scholarly journals A long way to Russia: Agustín de Betancourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
O. Volosyuk ◽  
Concepción Camarero Bullón
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Spanish Archives

A lot has been written about Agustín de Betancourt, his life in Russia, his contribution to the architecture, construction and organization of the transport system in the Russian Empire, as well as his life, his training and his professional career in Spain. However, little is known about when, how and why he makes the decision to leave his country permanently and settle in Russia. According to the documentation found in both Russian and Spanish archives, it has been shown that it is the Russian ambassador to Spain, Ivan Muravyov-Apostol, who, shortly after his arrival in Spain, at the end of 1803, after personally meeting Betancourt, proposes its contract to Saint Petersburg. Once the approval is obtained, the proposal is transferred. Also, the discrepancies between Manuel Godoy and Betancourt are studied in detail for the work of channeling the Genil river and the intervention in Soto de Roma, Royal Site owned by the minister, which marked the deterioration of the relations between both and took the engineer to consider, negotiate and accept the offer to settle in Russia. Both facts are studied within the framework of his professional career in Spain.

The Central Snitch Squad at the Saint-Petersburg Security Department as the Subject of Ensuring the Security of the Head of State in the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Anton Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the organization and activities of the Central Snitch Squad at the Saint-Petersburg Security Department for ensuring the security of the head of state in the Russian Empire. The normative basis for the activities of agents of the Central Snitch Squad and the specifics of implementation of their job descriptions are described in the article. The Central Snitch Squad was a separate division of the Search and Surveillance Service of the Russian Empire, which solved the various and most complex tasks of search-and-surveillance. The Central Snitch Squad operated until the fall of the monarchy in February 1917, but the experience gained by it in fulfilling tasks of national importance continues to be used in modern Russia. At the same time, the issues of the organization and functioning of the Central Snitch Squad have not received a comprehensive analysis yet. One of the activities of the Central Snitch Squad, which has not received proper coverage in historical and legal literature, is the protection of imperial majesties in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, its regulation and implementation has become the subject of this article. The main and integrating method of research on the organization and activities of the Central Snitch Squad was the method of materialist dialectics. General logical (deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis), general scientific (systemic, structural-functional, typologization) and special (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal, interpretations of regulatory legal acts, sociological and statistical) methods of legal research were used. It was concluded that the protection of imperial majesties and the highest persons in the Russian Empire was one of the most important areas of activity of the gendarmerie. The simultaneous existence of three different divisions that guarded the emperor ‒ the Central Snitch Squad, the Security Unit and the Security Agency led to duplication of agents activities and inconsistent actions of the units. The Central Snitch Squad of the Saint-Petersburg Security Department has accumulated a variety of search-and-surveillance experience that can be used to solve problems of national importance in modern Russia.

scholarly journals Nälg ja ränne: 1868.–1869. aasta väljarändeliikumine Eestimaa kubermangus [Famine and migration: the migration movement in the province of Estland in 1868–1869]

2016 ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Kadri Tooming
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Support ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic

