scholarly journals The Pacification of the Favelas: Mega Events, Global Competitiveness, and the Neutralization of Marginality

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Saborio

<p>Rio de Janeiro is preparing to host two major sporting events in the coming years: the 2014 FIFA World Football Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. Local authorities are promoting these mega events as an opportunity to increase the global competitiveness of the city. But in order to attract private capital from the global economy it is not enough for Rio to showcase the city as capable of organizing and implementing these events. Rather, the authorities must also demonstrate that what has been considered one of the most dangerous cities in the world can now become a safe place for business. To do so, what has been promoted as a new model of &lsquo;community policing&rsquo; the UPP (Pacifying Police Units) has been implemented since 2008 in 107 favelas. The majority of the favelas involved in the program are situated around the sites where these mega events will take place and around other wealthy areas of the city. This article analyses the relation between mega events, global competitiveness and the neutralization of local marginality.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Rio de Janeiro se pr&eacute;pare &agrave; accueillir les plus grands &eacute;v&eacute;nement sportifs des prochaines ann&eacute;es: la coupe du monde de football en 2014 et les jeux olympiques en 2016. Les autorit&eacute;s locales valorisent ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements mondiaux comme autant d&rsquo;opportunit&eacute;s pour augmenter la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; de la ville.&nbsp; Cependant, il n&rsquo;est pas suffisant pour attirer les capitaux priv&eacute;s de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie mondiale que Rio soit valoris&eacute;e comme une ville capable d&rsquo;organiser et de g&eacute;rer ces &eacute;v&eacute;nements. Les autorit&eacute;s doivent aussi d&eacute;montrer que, ce qui auparavant &eacute;tait consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme une des plus dangereuses villes du monde, peut maintenant devenir un endroit s&ucirc;r pour les entreprises. Dans ce but, l&rsquo; UPP (Pacifying Police Units) a &eacute;t&eacute; mis en place en 2008 dans 107 favelas et est d&eacute;crit comme le nouveau mod&egrave;le de la police communitarian. La plupart des favelas int&eacute;gr&eacute;es dans le programme sont situ&eacute;es autour des lieux qui accueilleront les &eacute;v&eacute;nements et dans d&rsquo;autres endroits confortables de la ville. Pour cette raisons, cette article analyse les relations entre les &eacute;v&eacute;nements mondiaux, la comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; mondiale et la neutralisation de la marginalit&eacute; locale.</p>

TERRITORIO ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Giuliana Costa

The organisation and hosting of major events, whether cultural, political, sports, economic or social, forms part of a broader strategy adopted by cities to compete in the global arena and to attract capital and investments and to boost tourism and at the same time to address their economic and social problems. This paper reviews the sociological, economic and planning literature in order to discuss to what extent these complex events represent an opportunity to stimulate the economies of cities and to transform their socio-economic and geographical structure. It does this by analysing the most critical aspects of the changes and redevelopment carried out in Rio de Janeiro to host the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics. The analysis focuses on the negative social and economic effects which these events are already having on the city.


Author(s):  
Dongfeng Liu

Using Shanghai F1 as an example, this research seeks to examine the impact of mega-events on host city image from the perspective of international students. Leisure facilities and service were the most positive image impact perceived by the respondents, followed by affective city images as well as opportunities and convenience. International students tended to disagree that F1 would result in any crime and security problems and were unsure about any negative impact on environment and daily life. Some of the image factors were significantly related to intention to work in the city or the willingness to recommend the city.


2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Curi ◽  
Jorge Knijnik ◽  
Gilmar Mascarenhas

Sport mega-events were very important for Brazil in 2007. The 15th Pan American Games took place in Rio de Janeiro. It was the largest international tournament held in Brazil since the 1950 World Cup and the 1963 Pan American Games. The latter were held in São Paulo. In 2007, 5000 athletes and 60,000 tourists were expected from the 42 participating countries. Despite being a developing country, Brazil does have a sizable middle class, but in Rio de Janeiro there are also lots of favelas (slums), where millions of poor people live. Despite vast differences in wealth, power and social status, these socially and culturally distinct groups nonetheless utilize common public spaces. We see this social confrontation as a major question for the analyses of sport mega-events and we would like to demonstrate its consequences on a local level . This social tension was such that the Organizing Committee actually constructed a ‘big wall’ around the stadiums which turned them into islands of excellence to be shown on television, thus hiding the unsightly parts of the city, that is, poor neighborhoods and favelas. This wall could be seen as the BRIC-way of organizing mega-events.


