that generally are residential buildings, houses, and others are mostly established by ordinary people without the help of expert structures. Final Project is made using the method of literature study , by collecting data from a variety of books , sources and journals related to the repair and retrofitting of buildings is simple due to the earthquak . Has many buildings damaged by the earthquake , so that the much needed development of repair methods and retrofitting structures to improve and strengthen the buildings damaged by the earthquake . Weak points of the building which is the failure points of the building due to earthquake load , among others : the join - column foundation , beam - column joint , and systems partner walls roof structure. Needed improvements to these elements to restore its original function as well as those elements in desperate need before the earthquake retrofitting and reinforcement detailing accurate . Repair and strengthening of structural elements of the building that have been developed include : repair cracked wall plaster reinforced with wire method , coating the structural elements of the building with a new layer of concrete ,reinforcement and the addition of a layer of concrete on the elements of beams, columns and plates , on the manufacture of each 6 -layer anchor brick and manufacture practical columns on the walls collapsed and the repair and reinforcement on the roof frame and the ceiling. Materials used in the execution of repair work and simple retrofitting buildings caused by the earthquake is concrete , reinforcing steel , bricks , chemicals ( epoxy ) to speed up the work process as well as other common ingredients that are often encountered in the implementation of the construction works.Keywords: building a simple (non - engineering), Rretrofitting, Repair

Experimental Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulation Materials Used in Residential Buildings

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 535-538
Author(s):  
Young Sun Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Expanded Polystyrene ◽  
Exterior Wall ◽  
Insulation Materials ◽  
Design Documents ◽  
Materials Used

The most basic way to keep comfortable indoor environments for a building’s occupants and save energy for space heating and cooling in residential buildings is to insulate the building envelope. Among the building materials to be used, thermal insulation materials primarily influence thermal performance. In particular, the type, thermal conductivity, density, and thickness of heat insulator, are important factors influencing thermal insulation performance. We investigate the design status of residential buildings which were designed in accordance with the building code of Korea and selected the type of thermal insulation materials applied to the walls of buildings. The present study aims at measuring the thermal conductivity of thermal insulation materials used for building walls of residential buildings. In this study, after collecting the design documents of 129 residential buildings, we investigated the type and thickness of insulation materials on the exterior wall specified in the design documents. As the thermal insulation materials, extruded polystyrene (XPS) board and expanded polystyrene(EPS) board are used the most widely in Korea when designing residential buildings. The thickness of thermal insulation materials applied to the exterior wall was 70mm, most frequently applied to the design. We measured the thermal conductivity and the density of XPS board and EPS board. When the density of XPS and EPS was 30~35 kg/㎥, the thermal conductivity of XPS was 0.0292 W/mK and it of EPS was 0.0316 W/mK.

scholarly journals Thermal and Mechanical Studies of Perlite Concrete Casing for Chimneys in Residential Buildings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2011
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Drozdzol
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Concrete Blocks ◽  
High Insulation ◽  
Materials Used

Chimneys are structures designed to convey exhaust gases from heating devices to the outside of buildings. The materials from which they are made have a great impact on their fire safety, as well as on the safety of the whole building. As current trends in the construction industry are moving towards improving the environmental impact and fire safety, changes to building materials are constantly being introduced. This also applies to the development of chimney technology, as there is still a recognised need for new solutions when it comes to materials used in the production of chimney systems. This article presents the findings of tests carried out on a chimney made from innovative perlite concrete blocks. Four different perlite concrete blocks that differed in bulk densities were analysed. The obtained results were then compared with widely used leca (lightweight expanded clay aggregate) concrete blocks. The test results confirmed high insulation properties of the perlite concrete block, from which the innovative chimney casing was made. The fire safety level was maintained even in high temperatures that occur during soot fire (1000 °C). These properties were retained despite there being no additional insulation of the flue duct. Even though the thermal load decreased the compressive strength of the chimney blocks, they still displayed sufficient average strength of 4.03 MPa. Additionally, the test results confirmed the possibility of recovering heat from the chimney with the efficiency of 23–30%, which constitutes a considerable increase compared to chimneys made from leca concrete blocks.