This article deals with the rural migration movement during the years of the last major famine (1867–69) in Estonia. Famine was particularly severe in the province of Estland and in the Saaremaa district of the province of Livland. A new wave of migration movement also began in Estland on the island of Hiiumaa in Western Estonia where the misery was greatest. The article studies the migration movement during one year starting with the moment when the movement entered the public spotlight in the summer 1868 until the summer of 1869 when the movement subsided. This short period stands out because of the attention of the state authorities and the publicity that the movement attracted. This article seeks to answer the question of what the standpoint of the state authorities was. Was migration seen as famine relief or something that had to be prevented? The main sources are thematic correspondence in archives of the institutions that guided and controlled the migration movement on the local and central levels from Estonian, Latvian and Russian archives. The Baltic Governor-General Pyotr Albedinsky suggested that peasants who had lost their source of subsistence due to famine should be given land in the inland governorates of the empire and settled there with the state support. The central government and the tsar himself did not support his programme. The migration movement was a source of discomfort for the authorities because it drew the attention of the Russian Slavophile public to agrarian relations in the Baltic provinces. When discussing possible solutions for dealing with the migration movement, the main intention of the Russian Empire’s Minister of the Interior was to prevent poor peasants from flocking to Saint Petersburg, the capital of the empire. There was no intention to reorganise the principles of land ownership in the Baltic provinces. For the central government of the Russian Empire, it was also important to prevent precedents of settlement with state support that would have increased migration flow throughout the empire, strengthening the belief among peasants that the state would financially support their migration. The nobility of Estland (Ritterschaft) considered the only causes of the widespread migration movement to be the state’s inadequate passport policy, incapability to restrict illegal emigration and unwillingness to take resolute measures against it. Roughly 4500 peasants from Estland registered themselves for migration to southern provinces of the Russian Empire. Approximately 2000 peasants, who were distrustful of local officials and landlords, headed for Saint Petersburg. Those that were sent back sometimes repeatedly returned to the capital. Both numbers say little about those who actually emigrated from Estland during the famine. Measures implemented by the authorities such as restrictions on issuing passports and hindering moving onward from Saint Petersburg (even with required passports) put peasants in a difficult situation. Large numbers of peasants departed without applying for any assistance from the authorities. Those who made it to the province of Stavropol in Caucasia had an advantage since most of the arrivals were given land. Officials of the province of origin and those of the province of destination regarded migration differently. Areas of colonisation were willing to accept peasants who wished to cultivate the fields in order to gain additional manpower. About 300 Estonian peasants who had assembled in Saint Petersburg to obtain state support for migrating to Caucasia were forcibly settled in the province of Novgorod at state expense at the end of 1868 and beginning of 1869. A third of them died shortly after relocation and another third were minors. This forcible settlement was not carried out in the hope of improving the subsistence of peasants or to stimulate the economy of the province of Novgorod but rather was an emergency measure to prevent the spread of disease in the capital.

scholarly journals The Celtic Languages in the Сравнительные Словари (1787–1789): An Introduction

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (11 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 171-187
Author(s):  
Mark Ó Fionnáin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Scottish Gaelic ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Celtic Languages ◽  
The Russian Empire

In the 1780s, a multilingual dictionary was published in Saint Petersburg in the Russian Empire, under the editorship of the German Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811). As its title— Сравнительные Словари Всѣхъ Языковъ и Нарѣчiй [Comparative Vocabularies of all Languages and Dialects]—explains, it aimed to be a comparative dictionary of almost 300 headwords and numbers in Russian and their equivalents in 200 languages and dialects from all over Europe and Asia. Amongst these are five of the six Celtic languages—Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish and Breton, as well as an unknown “Celtic”—and this paper gives a brief overview of the background to the dictionary, and then focuses on the first 10 lexemes in each of the Celtic languages as they are presented in the dictionary itself, pointing out various inaccuracies, but also the historical value therein.

scholarly journals Meanings of the Russian Presence in Central Asia (On the Example of Kuldja)

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Svetlana Asanova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Western China ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The issue of occupied Kuldja was one of the main points in the Russian-Chinese relations during the 70s – 80s of the 19th century. It originated in the mid-60s, when Kuldja came under the rule of the Taranchas. Being part of the Russian Empire from 1871 till 1881 Kuldja possessions had become a sore point in the relationship between Russia and China. The article discusses a range of problems that reveals Russia’s desire to control this region. Methods and materials. The basis of the study was archive materials, publications of administrative persons, materials of authors who visited Kuldja and gave their conclusions, media reports. An attempt was made to reconstruct the view of Saint Petersburg, the Turkestan administration, officials at various levels, and society regarding the fate of Kuldja. Analysis. The author examines the fate of Kuldja in socio-political discourse in terms of its possible use for the empire. The possible control of Western China by the Muslim population on the basis of the interests of the empire, as well as border issues and getting clear natural boundaries with political and economic feasibilities are considered. Results. It is indicated that the conquest of Kuldjа coincided with the mass migration of landless people from inner provinces of the Russian Empire into the region and the possibility of settling them down in the conquered territories which were economically deteriorating due to nonuse. This also leads to an attempt to solve the problem of unemployment by involving it in the cultivation of land, mining and development of trade. The study reflects what mechanisms were adopted to solve all the outlined tasks and what was obtained at the output.

scholarly journals „Zbrodnia i kara” Fiodora Dostojewskiego w ujęciu doktryny eurazjatyckiej Aleksandra Dugina

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Maciej Bala
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fyodor Dostoyevsky ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The City

The present article amounts to an attempt to analyze the work Axe is the name of mine by Alexander Dugin — a theorist of Eurasianism ideology in Russia. In this article Dugin touches upon the novel Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Dugin analyzes the novel in the context of cultural opposition between the orthodox Russia and the secular Western Europe, whose symbol is the capital of the Russian Empire— Saint Petersburg. The city in this case is the negation of the orthodox tradition of Moscow — The Third Rome. Dugin extremely relativized the meaning of Dostoyevsky‘snovel.