TERRITORIO ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Giuliana Costa

In the next two years, Rio de Janeiro will host the two largest sporting events on the planet, the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games. This article illustrates the context factors which led the city to enter the global scene through this strategy of events and it critically reviews the stages that led to this choice, explaining how it used the 2007 Pan American Games to gain accreditation in this market and how it was inspired by the experience of the Barcelona Olympics. An illustration is also given of the urban plans and policies that are taking shape for Rio 2014 and 2016, showing the existence of a gap between the rhetoric of the window of opportunity for the city as whole, the result of having acquired these events, and the heavily selective nature of their possible positive impacts.


Author(s):  
Élida Campos ◽  
Carlos Alexandre R. Pereira ◽  
Carmen Freire ◽  
Ilce F. da Silva

Background: From 2010 onwards, the city of Rio de Janeiro has undergone changes related to the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Olympic Games, potentially affecting the respiratory health of inhabitants. Thus, the spatial distribution of respiratory hospitalizations (2008–2017) and the relationship between this outcome and potential air pollution sources in the city of Rio de Janeiro (2013–2017) were evaluated. Methods: An ecological study was performed using the Bayesian model with multivariate Poisson regression for the period of the sporting events (2013–2017). The outcome was the ratio of hospitalizations for respiratory diseases by the population at risk. Data analysis was performed in the total population and by sex and age group. The air pollution-related variables included industrial districts, traffic density, tunnel portals, a seaport, airports, and construction/road work. Results: All explanatory variables, except tunnel portals, were associated with an increase in the outcome. Construction/road work showed a greater magnitude of association than the other pollution-related variables. Airports were associated with an increased hospitalization ratio among the ≥60 year-old group (mean = 2.46, 95% credible intervals = 1.35–4.46). Conclusion: This study allows for a better understanding of the geographical distribution of respiratory problems in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Present results may contribute to improved healthcare planning and raise hypotheses concerning exposure to air pollution and respiratory hospitalizations.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Szaniecki

O artigo traz reflexões sobre a implementação do conceito de Economia Criativa no Brasil e, em particular, da transformação do Rio de Janeiro em Cidade Criativa. Essa transformação é visível através da realização de megaeventos mas torna invisíveis alguns dos potentes atores culturais e criativos da cidade. Apresentaremos a literatura que aborda esses temas assim como experiências alternativas de produção cultural e criativa – os Pontos de Cultura a nível nacional, alguns experimentos realizados na ESDI/UERJ e a criatividade multitudinária das manifestações – que conjugam as dimensões produtiva e política da Criatividade e podem fortalecer o Direito à Cidade num Rio espetacularizado. Creativity, conflict and right to the city in rio de janeiro spectacularizedAbstractThis article reflects on the implementation of the concept of Creative Economy in Brazil and, in particular, the transformation of Rio de Janeiro in Creative City. This transformation is visible through the realization of mega-events but makes invisible some of the powerful cultural and creative actors of the city. We present the literature that addresses these issues as well as alternative experiences of cultural and creative production - the Points of Culture in Brazil, some experiments in ESDI / UERJ and multitudinous creativity of the protests - which combine the productive and the political dimension of creativity and can strengthen the Right to the City in a spectacularized Rio de Janeiro.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Azzali

