Discrimination

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Nickel
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Institutional Discrimination ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

A principle forbidding discrimination is widely used to criticize and prohibit actions and policies that disadvantage racial, ethnic and religious groups, women and homosexuals. Discriminatory actions often rely on unfavourable group stereotypes and the belief that members of certain groups are not worthy of equal treatment. A prohibition of discrimination applies to the distribution of important benefits such as education and jobs, and says that people are not to be awarded or denied such benefits on grounds of characteristics such as race, ethnicity, religion or gender. Attempts have been made to expand this principle to cover institutional discrimination. Discrimination is morally wrong because its premise that one group is less worthy than another is insulting to its victims, because it harms its victims by reducing their self-esteem and opportunities, and because it is unfair.

Coming Home to The Brady Bunch

2019 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 430-460
Author(s):  
Miroslava Chávez-García
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Class Differences ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Upper Middle Class ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The television sitcom The Brady Bunch (1969–1974) and its subsequent reruns presented upper-middle-class whiteness and a version of idealized family life as normative. Its underrepresentation of racial, ethnic, and class differences did more than serve as a form of escapism for young Latina/o television watchers—it impacted their sense of identity and self-esteem, their attitudes toward their own parents, and their own later modes of parenting, as the author’s personal experience illustrates. At the same time, the series’ few episodes that did depict minority characters encouraged stereotyping that influenced the larger population. A content and visual analysis of episodes of The Brady Bunch confirms the sitcom’s repeated themes of gender and sexuality and its near absence of focus on differences of race, ethnicity, and class.

scholarly journals Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in patients undergoing left atrial appendage closure

Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. heartjnl-2020-318650
Author(s):  
Robbie Sparrow ◽  
Shubrandu Sanjoy ◽  
Yun-Hee Choi ◽  
Islam Y Elgendy ◽  
Hani Jneid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Left Atrial Appendage Closure ◽  
Black Patients ◽  
Comorbidity Burden ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Major Adverse Events

