Lyotard, Jean-François (1924–1998)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Language Games ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Aesthetics And Politics ◽  
Art And Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art And Literature ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Postmodern Art ◽  
Dialectical Philosophy ◽  
Bear Witness

Jean-François Lyotard was a prominent French philosopher who is generally considered the leading theorist of postmodernism. His work constitutes an insistent critique of philosophical closure, historical totalization and political dogmatism and a re-evaluation of the nature of ethics, aesthetics and politics after the demise of totalizing metatheories. In his early works, Lyotard confronts the limitations of dialectical philosophy and structuralist linguistics and analyses the disruptive, extradiscursive force of desire and the nonrepresentational or figurative dimensions of art and literature. In La Condition postmoderne (1979a) (The Postmodern Condition, 1984), he treats narrative pragmatics and language games as the bases for a critical approach to postmodern art and politics, as well as to the problem of justice. Recent texts insist on the obligation of philosophy, politics and writing to bear witness to heterogeneity and to what is repressed or forgotten in all representations of the past. His work questions the limits of philosophy, aesthetics and political theory in terms of problems linked to the irreducible complexities of art and literature and the nonrepresentational affects of historical-political events.

scholarly journals CANADIAN GHOSTS AND THE WILL TO TRUTH: READING MARLENE NORBESE PHILIPS’ LOOKING FOR LIVINGSTONE

eTopia ◽  
2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Principe
Keyword(s):  
Critical Approach ◽  
Future Time ◽  
International Colloquium ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Will ◽  
Bear Witness

While the ghost may be a device for resolving past issues in literature, its presence in the archive is central to Derrida’s critical approach in Archive Fever. Presenting this paper at an international colloquium “Memory: The Question of the Archives” at Freud’s own archive, Derrida considers Yerushalmi’s dialogue with the ghosted Freud as the desire that drives the archive: “… hauntedness is not only haunted by this or that ghost,… but by the spectre of the truth which has thus been suppressed” (Derrida 1998: 87). For Derrida, truth is a trace as elusive as “ash,” untouchable but always recognizable in its absence, enforcing the Freudian trust in memory as true in part, the search for which, Derrida claims, inspires a sort of illness; thus, the fever of the archive. Derrida recognizes that remembering and repeating are central to the archive as an injunction to bear witness to the past which, according to Derrida, is a responsibility not to those who have passed,but for those who will read in the future.1 Nietzsche’s understanding of the will to truth as that which perpetuates the assumption that truth exists can be understood as implicit to the endlessly repeated aporia of Derrida’s ghost (Nietzsche 1956: 288). This spectre is made visible by the will to truth of a witness for specific future time and place.

scholarly journals The Idea of Russian Symbolism about the Synthesis of Cultural Forms in the Context of Postmodern Culture

ICONI ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Nadezhda A. Tsareva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Russian Symbolism ◽  
Postmodern Art ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
Synthetic Media ◽  
Integrity Of Life

The relevance of the topic is due to the attention to trends in the development of culture. The synthesis of cultural forms is one of the important factors in the dynamics of culture. The teaching of Russian symbolism about the synthesis of cultures was analyzed in the scientifi c literature of the entire twentieth century. The novelty of the research is to compare the idea of art synthesis in the early twentieth and twenty-fi rst centuries. Two aspects of the idea of synthesis are considered: 1) the relevance of the idea of art synthesis in the postmodern era; 2) music and the visual series as organizing centers of art synthesis in the era of information technology. The purpose of this article is to examine the teaching of Russian symbolism about the integration of various forms of art and the features of synthesis in the postmodern era. The idea of integrating cultural forms was one of the key elements in Russian symbolism at the beginning of the twentieth century and was interpreted as a real prospect for the development of culture. In a broad sense, synthesis in symbolism meant the integrity of life, the integration of all spheres of human activity, the “organic connection” of cultures of the past and present. The synthesis can be realized on the basis of the art of symbolism, which can create a new culture. The synthesis of arts was understood as the beginning of the formation of a new culture. The core of the synthesis of arts, the symbolists saw music. Postmodern art is characterized by synthetism. Computer and information technologies create new forms of synthetic media art. The video series becomes the center of integration construction of postmodern audiovisual culture forms. The symbolist idea of the synthesis of arts as the beginning of cultural change in the postmodern era remains a utopian project. But the creation of new art forms in postmodern culture i s based on integration. New technologies are becoming a factor that determines the specifi cs of the synthesis of arts and infl uences the dynamics of culture. Both in Russian symbolism and in modern art, the goal of art synthesis is to present an integral image of the world, to form a system of worldview attitudes.