scholarly journals Overdurability and Technical Wear of Materials Used in the Construction of Old Buildings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 378
Author(s):  
Jarosław Konior
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Natural Aging ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Technical Maintenance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Many

The technical maintenance of old tenement houses traditionally constructed is an ongoing problem, and will continue to be so in the coming years. The subject of the article includes old residential buildings from the turn of the XIX and XX centuries, which are a part of Wroclaw’s downtown district. They can be understood as an essential link in the process of shaping the cultural and social microenvironment of man. The ability of them to meet the multiple expectations of residents depends on the natural aging of tenement houses’ materials, the methods of their maintenance and use, and the influence of the many factors that cause their accelerated wear. The assumed durability is the main reference parameter of the changing age of the inspected tenement houses. The course of the theoretical and observed degree of the technical wear of these buildings was compared with their durability. For the age of these buildings, the technical wear should reach 100%. It was observed that in the first period of use of tenement houses, the phenomenon of “infradurability” occurs, and after exceeding a certain age—depending on the maintenance conditions of the building—the phenomenon of “overdurability” of the building occurs. It was shown that the durability of important elements of old buildings, as a parameter that was defined “a posteriori”, ranges from 153 to 177 years, and is greater than the corresponding literature values indicated “a priori”. The probability of reaching such an age of an element, in which the observed values of technical wear exceed the theoretical values, is much higher than the probability of an opposite event. A comparative analysis of the distribution functions of these probabilities indicates that the probabilities of theoretical wear values are higher than those observed in the case of the assumed literature durability of elements. There is also an inverse relationship for durability that corresponds to the age of the oldest examined elements of tenement houses.

CONSIDERATION OF THE USE PHASE IN CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS FOR RESIDENTIAL GREEN BUILDING

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Patenaude ◽  
Sylvain Plouffe
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Certification Programs ◽  
Documentary Analysis ◽  
Living Building Challenge ◽  
Use Phase ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

The building industry is associated with several environmental impacts. In considering the total building lifecycle, the use phase has a strong influence on the level of impact. According to the literature, the use phase of residential buildings represents up to 92% of energy consumption, constitutes 95% of water consumption (indoor and outdoor), accounts for 45% of the weight of materials used, and produces 50% of the waste (maintenance, repair, and renovation). Green building and certification programs used in North America, such as BOMA-BESt®, LEED®, and Living Building ChallengeTM, aim to reduce the environmental footprint of housing. However, while these certifications provide a useful framework for practices related to buildings and their systems, a documentary analysis shows that they do not adequately take into account the use phase of residential buildings. The purpose of this paper is to show that consideration of the use phase is inconsistent with the impacts associated with it.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Common Materials Used for Exterior Window Shadings in Residential Buildings

2015 ◽  
Vol 118 ◽  
pp. 794-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Babaizadeh ◽  
Nasim Haghighi ◽  
Reza Broun ◽  
Somayeh Asadi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Materials Used

Russian Market of Ceramic Bricks. Development Trends and Prospects

2020 ◽  
Vol 787 (12) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
A.A. Semenov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Residential Buildings ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Development ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Regional Structure ◽  
Development Trends ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Wall Materials ◽  
Materials Used

The article provides information about the state and main trends in the development of the Russian market of ceramic bricks. Data on the structure of construction of residential buildings based on the wall materials used are presented, and the regional structure of demand for ceramic bricks is estimated. The forecast of market development in 2021-2022 is presented. It is noted that from the end of 2018, the pace of housing construction in Russia increased significantly due to the transition from mid-2019 to financing through escrow accounts and the rejection of EPA (Equity Participation Agreement). The positive dynamics continued in 2019-2020, which was additionally associated with a reduction in the Central Bank’s key rate, the introduction of a preferential mortgage program in 2020, and the implementation of programs to support the construction complex in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the production of ceramic bricks increased by more than 3% in 2019 and by about 2% in the first 9 months of 2020. At the same time, it was found that due to unfavorable market conjuncture, the number of ceramic plants operating in Russia has significantly decreased (from 557 in 2014 to 310 in 2019).

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