Criteria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie McGinn
Keyword(s):  
Other Minds ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Central Notion

The concept of criteria has been interpreted as the central notion in the later Wittgenstein’s account of how language functions, in contrast to the realist semantics of the Tractatus. According to this later account, a concept possesses a sense in so far as there are conditions that constitute non-inductive evidence for its application in a particular case. This condition on a concept’s possessing a sense has been thought to enable Wittgenstein to refute both solipsism and scepticism about other minds. There are powerful objections to this conception of criteria, which have led some philosophers to look for an alternative account of the role of criteria in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy.

Einfühlen und Verstehen

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-243
Author(s):  
Verena Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Theory ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Theory Theory ◽  
Other Minds ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
The Many

How do we understand other minds? The current debate uses the iridescent term “empathy” to explain our quite different mindreading capacities. Since no alternatives seemed to be available the discussion has been mostly in a deadlock between “simulation theory” and “theory theory”. Only recently the relevance of phenomenological findings on the issue has been brought forward. In this paper Husserl’s two concepts of “Einfühlung”, as developed in the second volume of his Ideas, are set against the background of the latest discussion. Husserl’s explanation of empathy in terms of analogical experience highlights the transcendental role of empathy in the context of constitution. At the same time it may solve some of the many riddles left by the recent debate.

scholarly journals Optimalisasi Kecerdasan Bahasa Anak Usia Dini melalui Metode Bermain Peran

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-24
Author(s):  
Indah Fajrotuz Zahro ◽  
Nurul Azizah Ria Kusrini
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Development ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Childhood Development ◽  
Dramatic Play ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Language Knowledge ◽  
Important Means

Language is one of the important aspects for early childhood development. Language functions as a means of communication as well as being an important means for the lives of children. It is dangerous to be a means for children to be able to interact with each other, share their experiences, and be able to improve intellectually, namely in order to develop their language knowledge and skills. For early childhood it is a period of development that must be fostered and developed so that they can make full use of their language skills. If the guidance, direction, and handling are not appropriate or even not obtained by the child causes language development that is not in accordance with what is expected by parents at home or by educators at school. The methods that can be done to stimulate and optimize children's language intelligence, including the method of question and answer, storytelling, tourist visits and play play (dramatic play). The role playing method consists of playing the role of macro and micro by going through the stages of playing an artificial role, playing with the object, pretending to be related to actions and circumstances, perseverance and oral communication. Based on data analysis and discussion, information can be obtained that the method of playing drama (play dramatically) / role playing is carried out in several stages, namely identifying figures, determining story settings, interpreting stories and values ​​contained, reflection and observation. The application of this technique is expected to provide optimization of early childhood language intelligence.

scholarly journals Democratic Deficit or the Europeanisation of Secession? Explaining the Devolution Referendums in Scotland

2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Dardanelli
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Democratic Deficit ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
European Context ◽  
Significant Change ◽  
Actual Vote ◽  
Explicit Comparison

This article deals with the variation in the demand for self-government in Scotland – as measured by the vote in the two referendums – between 1979, when devolution was rejected, and 1997, when devolution was endorsed. The existing literature mainly deals with each of the two referendums in isolation and does not offer an explicitly comparative analysis of them. However, implicit comparisons contained in analyses of the 1997 referendum tend to identify as the main cause of the variation the ‘democratic deficit’ created by Conservative rule between 1979 and 1997, which was consistently rejected in Scotland. I take issue with this explanation on theoretical and empirical grounds and advances an alternative account grounded in an explicit comparison of the two referendums. Based on a rationalist approach, the analysis presented here identifies three key elements in the voting dynamics at the two points in time – a gap between support for self-government and the actual vote in the referendum; an interaction effect between attitudes to devolution and to independence; and the role of the European context in shaping perceptions of independence. I argue that significant change in these three variables (rather than a ‘democratic deficit’) appear to have been the most important determinants of the different results of the two referendums.

ABBREVIATION AS THE MEANS OF EXPRESSING EMOTIONS OF THE LANGUAGE PERSONALITY (ON THE MATERIAL OF SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH DISCOURSE)

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Tat’yana V. Bychkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Linguistics ◽  
World Picture ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Speech Activity ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Language Renewal

The paper considers the role of the language personality in speech activity in neologizations of abbreviated SMS messages in the English discourse. Within the framework of the communicative-discursive direction in Russian linguistics, a paradigmatic approach to the study of the role of the language personality in the creation of new knowledge has been established. The language personality is able to participate in the process of nominating objects and actions of the world picture. Intralinguistic and extralinguistic factors influence language changes. Intralinguistic factors provide potential for language renewal, including its neologization, in accordance with the laws of dialectical development. Extra- linguistic factors are represented by numerous social and socio-political phe- nomena from the surrounding world. The high popularity of SMS messages is explained not only by the action of the law of saving speech efforts in the language, but also by the ability of language personality to express emotions in the language, thanks to the opportunities for innovations and improvisations inherent in it. The paper considers the language functions and stylistic features of abbreviated SNS messages in English discourse.