scholarly journals The Anthropology of Plague: Insights from Bioarcheological Analyses of Epidemic Cemeteries

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-123
Author(s):  
Sharon N. Dewitte
Keyword(s):  
Historical Record ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bear Witness

Most research on historic plague has relied on documentary evidence, but recently researchers have examined the remains of plague victims to produce a deeper understanding of the disease. Bioarcheological analysis allows the skeletal remains of epidemic victims to bear witness to the contexts of their deaths. This is important for our understanding of the experiences of the vast majority of people who lived in the past, who are not typically included in the historical record. This paper summarizes bioarcheological research on plague, primarily investigations of the Black Death in London (1349–50), emphasizing what anthropology uniquely contributes to plague studies.

Sites of Girlhood

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-127
Author(s):  
Tiffany Rhoades Isselhardt
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Board ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Virtual Museum ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The Past ◽  
Girl Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Bear Witness

Where are the girls who made history? What evidence have they left behind? Are there places and spaces that bear witness to their memory? Girl Museum was founded in 2009 to address these questions, among many others. Established by art historian Ashley E. Remer, whose work revealed that most, if not all, museums never explicitly discuss or center girls and girlhood, Girl Museum was envisioned as a virtual space dedicated to researching, analyzing, and interpreting girl culture across time and space. Over its first ten years, we produced a wide range of art in historical and cultural exhibitions that explored conceptions of girlhood and the direct experiences of girls in the past and present. Led by an Advisory Board of scholars and entirely reliant on volunteers and donations, we grew from a small website into a complex virtual museum of exhibitions, projects, and programs that welcomes an average 50,000 visitors per year from around the world.

Rediscovering Traces of Memory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Webber ◽  
Chris Schwarz ◽  
Jason Francisco
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Life ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Local People ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Jewish Heritage ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Bear Witness

The present-day traces of the Jewish past in Poland are complex. Jewish life lay in ruins after the Holocaust. Much evidence of ruin remains, but there are also widespread traces that bear witness to the elaborate Jewish culture that once flourished there, even in villages and small towns. One also sees places where Jews were murdered by the Germans in the war: not only in death camps and ghettos, but also in fields, forests, rivers, and cemeteries. After the war, forty years of communism suppressed even the memory of the destroyed Jewish heritage. Today, by contrast, the historic Jewish culture of Poland is increasingly being memorialized, by local Poles as well as by foreign Jews. Synagogues and cemeteries are being renovated, monuments and museums are being set up. There are festivals of Jewish culture, hasidic pilgrims, and Jewish tourists; and local people who rescued Jews during the war are being honoured. In rediscovering the traces of memory one also finds clear signs of a local Jewish revival. This extensively revised second edition includes forty-five new photographs and updated explanatory texts. Together they suggest how to make sense of the past and discover its relevance for the present. This book will appeal to everyone concerned with questions of history, memory, and identity.

WHERE THE PAST GOES. THE HISTORY OF THE TERM “WRECKING”

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-140
Author(s):  
Yana E. Kanevskaya ◽  
◽  
David M. Feldman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Times

The article considers the history of the term “wrecking.” The study allows describing and analyzing political events which the chosen terms correlate with. The authors manage to trace the functions of the term “wrecking” at different historical times, as well as to establish a connection between the function of the term and the political tasks of the leadership.

The Academic Study of French Civilization

PMLA ◽  
1915 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 614-628
Author(s):  
Albert Léon Guérard
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Insurance System ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Automatic Adaptation ◽  
Academic Study

If history is to giv us a tru picture of human life in the past, it cannot limit itself to political events. The chief end of man never was to frame, uphold, and overthro governments, stil les to wage war and sign treaties. These ar accidents or epiphenomena. Man's primary concern is and was from the first his daily fight for existence, the necessity of getting food and shelter, the desire of getting them with a minimum of painful exertion. Man does not merely adapt himself to his surroundings: he attempts to alter his surroundings so as to suit himself. Thus he creates new conditions from which new problems arise. Human society groes ever farther away from that brutish state of automatic adaptation which poets call the Erthly Paradise. From the erliest stone implement to the aeroplane, from the first concerted hunt to the elaborate insurance system of the German Empire, we see the progres of this warfare against nature. The result of these efforts is what we understand by civilization.

scholarly journals Thematic Preoccupation of Nigerian Literature: A Critical Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Adetuyi, Chris Ajibade
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Nigerian Literature

