Mega-Events, Socio-Spatial Fragmentation, and Extra-territoriality in the City of Exception: The Case of Pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro

2017 ◽  
pp. 62-81
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Broudehoux
Keyword(s):  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Saborio

<p>Rio de Janeiro is preparing to host two major sporting events in the coming years: the 2014 FIFA World Football Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. Local authorities are promoting these mega events as an opportunity to increase the global competitiveness of the city. But in order to attract private capital from the global economy it is not enough for Rio to showcase the city as capable of organizing and implementing these events. Rather, the authorities must also demonstrate that what has been considered one of the most dangerous cities in the world can now become a safe place for business. To do so, what has been promoted as a new model of &lsquo;community policing&rsquo; the UPP (Pacifying Police Units) has been implemented since 2008 in 107 favelas. The majority of the favelas involved in the program are situated around the sites where these mega events will take place and around other wealthy areas of the city. This article analyses the relation between mega events, global competitiveness and the neutralization of local marginality.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Rio de Janeiro se pr&eacute;pare &agrave; accueillir les plus grands &eacute;v&eacute;nement sportifs des prochaines ann&eacute;es: la coupe du monde de football en 2014 et les jeux olympiques en 2016. Les autorit&eacute;s locales valorisent ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements mondiaux comme autant d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute;s pour augmenter la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; de la ville.&nbsp; Cependant, il n&rsquo;est pas suffisant pour attirer les capitaux priv&eacute;s de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie mondiale que Rio soit valoris&eacute;e comme une ville capable d&rsquo;organiser et de g&eacute;rer ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements. Les autorit&eacute;s doivent aussi d&eacute;montrer que, ce qui auparavant &eacute;tait consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme une des plus dangereuses villes du monde, peut maintenant devenir un endroit s&ucirc;r pour les entreprises. Dans ce but, l&rsquo; UPP (Pacifying Police Units) a &eacute;t&eacute; mis en place en 2008 dans 107 favelas et est d&eacute;crit comme le nouveau mod&egrave;le de la police communitarian. La plupart des favelas int&eacute;gr&eacute;es dans le programme sont situ&eacute;es autour des lieux qui accueilleront les &eacute;v&eacute;nements et dans d&rsquo;autres endroits confortables de la ville. Pour cette raisons, cette article analyse les relations entre les &eacute;v&eacute;nements mondiaux, la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; mondiale et la neutralisation de la marginalit&eacute; locale.</p>


2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Curi ◽  
Jorge Knijnik ◽  
Gilmar Mascarenhas

Sport mega-events were very important for Brazil in 2007. The 15th Pan American Games took place in Rio de Janeiro. It was the largest international tournament held in Brazil since the 1950 World Cup and the 1963 Pan American Games. The latter were held in São Paulo. In 2007, 5000 athletes and 60,000 tourists were expected from the 42 participating countries. Despite being a developing country, Brazil does have a sizable middle class, but in Rio de Janeiro there are also lots of favelas (slums), where millions of poor people live. Despite vast differences in wealth, power and social status, these socially and culturally distinct groups nonetheless utilize common public spaces. We see this social confrontation as a major question for the analyses of sport mega-events and we would like to demonstrate its consequences on a local level . This social tension was such that the Organizing Committee actually constructed a ‘big wall’ around the stadiums which turned them into islands of excellence to be shown on television, thus hiding the unsightly parts of the city, that is, poor neighborhoods and favelas. This wall could be seen as the BRIC-way of organizing mega-events.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Szaniecki

O artigo traz reflexões sobre a implementação do conceito de Economia Criativa no Brasil e, em particular, da transformação do Rio de Janeiro em Cidade Criativa. Essa transformação é visível através da realização de megaeventos mas torna invisíveis alguns dos potentes atores culturais e criativos da cidade. Apresentaremos a literatura que aborda esses temas assim como experiências alternativas de produção cultural e criativa – os Pontos de Cultura a nível nacional, alguns experimentos realizados na ESDI/UERJ e a criatividade multitudinária das manifestações – que conjugam as dimensões produtiva e política da Criatividade e podem fortalecer o Direito à Cidade num Rio espetacularizado. Creativity, conflict and right to the city in rio de janeiro spectacularizedAbstractThis article reflects on the implementation of the concept of Creative Economy in Brazil and, in particular, the transformation of Rio de Janeiro in Creative City. This transformation is visible through the realization of mega-events but makes invisible some of the powerful cultural and creative actors of the city. We present the literature that addresses these issues as well as alternative experiences of cultural and creative production - the Points of Culture in Brazil, some experiments in ESDI / UERJ and multitudinous creativity of the protests - which combine the productive and the political dimension of creativity and can strengthen the Right to the City in a spectacularized Rio de Janeiro.