Purpose Since the 1960s, the impact of mega sporting events on the built environment has become increasingly important, and the relationship between hosting cities and events increasingly complex and controversial. The outcomes of these mega-events, however, are very discouraging, especially in terms of the state of sports venues and event sites. In many cases, Olympic parks and event sites stand abandoned once the event is over, and sports facilities are often either closed or underutilized. The purpose of this paper is to identify replicable best practices and successful examples used in mega-events to transform events sites and venues into livable public open spaces (POS), enjoyed by the local communities. Design/methodology/approach Three cities were selected for this investigation: London, Sochi and Rio de Janeiro. London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, and this study focused particularly on its Olympic park, Queen Elizabeth Park. Sochi hosted the 2014 Winter Olympics but also some of the matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Rio de Janeiro hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics and also a part of the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Each case was investigated according to a methodology composed of interviews with experts, site visits, and analysis of the bidding book and post-event reports to check the consistency between promises and legacies. Findings The research identified a framework of six major elements that determine, or contrast, the long-term use of events sites and sport facilities, and highlighted some main attributes to consider in order to transform sporting event sites into livable and enjoyable open spaces. It is expected that this framework can be used as a guidance to deliver sustainable events and long-term legacies and to define a strategy for optimization of planning mega sport events. Practical implications Mega events provide near-unique, fast track opportunities for urban transformation. This research can be used as guidance for the overall mega sporting events stakeholders, such as the IOC, FIFA, and local organizing committees, to identify replicable best practices and successful examples in the leverage of mega events to transform events sites and venues into livable POS. Originality/value Why is it so difficult to transform event sites and sport venues into livable areas of cities? What are the recurrent mistakes, issues, and challenges that hosting cities have to face? This research is unique as it aims at answering these questions by defining a framework of relevant factors for hosting cities to help them in the planning of mega sporting events. The research also highlighted some recurrent mistakes, such as the exorbitant costs of a mega event, the inability to keep the initial budget unchanged and the difficulty to adjust plans to local needs.


Author(s):  
Laura Sinay ◽  
Maria Cristina Fogliatti de Sinay ◽  
Fabio Vinicius de Araujo Passos ◽  
Iluska Lobo Braga