Nigerian literature takes "matter" from the realities of Nigerian living conditions and value systems in the past and present. In the Nigerian society the writer, be it a novelist, dramatist or poet is a sensitive "questioner" and reformer; as all literature in a way is criticism of the human condition obtainable in the society it mirrors. The writer often cannot help exposing the bad and the ugly in man and society. Thus much of Nigerian literature is a deploration of the harsh and inhuman condition in which the majority of Nigerians live in i.e. poverty, misery, political oppression, economic exploitation, excesses of the affluent, liquidation of humane Nigerian traditional values, and all forms of injustices which seem to be the lot of a large majority in most Nigerian societies.In drama, novel, poetry or short - story, the writer's dialogue with his physical and human environment comes out as a mirror in which his people and society can see what they look like. Every image painted by a skillful artist is expressed or put into writing / print, becomes public property and leaves itself open for evaluation by those who read and understand the language and expression. There is therefore a need to identify the thematic preoccupation of Nigeria literature which is the focus of this paper with a view to identifying their peculiarities with textual references.

A Retrospect on the Limits of Postcolonial Studies

CounterText ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benita Parry
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Postcolonial Studies ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Purpose ◽  
New Form ◽  
Raymond Williams ◽  
Different Order

Benita Parry here examines the political horizons of postcolonial studies, arguing for the crucial role of Marxism in sustaining the revolutionary impetus of postcolonialist thought. Addressing the career of the late Edward W. Said, Parry points out that while Said's approach to criticism may initially have been philological, political purpose and direction were ‘thrust upon him’ through the situation of his native Palestine in the 1970s, together with the retreat from radicalism within academia. The Said of this period thus urged upon intellectuals the need to engage with injustice and oppression. Parry writes of Said's ‘circuitous journey’ that returned him, in his later works, to a critical approach that eschewed the political, and aimed to contain conflict through his notion of the ‘contrapuntal.’ While Said, with many postcolonial critics, did not subscribe to Marxism, Parry suggests that his work retained a thoughtful and complex respect for Marxists such as Lukács, Goldmann, Raymond Williams, and Adorno. For Parry, Said's repudiation of Marxism is ‘of a different order’ from that of other postcolonial critics who drag revolutionary figures such as Fanon and Gramsci into their own agenda by attempting to stabilise and attune their thought to the ‘centre-left’. Parry goes on to criticise the editors of The Postcolonial Gramsci, for positing Marxist thinking as a restricting framework from which the editors aim to liberate Gramsci's writing. For Parry, these reappraisals of revolutionary thinkers constitute a new form of recuperative criticism that she terms ‘the rights of misprision’. If this is a strategy for ‘draining Marxist and indeed all left thought of its revolutionary impulses and energies’, Parry insists, ‘it is one to be resisted and countered, not in the interests of a sterile rigour, but – in Benjamin's words – to rescue the past and the dead, and a tradition and its receivers, from being overpowered by conformism’.

What is Known About Caries in Relation to Restorations as a Reason for Replacement? a Review

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ozer ◽  
A. Thylstrup
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Dental Caries ◽  
Plaque Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Behavior ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Secondary Caries ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Dental Restorations

In the past 20 years, a great many studies have identified secondary caries to be the most common reason for the replacement of restorations. This review raises the question whether clinicians use 'secondary caries' as a catch-all into which they put a variety of reasons for replacement, or whether they do have professionally based reasons for focusing on caries adjacent to restorations. There is no consensus among researchers concerning the nature of secondary caries, but it is possible to identify two major-and conflicting-trends : One adheres to a critical approach concerning the frequency of replacements and recommends a much more conservative evaluation of existing fillings. In contrast, the other trend focuses on the clinical undetectable microleakage as the major risk factor for the initiation and uncontrolled dentinal spread of secondary caries. Since the latter trend offers a reasonable explanation for the clinicians' concern about invisible 'secondary caries', and hence reinforces the tendency to replacement, it is relevant to reconsider the conventional concept that microleakage leads to the initiation of secondary caries. Available data indicate that visible gaps and marginal discrepancies are poorly related to secondary caries, and that secondary caries is a localized phenomenon caused by localized conditions for the evolution of cariogenic plaque. Consequently, secondary caries is not a universal attack along the entire interface between tooth and restoration, but rather a new lesion or a re-beginning of caries on the surface due to local conditions for plaque formation with cariogenic potential. It is concluded that reinforcement of a new and more appropriate professional behavior should be based on diffusion of existing knowledge of dental caries as a disease rather than on simplified criteria for the placement and replacement of dental restorations.

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