The “Belarusian” past, present and future in the representations of the Catholic Metropolitan Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz

2019 ◽  
pp. 237-253
Author(s):  
Larisa Shchavinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Catholic Churches ◽  
Roman Catholics ◽  
Over Time

A large number of Roman Catholic population, mainly ethnic Lithuanians and Belarusians, joined the Russian Empire during the division of the lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1771-1795. The first section of 1772 included mainly the Eastern Belarusian territories and the new Roman Catholic subjects of the Empire were mostly ethnic Belarusians. This fact influenced the choice by the Russian Imperial administration of «Bishop of Catholic churches in Russia». They appointed Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz. In accordance with the volition of Empress Catherine II, the “Bishop of Belarus” was placed in Mogilev. He was entrusted with the gradual transfer of control of the Russian Roman Catholics in within the Empire. Siestrzeńcewicz was a “Litvin” by origin, raised in a mixed Protestant and Catholic family. Over time, Siestrzeńcewicz became close to understanding the national otherness not only of his East Slavic flock, but, apparently, his own. His otherness was vitally connected with the use of the names “Belarus”, “Belarusian”. The relocation of Siestrzeńcewicz in the early nineteenth century from Mogilev to Saint Petersburg gave him the opportunity to significantly expand his ties and influence in the state. This contributed to his further scientific and literary researches. Even in Mogilev, he created a number of works, which described the Western part of the East Slavic lands, considers the problem of unity of the origin of the East Slavic peoples. By the end of his life, Siestrzeńcewicz sees the past, present and future of all the Eastern Slavs in close connection with the fate of Russia, “the State that occupies the ninth part of the inhabited globe...”

Stephan Wilhelm Kinsky —an imperial diplomat in Russia in 1721–1722

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
Anežka Hrebiková ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Great Northern War

The aim of the present study is to analyse the diplomatic mission of Count Stephan Wilhelm Kinsky to the court of Peter the Great. On the basis of diplomatic dispatches, the main focus is concentrated on the course of Kinsky's mission and on his obligations as envoy. His task was to stabilise Russian-Habsburg relations, especially with regard to the new imperial title of Tsar Peter. The study tries to depict the transitional period in the Russian Empire after the end of Great Northern War and focuses on the atmosphere of court society at that time. The study addresses the question of which instructions from the Vienna court were fulfilled by the Bohemian aristocrat (and which were not). Kinsky's mission is approached as a part of the process of the negotiation of an alliance between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Russian Empire. Kinsky was forced to deal with the inconveniences of the nascent Saint Petersburg, natural disasters, and the intrigues of competing delegations at the Russian court during the mission. Although the mission and its results at first sight cannot be described as a success, Kinsky's activity in the Russian Empire became a turning point both in his own career and, as an upshot, in the development of the Russian-Habsburg relations.

Review of Fire Safety Rules of the Russian Empire in the First Half of the XVIII Century before the Publication of the Fire Regulations

2020 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
E. A. Titova ◽  
E. A. Zorina
Keyword(s):  
Fire Safety ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Fire Prevention ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Safety Rules

This article analyzes certain provisions of the legislation of the Russian Empire, namely fire safety regulations governing fire safety prior to the adoption of the uniform act of systematization of the Fire Department of the Charter of 1832. The peak of development and adoption of normative-legal acts related to that particular fire safety measures, falls on 1737-1739 and 1749-1753. From the analysis, it is possible to classify the fire safety rules for the following types: 1. Special fire safety regulations for cities that are cities of Federal significance at the present — Moscow and Saint-Petersburg; 2. Fire rules specific to certain territories of the Russian Empire — in the forests and on ships; 3. Special rules for fire prevention.

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