Megaeventos são acontecimentos de diversas naturezas que atraem grandes massas populacionais, movimentam a economia, aproximam a mídia internacional e patrocinadores que, com seus investimentos, possibilitam a revitalização dos locais-sede, impulsionam o turismo, o setor hoteleiro e o comércio, geram empregos temporários e permanentes, promovem a imediata inserção do local sede no mercado global divulgando pelo mundo afora características econômicas, sociais e culturais do mesmo. Com políticas prévias de investimentos em segurança, transportes, saúde pública, educação e treinamentos corretos, os megaeventos podem, ainda, melhorar aspectos sociais negligenciados nas cidades sede, as revitalizando com obras de modernização e de expansão atraindo novas empresas e melhorando o mercado de trabalho. Contudo, sem o devido planejamento e preparativos, a concentração exacerbada de pessoas pode gerar externalidades indesejadas como poluição atmosférica, atos de vandalismo, acidentes e incidentes de diversas naturezas, aumento de preços de produtos, especulação imobiliária, desapropriações, marginalização de comunidades, aumento da prostituição, da delinquência e de ruídos cuja divulgação na mídia pode causar efeitos negativos, impactos estes que devem ser mitigados com o planejamento cuidadoso do evento visando o legado á cidade, através de investimentos alocados em aspectos deficitários e com o monitoramento do legado positivo para o local sede. O legado de um megaevento diz respeito à herança recebida pela população do local sede. Esse é considerado negativo quando, de algum modo, prejudica a população, como por exemplo, com dívidas adquiridas com os preparativos, com áreas desmatadas, com lagoas soterradas, com a poluição das águas, do solo e do ar e com o desemprego. Megaeventos são acontecimentos de diversas naturezas que atraem grandes massas populacionais, movimentam a economia, aproximam a mídia internacional e patrocinadores que, com seus investimentos, possibilitam a revitalização dos locais-sede, impulsionam o turismo, o setor hoteleiro e o comércio, geram empregos temporários e permanentes, promovem a imediata inserção do local sede no mercado global divulgando pelo mundo afora características econômicas, sociais e culturais do mesmo. Com políticas prévias de investimentos em segurança, transportes, saúde pública, educação e treinamentos corretos, os megaeventos podem, ainda, melhorar aspectos sociais negligenciados nas cidades sede, as revitalizando com obras de modernização e de expansão atraindo novas empresas e melhorando o mercado de trabalho. Contudo, sem o devido planejamento e preparativos, a concentração exacerbada de pessoas pode gerar externalidades indesejadas como poluição atmosférica, atos de vandalismo, acidentes e incidentes de diversas naturezas, aumento de preços de produtos, especulação imobiliária, desapropriações, marginalização de comunidades, aumento da prostituição, da delinquência e de ruídos cuja divulgação na mídia pode causar efeitos negativos, impactos estes que devem ser mitigados com o planejamento cuidadoso do evento visando o legado à cidade, através de investimentos alocados em aspectos deficitários e com o monitoramento do legado positivo para o local sede. O legado de um megaevento diz respeito à herança recebida pela população do local sede. Esse é considerado negativo quando, de algum modo, prejudica a população, como por exemplo, com dívidas adquiridas com os preparativos, com áreas desmatadas, com lagoas soterradas, com a poluição das águas, do solo e do ar e com o desemprego. É considerado positivo quando melhora as condições de vida da população do local sede, ampliando a economia, diversificando as oportunidades de moradia e revitalizando áreas abandonadas. Os megaeventos são tipos de eventos normalmente organizados por uma combinação de governos, empresas privadas e públicas e organizações não governamentais, cujos interesses, públicos e privados, devem possibilitar a transformação de custos conjuntos elevados em rentáveis dividendos. O objetivo deste artigo de natureza teórica é, após a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, da apresentação dos passos seguidos para construir a proposta que levou a cidade do Rio de Janeiro ser a escolhida para sediar as Olimpíadas de 2016 e da experiência de 8 megaeventos sediados no Rio de Janeiro nos últimos 9 anos, propor ações para o planejamento de novos megaeventos de modo a efetivamente essas garantirem um legado positivo assim como a sustentabilidade do local sede. Mega-events, heritage and sustainability: The case of Rio de Janeiro City ABSTRACT Mega events are happenings of diverse natures that attract a huge number of participants, international media and sponsors, which foment the economic growth in the host city, improving its social status. Investments are to be applied to redevelop the host city, to promote tourism, hostelry and commerce, generating new jobs, and to promote the insertion of the host place in the global market, while spreading throughout the world, its economic, social and cultural characteristics. With investments on correct policies focused on public security, health, transport, education and training, mega events can improve social aspects, revitalizing cities with new infrastructure, attracting new services and improving the work market. But planning and studying to correctly allocate investments are needed to avoid the negative impacts- air pollution, vandalism, accidents and incidents, speculation, prostitution increase, delinquency- that the exaggerated concentration of people and publicity could provoke. Those negative impacts are to be avoided, or at least mitigated looking at the city legacy and through investments properly applied. Legacy can be negative, when it prejudices society through several aspects: water, soil and air pollutions, unemployment, financial debts left behind, and so on and it can be positive when associated actions bring all kind of new opportunities to the citizens. Mega events are usually organized by a combination of governments, private and public organizations, and non-governmental organizations in a way that their interests should make it possible to transform high costs in high social benefits. The purpose of this work is to present actions and directions to be followed when planning mega events in order to guarantee a positive legacy as well as their sustainability. This purpose will be achieved after the review of the technical bibliographic on mega events, of the steps followed to develop the proposal of the City of Rio de Janeiro - BRAZIL as the hostess of the Olympics of 2016 and the experience of this city which in 9 years hosted 8 mega events. KEYWORDS: Mega Events and Legacy; Mega Events and Sustainability; Mega Events and Associated Impacts.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carly Barboza Machado

Abstract This article looks to explore the analytic consequences of thinking about the urban peripheries of Rio de Janeiro not from the perspective of the city itself, capital of the State, but from the Baixada Fluminense, a cluster of cities in its Metropolitan Region. To do so, I suggest an analysis of the ‘pacification apparatus’: a set of discourses, practices and imaginations linked to the pacification policy as a public security project, but transcending the latter by articulating state, religious, cultural and media actors. The empirical material discussed in this article concerns the case of a partnership between a UPP in the city of Rio and a church from Baixada Fluminense. The conclusions reached suggest that Baixada Fluminense, despite its intrinsic relationship with the capital of Rio de Janeiro and its public problems, has its own processes, formulates specific territorial regimes, and influences the processes that take place in the Rio metropolis by producing borders with it, and through it.


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