ObjectiveThis manuscript aims to explore the impact of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status on in-hospital complication rates after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC).MethodsThe US National Inpatient Sample was used to identify hospitalisations for LAAC between 1 October 2015 to 31 December 2018. These patients were stratified by race/ethnicity and quartiles of median neighbourhood income. The primary outcome was the occurrence of in-hospital major adverse events, defined as a composite of postprocedural bleeding, cardiac and vascular complications, acute kidney injury and ischaemic stroke.ResultsOf 6478 unweighted hospitalisations for LAAC, 58% were male and patients of black, Hispanic and ‘other’ race/ethnicity each comprised approximately 5% of the cohort. Adjusted by the older Americans population, the estimated number of LAAC procedures was 69.2/100 000 for white individuals, as compared with 29.5/100 000 for blacks, 47.2/100 000 for Hispanics and 40.7/100 000 for individuals of ‘other’ race/ethnicity. Black patients were ~5 years younger but had a higher comorbidity burden. The primary outcome occurred in 5% of patients and differed significantly between racial/ethnic groups (p<0.001) but not across neighbourhood income quartiles (p=0.88). After multilevel modelling, the overall rate of in-hospital major adverse events was higher in black patients as compared with whites (OR: 1.60, 95% CI 1.22 to 2.10, p<0.001); however, the incidence of acute kidney injury was higher in Hispanics (OR: 2.19, 95% CI 1.52 to 3.17, p<0.001). No significant differences were found in adjusted overall in-hospital complication rates between income quartiles.ConclusionIn this study assessing racial/ethnic disparities in patients undergoing LAAC, minorities are under-represented, specifically patients of black race/ethnicity. Compared with whites, black patients had higher comorbidity burden and higher rates of in-hospital complications. Lower socioeconomic status was not associated with complication rates.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Virologic Failure and Tolerability During Firstline HIV Antiretroviral Therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Bhagwat ◽  
Shashi N Kapadia ◽  
Heather J Ribaudo ◽  
Roy M Gulick ◽  
Judith S Currier
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Virologic Failure ◽  
Virologic Suppression ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Background Racial/ethnic disparities in HIV outcomes have persisted despite effective antiretroviral therapy. In a study of initial regimens, we found viral suppression varied by race/ethnicity. In this exploratory analysis, we use clinical and socioeconomic data to assess factors associated with virologic failure and adverse events within racial/ethnic groups. Methods Data were from AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5257, a randomized trial of initial regimens with either atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir (each combined with tenofovir DF and emtricitabine). We grouped participants by race/ethnicity and then used Cox-proportional hazards regression to examine the impact of demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic factors on the time to virologic suppression and time to adverse event reporting within each racial/ethnic group. Results We analyzed data from 1762 participants: 757 self-reported as non-Hispanic black (NHB), 615 as non-Hispanic white (NHW), and 390 as Hispanic. The proportion with virologic failure was higher for NHB (22%) and Hispanic (17%) participants compared with NHWs (9%). Factors associated with virologic failure were poor adherence and higher baseline HIV RNA level. Prior clinical AIDS diagnosis was associated with virologic failure for NHBs only, and unstable housing and illicit drug use for NHWs only. Factors associated with adverse events were female sex in all groups and concurrent use of medications for comorbidities in NHB and Hispanic participants only. Conclusions Clinical and socioeconomic factors that are associated with virologic failure and tolerability of antiretroviral therapy vary between and within racial and ethnic groups. Further research may shed light into mechanisms leading to disparities and targeted strategies to eliminate those disparities.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Alcohol and Drug Misuse Among IPV-Victimized Women: Exploring the Role of Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052094373
Author(s):  
Nicole H. Weiss ◽  
Melissa R. Schick ◽  
Ateka A. Contractor ◽  
Miranda E. Reyes ◽  
Nazaret C. Suazo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Drug Misuse ◽  
Emotional Dysfunction ◽  
Culturally Sensitive Interventions ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Alcohol and drug misuse is prevalent and problematic among women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). Emotional dysfunction has been identified as a key mechanism in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of alcohol and drug misuse. However, existing research has not considered the role of race/ethnicity in the relations between emotional dysfunction and alcohol and drug misuse. Furthermore, past research in this area has focused almost exclusively on emotional dysfunction stemming from negative (vs. positive) emotions. The goals of the current study were as follows: (a) to explore whether levels of difficulties regulating positive emotions differ among Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women, and (b) to examine the moderating role of race/ethnicity in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Participants were 197 IPV-victimized women recruited through the criminal justice system ( Mage = 36.14; 51.8% African American, 31.5% White, and 16.8% Latina). Difficulties regulating positive emotions did not differ as a function of race/ethnicity. However, relations among difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse were significant for Latina and White but not African American IPV-victimized women. Moreover, race/ethnicity moderated an association between difficulties regulating positive emotions and drug misuse; this relation was significant and positive for White (compared with African American) IPV-victimized women. While preliminary, these results may inform culturally sensitive interventions for alcohol and drug misuse that are tailored to the unique needs of Latina, African American, and White IPV-victimized women.

Applying the Health Belief Model to Characterize Racial/Ethnic Differences in Digital Conversations Related to Depression Pre– and Mid–COVID-19 (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby Castilla-Puentes ◽  
Jacqueline Pesa ◽  
Caroline Brethenoux ◽  
Patrick Furey ◽  
Liliana Gil Valletta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Belief Model ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
Racial Ethnic

BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression symptoms in the United States is >3 times higher mid–COVID-19 versus pre-pandemic. Racial/ethnic differences in mindsets around depression and the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE To describe attitudes, mindsets, key drivers, and barriers related to depression pre– and mid–COVID-19 by race/ethnicity using digital conversations about depression mapped to health belief model (HBM) concepts. METHODS Advanced search, data extraction, and AI-powered tools were used to harvest, mine, and structure open-source digital conversations of US adults who engaged in conversations about depression pre– (February 1, 2019-February 29, 2020) and mid–COVID-19 pandemic (March 1, 2020-November 1, 2020) across the internet. Natural language processing, text analytics, and social data mining were used to categorize conversations that included a self-identifier into racial/ethnic groups. Conversations were mapped to HBM concepts (ie, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy). Results are descriptive in nature. RESULTS Of 2.9 and 1.3 million relevant digital conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, race/ethnicity was determined among 1.8 million (62%) and 979,000 (75%) conversations pre– and mid–COVID-19, respectively. Pre–COVID-19, 1.3 million conversations about depression occurred among non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), 227,200 among Black Americans (BA), 189,200 among Hispanics, and 86,800 among Asian Americans (AS). Mid–COVID-19, 736,100 conversations about depression occurred among NHW, 131,800 among BA, 78,300 among Hispanics, and 32,800 among AS. Conversations among all racial/ethnic groups had a negative tone, which increased pre– to mid–COVID-19; finding support from others was seen as a benefit among most groups. Hispanics had the highest rate of any racial/ethnic group of conversations showing an avoidant mindset toward their depression. Conversations related to external barriers to seeking treatment (eg, stigma, lack of support, and lack of resources) were generally more prevalent among Hispanics, BA, and AS than among NHW. Being able to benefit others and building a support system were key drivers to seeking help or treatment for all racial/ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Applying concepts of the HBM to data on digital conversation about depression allowed organization of the most frequent themes by race/ethnicity. Individuals of all groups came online to discuss their depression. There were considerable racial/ethnic differences in drivers and barriers to seeking help and treatment for depression pre– and mid–COVID-19. Generally, COVID-19 has made conversations about depression more negative, and with frequent discussions of barriers to seeking care. These data highlight opportunities for culturally competent and targeted approaches to address areas amenable to change that might impact the ability of people to ask for or receive mental health help, such as the constructs that comprise the HBM.

Abstract P352: Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes among Patients with Hypertension or Type 2 Diabetes

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 131 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Pu ◽  
Sukyung Chung ◽  
Beinan Zhao ◽  
Vani Nimbal ◽  
Elsie J Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Asian Indian ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Stroke Incidence ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Hazard Ratios ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Background: This study assesses racial/ethnic differences in CVD outcomes among patients with hypertension (HTN) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM) across Asian American subgroups (Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese), Mexican, non-Hispanic black (NHB), and non-Hispanic White (NHW) in a large, mixed payer ambulatory care setting in northern California. Study Design: We estimated the rate of CVD incidence among adult patients with HTN (N=171,864) or T2DM (N=10,570), or both (N=36,589) using electronic health records between 2000-2013. Average follow-up was 4.5 years. CVD, including CHD (410-414), PVD (415, 440.2, 440.3, 443.9, 451, 453), and stroke (430-434), was defined by ICD-9 codes; HTN and T2DM were defined by ICD-9 codes, medication history, or two or more elevated blood pressure measures/abnormal glucose lab test results. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios for CHD, PVD, and stroke across race/ethnicity. Results: Among these patients, 10.5% developed CVD by the end of year 2013 (5.4% CHD, 3.4%PVD, 3.6% stroke). There was a gender difference in the risk of incident CHD. Among males, the age-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD were significantly higher for Asian Indians (HR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2-1.5) and significantly lower for Chinese (HR: 0.6, CI: 0.5-0.7) and Japanese (HR: 0.8, CI: 0.6-0.9) compared to NHWs. Among females, the age-adjusted hazard ratios for CHD were significantly higher for Mexican (HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.5) and NHBs (HR: 1.7, CI: 1.4-2.0) and significantly lower for Chinese (HR: 0.6, CI: 0.5-0.7) and Japanese (HR: 0.5, CI: 0.4-0.7). NHB men and women also had significantly higher age-adjusted hazard ratios for PVD (men: HR: 1.5, CI: 1.2-1.9; women: HR: 1.6, CI: 1.3-1.9) and stroke (men: HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.7; women: HR: 1.3, CI: 1.1-1.6) compared to NHWs. The age-adjusted hazard ratios for PVD and stroke were lower or equivalent to NHWs for all Asian subgroups and Mexican men and women. Patients with both HTN and T2DM were at elevated risk to develop CVD compared to patients with only one of the two conditions, regardless of their race/ethnicity. Conclusions: Compared to previous studies, we found less racial/ethnic variation in CVD outcomes, in particular stroke, among patients with HTN or T2DM. Our finding suggests the higher stroke incidence rates in several races/ethnicities are likely to be explained by the higher prevalence of HTN and T2DM among these groups. However, Asian Indian men and NHB and Mexican women with HTN or T2DM were at elevated risk for CHD compared to NHWs. Since the majority of patients in the study cohort had health insurance, further studies are needed to better understand the reasons for the observed racial/ethnic differences beyond disparities in access to health care. Special attention needs to be paid to patients with multiple conditions.