Integrity of the Coordinating Construction as a System

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-86
Author(s):  
Anna Varnayeva
Keyword(s):  
Formal Aspect ◽  
Communicative Function ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Intellectual Function ◽  
Semantic Aspect

The integrity of the coordinating construction is created by its connection with external systems: a text, a surrounding reality, thinking, communication in so-ciety. The leading aspects of the coordinating construction are logical and commu-nicative ones. A formal aspect serves them as means of their expression and it can-not claim to the leading role. It supplies integrity with its two peculiarities: by reduction the whole variety of coordinating constructions to compound sentences and by including the construction into the text. It is necessary to consider that these two peculiarities are the result of the influence exerted by logical and communica-tive content of the coordinating construction. Described situation also takes part in creating the integrity of the coordinat-ing construction. If it were not used, there would not be material for thinking and communication. It seems that its role is settled here. Such conclusion follows from the fact that thinking and needs of communication apply to it «according to one’s opinion»: existedfacts are not called; what is not connected outwardis joined; the speaker begins to inform the facts which he or she does not know exactly. Besides, the construction calls the things which do not exist, some of them are only referred to. The last point of «diminution» of the semantic aspect is the use of the particle «only» as an equal in rights component, the role of which brings to naught in the semantic aspect.The analysis of the coordinating construction integrity registered that two language functions are equally important for it: the function of creating and form-ing thought and the communicative function. The intellectual function takes the first place, indeed. Only thanks to thinking and understanding of multiplicity and its el-ements, «diminution» of the semantic aspect is possible. In other words, there would be no coordinating constructions at all without understanding multiplicity and its elements.

Bihemispheric Language: How the Two Hemispheres Collaborate in the Processing of Language

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman D. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Central Question ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Figures Of Speech ◽  
Language Functions ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Right

Speech production in most people is strongly lateralized to the left hemisphere (LH), but language understanding is generally a bilateral activity. At every level of linguistic processing that has been investigated experimentally, the right hemisphere (RH) has been found to make characteristic contributions, from the processing of the affective aspects of intonation, through the appreciation of word connotations, the decoding of the meaning of metaphors and figures of speech, to the understanding of the overall coherency of verbal humour, paragraphs and short stories. If both hemispheres are indeed engaged in linguistic decoding and both processes are required to achieve a normal level of understanding, a central question concerns how the separate language functions on the left and right are integrated. This chapter reviews relevant studies on the hemispheric contributions to language processing and the role of interhemispheric communications in cognition.

scholarly journals The role of performance limitations in the acquisition of verb-argument structure: an alternative account

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA L. THEAKSTON ◽  
ELENA V. M. LIEVEN ◽  
JULIAN M. PINE ◽  
CAROLINE F. ROWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Verb Argument Structure ◽  
Performance Limitations

Marx, Technology, and the Pathological Future of Capitalism

2018 ◽  
pp. 340-360
Author(s):  
Tony Smith
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Accepted Standard ◽  
Circuit Of Capital ◽  
Historical Moment

This entry begins with a summary of the almost universally accepted “standard view” of technological change in capitalism. Marx’s alternative account of the role of technology in capitalist society is then presented, followed by a survey of essential tendencies regarding technological change associated with each phase in the circuit of capital. The chapter concludes with an examination of four long-term consequences of technological change in the course of capitalism’s historical development: environmental crises, limits to wage labor as a social form, severe global inequality, and persisting overaccumulation difficulties. Together they establish that more than ever the fundamental question confronting our historical moment is the stark alternative: “Socialism or barbarism?”

The influences of number of syllables and wordlikeness on children’s repetition of nonwords

1991 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Gathercole ◽  
Cath Willis ◽  
Hazel Emslie ◽  
Alan D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Vocabulary Acquisition ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Phonological Memory ◽  
Alternative Account ◽  
Memory Factor ◽  
Memory Processes

ABSTRACTIt has recently been suggested that the developmental association between nonword repetition performance and vocabulary knowledge reflects the contribution of phonological memory processes to vocabulary acquisition (e.g., Gathercole & Baddeley, 1989). An alternative account of the association is that the child uses existing vocabulary knowledge to support memory for nonwords. The present article tests between these two alternative accounts by evaluating the role of phonological memory and linguistic factors in nonword repetition. In a longitudinal database, repetition accuracy in 4-, 5-, and 6-year-olds was found to be sensitive to two independent factors: a phonological memory factor, nonword length, and a linguistic factor, wordlikeness. To explain these combined influences, it is suggested that repeating nonwords involves temporary phonological memory storage which may be supported by either a specific lexical analogy or by an appropriate abstract phonological frame generated from structurally similar vocabulary items.

Accessing Other Minds: The Role of Temporo-Parietal Junction and its Dysfunction in Autism

NeuroImage ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. S68
Author(s):  
R.K. Kana ◽  
E.R. Blum ◽  
C.C. Klein ◽  
L.G. Klinger ◽  
M.R. Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Other Minds
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