Author(s):  
Laura Sinay ◽  
Maria Cristina Fogliatti de Sinay ◽  
Fabio Vinicius de Araujo Passos ◽  
Iluska Lobo Braga

Megaeventos são acontecimentos de diversas naturezas que atraem grandes massas populacionais, movimentam a economia, aproximam a mídia internacional e patrocinadores que, com seus investimentos, possibilitam a revitalização dos locais-sede, impulsionam o turismo, o setor hoteleiro e o comércio, geram empregos temporários e permanentes, promovem a imediata inserção do local sede no mercado global divulgando pelo mundo afora características econômicas, sociais e culturais do mesmo. Com políticas prévias de investimentos em segurança, transportes, saúde pública, educação e treinamentos corretos, os megaeventos podem, ainda, melhorar aspectos sociais negligenciados nas cidades sede, as revitalizando com obras de modernização e de expansão atraindo novas empresas e melhorando o mercado de trabalho. Contudo, sem o devido planejamento e preparativos, a concentração exacerbada de pessoas pode gerar externalidades indesejadas como poluição atmosférica, atos de vandalismo, acidentes e incidentes de diversas naturezas, aumento de preços de produtos, especulação imobiliária, desapropriações, marginalização de comunidades, aumento da prostituição, da delinquência e de ruídos cuja divulgação na mídia pode causar efeitos negativos, impactos estes que devem ser mitigados com o planejamento cuidadoso do evento visando o legado á cidade, através de investimentos alocados em aspectos deficitários e com o monitoramento do legado positivo para o local sede. O legado de um megaevento diz respeito à herança recebida pela população do local sede. Esse é considerado negativo quando, de algum modo, prejudica a população, como por exemplo, com dívidas adquiridas com os preparativos, com áreas desmatadas, com lagoas soterradas, com a poluição das águas, do solo e do ar e com o desemprego. Megaeventos são acontecimentos de diversas naturezas que atraem grandes massas populacionais, movimentam a economia, aproximam a mídia internacional e patrocinadores que, com seus investimentos, possibilitam a revitalização dos locais-sede, impulsionam o turismo, o setor hoteleiro e o comércio, geram empregos temporários e permanentes, promovem a imediata inserção do local sede no mercado global divulgando pelo mundo afora características econômicas, sociais e culturais do mesmo. Com políticas prévias de investimentos em segurança, transportes, saúde pública, educação e treinamentos corretos, os megaeventos podem, ainda, melhorar aspectos sociais negligenciados nas cidades sede, as revitalizando com obras de modernização e de expansão atraindo novas empresas e melhorando o mercado de trabalho. Contudo, sem o devido planejamento e preparativos, a concentração exacerbada de pessoas pode gerar externalidades indesejadas como poluição atmosférica, atos de vandalismo, acidentes e incidentes de diversas naturezas, aumento de preços de produtos, especulação imobiliária, desapropriações, marginalização de comunidades, aumento da prostituição, da delinquência e de ruídos cuja divulgação na mídia pode causar efeitos negativos, impactos estes que devem ser mitigados com o planejamento cuidadoso do evento visando o legado à cidade, através de investimentos alocados em aspectos deficitários e com o monitoramento do legado positivo para o local sede. O legado de um megaevento diz respeito à herança recebida pela população do local sede. Esse é considerado negativo quando, de algum modo, prejudica a população, como por exemplo, com dívidas adquiridas com os preparativos, com áreas desmatadas, com lagoas soterradas, com a poluição das águas, do solo e do ar e com o desemprego. É considerado positivo quando melhora as condições de vida da população do local sede, ampliando a economia, diversificando as oportunidades de moradia e revitalizando áreas abandonadas. Os megaeventos são tipos de eventos normalmente organizados por uma combinação de governos, empresas privadas e públicas e organizações não governamentais, cujos interesses, públicos e privados, devem possibilitar a transformação de custos conjuntos elevados em rentáveis dividendos. O objetivo deste artigo de natureza teórica é, após a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, da apresentação dos passos seguidos para construir a proposta que levou a cidade do Rio de Janeiro ser a escolhida para sediar as Olimpíadas de 2016 e da experiência de 8 megaeventos sediados no Rio de Janeiro nos últimos 9 anos, propor ações para o planejamento de novos megaeventos de modo a efetivamente essas garantirem um legado positivo assim como a sustentabilidade do local sede. Mega-events, heritage and sustainability: The case of Rio de Janeiro City ABSTRACT Mega events are happenings of diverse natures that attract a huge number of participants, international media and sponsors, which foment the economic growth in the host city, improving its social status. Investments are to be applied to redevelop the host city, to promote tourism, hostelry and commerce, generating new jobs, and to promote the insertion of the host place in the global market, while spreading throughout the world, its economic, social and cultural characteristics. With investments on correct policies focused on public security, health, transport, education and training, mega events can improve social aspects, revitalizing cities with new infrastructure, attracting new services and improving the work market. But planning and studying to correctly allocate investments are needed to avoid the negative impacts- air pollution, vandalism, accidents and incidents, speculation, prostitution increase, delinquency- that the exaggerated concentration of people and publicity could provoke. Those negative impacts are to be avoided, or at least mitigated looking at the city legacy and through investments properly applied. Legacy can be negative, when it prejudices society through several aspects: water, soil and air pollutions, unemployment, financial debts left behind, and so on and it can be positive when associated actions bring all kind of new opportunities to the citizens. Mega events are usually organized by a combination of governments, private and public organizations, and non-governmental organizations in a way that their interests should make it possible to transform high costs in high social benefits. The purpose of this work is to present actions and directions to be followed when planning mega events in order to guarantee a positive legacy as well as their sustainability. This purpose will be achieved after the review of the technical bibliographic on mega events, of the steps followed to develop the proposal of the City of Rio de Janeiro - BRAZIL as the hostess of the Olympics of 2016 and the experience of this city which in 9 years hosted 8 mega events. KEYWORDS: Mega Events and Legacy; Mega Events and Sustainability; Mega Events and Associated Impacts.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique Moreas Pereira