Siebzig Jahre Bundesverfassungsgericht in weltanschaulicher Schieflage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Czermak
Keyword(s):  
Labor Law ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
70Th Anniversary ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
German Federal Constitutional Court ◽  
German Federal Constitutional

On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the German Federal Constitutional Court in 2021, this volume examines the jurisprudence of the highest court on the relation of state and religion in the case groups of education, church labor law, church tax law, promotion of religion, and the principle of neutrality. It is shown that, since the 1950s, the court has become biased in favor of religious groups and to the detriment of the legal method. The postulates of the neutral "state as the home of all citizens" and the "equal treatment of all" have often been violated. The causes of this development are discussed in detail and corrective proposals are formulated.

Factor Structure for Chronic Stress Before and During Pregnancy by Racial/Ethnic Group

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 704-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangmi Kim ◽  
Eun-Ok Im ◽  
Jianghong Liu ◽  
Connie Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Certificates ◽  
Specific Factor ◽  
Pregnancy Risk ◽  
Chronic Stressors ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This study aimed to explore race/ethnicity-specific dimensionalities of chronic stress before and during pregnancy for non-Hispanic (N-H) White, N-H Black, Hispanic, and Asian women in the United States. This study analyzed the data among 6,850 women from the New York City and Washington State Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004-2007) linked with birth certificates. Separate exploratory factor analysis was conducted by race/ethnicity using a maximum-likelihood extraction method with 26 chronic stress items before and during pregnancy. Correlations and internal consistency reliabilities among items and latent factors determined race/ethnicity-specific factor structures of chronic stress. Chronic stress was race/ethnicity-distinctive and multidimensional with low correlations among the factors ( r = .07-.28, p < .05). Despite financial hardship, perceived isolation, and physical violence underlying chronic stress among the racial/ethnic groups, intergroup variations existed under each group’s cultural or sociopolitical contexts. This study could help develop targeted strategies to intervene with women’s chronic stressors before childbirth.

scholarly journals A Life Course Approach to Inequality: Examining Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Relationship between Early Life Socioeconomic Conditions and Health in Later Life Among Men

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor W. Hargrove, MA ◽  
Tyson H. Brown, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Mexican American ◽  
White Men ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Growth Curve Models ◽  
Life Course Approach ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Racial Ethnic

<br clear="all" /><p> </p><p> <strong>Objective: </strong>Previous research has docu­mented a relationship between childhood socioeconomic conditions and adult health, but less is known about racial/ethnic dif­ferences in this relationship, particularly among men. This study utilizes a life course approach to investigate racial/ethnic differ­ences in the relationships among early and later life socioeconomic circumstances and health in adulthood among men.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study and growth curve models are used to examine group differences in the relationships among childhood and adult socioeconomic factors and age-tra­jectories of self-rated health among White, Black and Mexican American men aged 51-77 years (<em>N</em>=4147).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Multiple measures of childhood socioeconomic status (SES) predict health in adulthood for White men, while significant­ly fewer measures of childhood SES predict health for Black and Mexican American men. Moreover, the health consequences of childhood SES diminish with age for Black and Mexican American men. The child­hood SES-adult health relationship is largely explained by measures of adult SES for White men.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The life course pathways link­ing childhood SES and adult health differ by race/ethnicity among men. Similar to argu­ments that the universality of the adult SES-health relationship should not be assumed, results from our study suggest that scholars should not assume that the significance and nature of the association between child­hood SES and health in adulthood is similar across race/ethnicity among men.<em> Ethn Dis.</em>2015;25(3):313-320.</p>

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