At the Boundaries of Expertise: Transforming Apprenticeship in an Instructional Situation

Author(s):  
H. Kingsley Povenmire ◽  
Stanley N. Roscoe

The relative benefits of different types of flight training equipment were evaluated in a routine instructional situation with no particular constraints placed upon the instructor as to how he used the equipment and without interfering with the normal course of flight training. The specific objectives of this research program were: (1) to evaluate the flight instructors' ability to predict success in private pilot training on the basis of students' initial performances in each of two ground trainers as opposed to actual aircraft, (2) to determine the relative value of 11 hours of flight instruction in two different ground trainers, and (3) to develop an objective scale for checking flight proficiency. There was a significant positive correlation of 0.50 between predictions based on two hours of training in the ground-based trainers and actual hours required to pass the flight check, but a nonsignificant negative correlation of 0.22 for predictions based on two hours in the aircraft. The ground trainer groups passed their flight checks with an average of slightly more than an how greater total time than those trained exclusively in the aircraft. On the basis of equivalent levels of group performance, 11 hours of training in the AN-T-18 resulted in a saving of 9 hours of flight time, thereby yielding a transfer effectiveness ratio of 0.8. Eleven hours of training in the GAT-1 resulted in a saving of 11 hours of flight time, yielding a transfer effectiveness ratio value of 1.0. The transfer effectiveness ratio is a new measure that directly relates the saving in learning one task to the amount of training on another.


2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Akram Akram

In nonformal education, tutors are to assist learners to learn as well as to motivate them. To make these tutors be able to improve their competencies, they should get appropriate/relevant trainings. This article reports a researchs on tutors competency in conducting instruction for functional literacy program in Wara Utara . Research findings show tutor are still lack of competencies in assisting and motivating learners in an instructional situation. It’s recommended that they should be trained on learning motivation.


1984 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Coles

The predominant view in the learning disabilities field conceptualizes the development and continuation of dysfunctional cognition as something that can be described primarily in terms of neurological functioning, perception, information processing, or problem solving. I have criticized this viewpoint maintaining that social relationships, which by the standard learning disabilities (LD) definition are excluded as being responsible for the disabilities, need to be regarded as the context in which disabled cognition is created and embedded (e.g., Coles, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984). In this article I will discuss some of these social relationships in the learning of the learning disabled by analyzing the process in a clinical session during which an illiterate adult successfully learned. Surprisingly, with few exceptions (e.g., Feuerstein, 1979; Stone & Wertsch, 1984), few studies have been conducted on the process of successful learning by the learning disabled in an instructional situation. I say surprisingly because it seems that a transformational approach through which a poor learner learned might uncover cognitive and associated activity otherwise obscured in the study of disabled learning through the educational products, usually test results, of good and poor learners.


1976 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Fluharty ◽  
John Mchugh ◽  
Marian Mchugh ◽  
Patty Willits ◽  
James Wood

Anxiety is defined, along with a contrasting definition of fear, and is discussed as a frequent concomitant of an instructional situation. Symptoms and possible causes of anxiety are described, specifically in regard to a teacher-student relationship in orientation and mobility instruction. A number of possible approaches are suggested by which the instructor may reduce or eliminate anxiety in the student, although it is understood that certain teacher-student relationships cause too much anxiety to be tenable.


1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger T. Johnson ◽  
David W. Johnson

The effects of cooperative and individualistic learning experiences were compared on interpersonal attraction between handicapped and non-handicapped third-grade students. Forty students were assigned to conditions on a stratified random basis controlling for handicap, ability, sex, and peer popularity. Students participated in an instructional math unit for 25 minutes a day for 16 instructional days. Type of interaction within the instructional situation, interpersonal attraction, and frequency of interaction in a free-choice, postinstructional situation were measured. Three attitude scales were also given. The results indicate that cooperative learning experiences, compared with individualistic ones, promote more cross-handicapped interaction during instruction; promote interaction characterized by involving handicapped students in the learning activities, giving them assistance, and encouraging them to achieve; promote more cross-handicap friendships; and promote more cross-handicap interaction during postinstructional free-time.


Author(s):  
Todd Cochrane

hDAS methodology in phases determines the tailored hDAS method. Enacting the hDAS method then leads to discoveries for and from method and methodology, which leads to further tailoring of the method. I posit, a class of ADDIE like ISD processes that intrinsically trend towards increasing complexity in their design, in order to meet newly formed theoretic perspectives. Using hDAS addresses an on-going increase in complexity of ISD, through a paradigmatic change, in which the outcome of the design is also the design process adapted to current theoretical understanding and discipline needs. The way forward, as formalised in hDAS, is tailoring of ISD through DBR and Agile software development. In this paper a context for hDAS is presented by reflection on hDAS in ISD that uses: ADDIE, Agile and explicitly tests educational theory. hDAS resolves gaps identified for each of these. By enacting hDAS a tailored ISD method is induced that meets the current theoretic and vocational understanding for the instructional situation


Author(s):  
Roar B. Stovner ◽  
Kirsti Klette ◽  
Guri A. Nortvedt

AbstractFeedback provided by mathematics teachers usually addresses procedural skills and, to a much lesser extent, other competencies such as conceptual understanding or engagement in mathematical practices. As most previous literature has studied feedback provided on homework or video prompts, how teachers provide such feedback in the classroom is poorly understood. Here, sixteen lessons taught by five teachers were purposefully sampled from a larger video study (172 lessons) as lessons with high-quality feedback according to a standardized observation instrument. The analysis focused on the instructional situations in which teachers provided feedback. When teachers provided procedural feedback, the situations were orderly and effective. Feedback on conceptual understanding and mathematical practices was provided in situations when students were especially challenged, and entailed a series of complex decisions, thereby placing demands on the teachers to manage both the students’ understanding and behavior. We argue that researchers should focus on how teachers and students negotiate the instructional situation to allow for feedback on conceptual understanding or mathematical practices.


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