Public transport policies play a key role in shaping the social and spatial structure of cities. These policies influence how easily people can access opportunities, including health and educational services and job positions. The accessibility impacts of transport policies thus have important implications for social inequalities and for the promotion of just and inclusive cities. However, in the transportation literature, there is still little theoretically informed understanding of justice and what it means in the context of transport policies. Moreover, few studies have moved beyond descriptive analyses of accessibility inequalities to evaluate how much those inequalities result from transport policies themselves. This is particularly true in cities from the global South, where accessibility and equity have so far remained marginal concerns in the policy realm.This thesis builds on theories of distributive justice and examines how they can guide the evaluation of transport policies and plans. It points to pathways for rigorous assessment of the accessibility impacts of transport policies and it contributes to current discussions on transportation equity. A justice framework is developed to assess the distributional effects of transport policies. This framework is then applied to evaluate recent transport policies developed in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in preparation to host sports mega-events, such as the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, which included substantial expansion of the rail and Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) infrastructure. This research presents ex-post analyses of the policies implemented between 2014 and 2017 and ex-ante analysis of an as yet unfinished BRT project. It evaluates how the planned transport legacy of those mega-events impacted accessibility to sports venues, healthcare facilities, public schools and job opportunities for different income groups. The results show that there were overall accessibility benefits from the expansion in transport infrastructure between 2014 and 2017, but these were generally offset by the reduction in bus service levels that followed an economic crisis that hit the city after the Olympics. Quasi-counterfactual analysis suggests that, even if the city had not been hit by the economic crisis, recent transport investments related to mega-events would have led to higher accessibility gains for wealthier groups and increased inequalities in access to opportunities. Results suggest that those investments had, or would have had, greater impact on inequalities of access to jobs than in access to schools and healthcare facilities. The evaluation of the future accessibility impacts of the unfinished BRT corridor, nonetheless, indicates that such project could significantly improve access to job opportunities for a large share of Rio’s population, particularly lower-income groups. Spatial analysis techniques show that the magnitude and statistical significance of these results depend on the spatial scale and travel time threshold selected for cumulative opportunity accessibility analysis. These results demonstrate that the ad-hoc methodological choices of accessibility analysis commonly used in the academic and policy literature can change the conclusions of equity assessments of transportation projects.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Margit Ystanes ◽  
Tomas Salem

For more than a decade, urban development in Rio de Janeiro was driven by the urgency of preparations for mega-events such as the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. During these years, Brazilian authorities used the megaevents to create a state of exception that legitimized a broad range of state security interventions across the city. While Brazilian authorities presented the events as an opportunity to create a modern, dynamic, and socially inclusive city, this special section argues that the security interventions implemented in Rio during the years of Olympic exceptionalism intensified racialized and gendered inequalities and reproduced historical patterns of necropolitical governance that has sought to render black life in Brazil impossible.


2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Machado Vilani ◽  
Carlos José Saldanha Machado

Abstract The aim of this study is to discuss the contradictions of the Olympic Games legacy for health and environment in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Public policies for sports mega-events have been criticized for contributing to and deepening the city’s historical socio-spatial inequalities. Based on document research and data analysis, the article focused on establishing a proposal for a sustainable city, as provided in Law 10,257/2001, the so-called City’s Statute. The article concludes with remarks on Olympic urban planning, its market orientation, and failures to overcome public health and environmental sanitation problems that will persist as a legacy after 2016.


2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verônica C. Araujo ◽  
Christina M. B. Lima ◽  
Eduarda N. B. Barbosa ◽  
Flávia P. Furtado ◽  
Helenice Charchat-Fichman

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (45) ◽  
pp. 118-122
Author(s):  
Victor Paes Dias Gonçalves ◽  
Hugo Leonardo Matias Nahmias ◽  
Marcus Menezes Alves Azevedo

Among contact sports, the practice of martial arts offers a greater risk of causing dental trauma and fractures as contact with the face is more frequent. The primary objective of the research is to evaluate the incidence of mouthguard use, and the secondary objective is to verify which type has a greater predominance and the difficulties in its use correlating to the type of mouthguard used. A documentary study was carried out with 273 athletes of different contact sports, among them: MMA, Boxing, Muay Thai, Jiu-Jitsu, and Taekwondo of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was concluded that the most commonly used mouthguard is PB Boils and Bites - Type II and its level of approval is poor, interfering with the athletes’ performance, mainly in relation to the breathing factor.


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