The Central Snitch Squad at the Saint-Petersburg Security Department as the Subject of Ensuring the Security of the Head of State in the Russian Empire

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Anton Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Head Of State ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Normative Basis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article is devoted to the organization and activities of the Central Snitch Squad at the Saint-Petersburg Security Department for ensuring the security of the head of state in the Russian Empire. The normative basis for the activities of agents of the Central Snitch Squad and the specifics of implementation of their job descriptions are described in the article. The Central Snitch Squad was a separate division of the Search and Surveillance Service of the Russian Empire, which solved the various and most complex tasks of search-and-surveillance. The Central Snitch Squad operated until the fall of the monarchy in February 1917, but the experience gained by it in fulfilling tasks of national importance continues to be used in modern Russia. At the same time, the issues of the organization and functioning of the Central Snitch Squad have not received a comprehensive analysis yet. One of the activities of the Central Snitch Squad, which has not received proper coverage in historical and legal literature, is the protection of imperial majesties in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Therefore, its regulation and implementation has become the subject of this article. The main and integrating method of research on the organization and activities of the Central Snitch Squad was the method of materialist dialectics. General logical (deduction, induction, analysis and synthesis), general scientific (systemic, structural-functional, typologization) and special (formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal, interpretations of regulatory legal acts, sociological and statistical) methods of legal research were used. It was concluded that the protection of imperial majesties and the highest persons in the Russian Empire was one of the most important areas of activity of the gendarmerie. The simultaneous existence of three different divisions that guarded the emperor ‒ the Central Snitch Squad, the Security Unit and the Security Agency led to duplication of agents activities and inconsistent actions of the units. The Central Snitch Squad of the Saint-Petersburg Security Department has accumulated a variety of search-and-surveillance experience that can be used to solve problems of national importance in modern Russia.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the results of censuses of Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw in the 1880s in the context of studying women's employment

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-109
Author(s):  
Anastasia Kirillovna Shchinova
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The reforms and post-reform period of the second half of the XIX century mark significant changes in the political, socioeconomic, and cultural life of the country, and acceleration of urbanization by the beginning of the 1880s. The author also indicates the growing number of employed women, which was particularly evident in the large cities of the Russian Empire. For studying the problem of women’s employment of the end XIX century, the article used the aggregated census data of the three largest cities of the Russian Empire – Saint Petersburg (1881), Moscow (1882), and the capital of the Kingdom of Poland Warsaw (1882). The subject of this article is the examination and analysis of the number of female workers in each group and information about occupational groups, contained in the form of tables in separate volumes of censuses. Emphasis is placed on the quantitative distribution of women by occupational groups, as well as broader categories – types of activity; this allows determining the differences for each city, as well as comparing Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw during the 1880s in percentage terms. The conclusion is made that the market for female household personnel and day laborers was more developed in Warsaw, while the number of women employed in household service and industrial sector prevailed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION ANDSIGNIFICANCE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE AND LEGAL INSTITUTION OF JUDICIAL REPRESENTATION IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE OF THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4(73)) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
A.V. Sosnin
Keyword(s):  
Legal Profession ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Political Work ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Source Studies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The subject of the study establishes the nature of the legal profession, peculiarities of formation of the legal profession of the nineteenth century, and the conditions past development of the legal profession in the Russian Empire and the first steps in the reformation of jury legal profession, providing information on references to judicial representation in the oldest monuments of the Russian Empire of the XIX century. Some features of the judicial counter-reform of 1864, which served as the beginning of the emergence and appearance of the juried bar, are described. The problems worthy on the way of self-origin and improvement of legal Institute of bar, the developed aspects of the organization and work of bar in the course of its formation were revealed. The embodiment of the ancient and later foundations of independence, the legality of corporatism, self-government and equality of lawyers. The test of reconstruction of one of the first and important legal institutions of representation of judicial and source studies of the Russian Empire is carried out. The key conclusions that determined the practice of our time, state political work, which formed the basis of the judicial and legal system of the state, are established.

Relations between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox Church of the East as Exemplified in the Collection of Greek Engravings of The Church Archaeological Museum at the Moscow Theological Academy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

В XVIII в. на основании общего интереса к святыням Востока, а также единой тенденции для крупных монастырей изготавливать гравюры на память для паломников, многие греческие гравюры свидетели русско-афонских отношений попадают на территорию Российской Империи. Сохранились такие гравюры и в Церковноархеологического кабинете Московской духовной академии, собрание которых насчитывает 29 эстампов. Пять гравюр из этого собрания имеют надписи на греческом и на славянском языке. Надписи свидетельствуют о месте и времени создания гравюры, о граверах и заказчиках, являются источниками кратких исторических сведений. В статье приведены выявленные дополнительные факты об этих гравюрах, которые свидетельствуют о наличии церковных, экономических и политических отношений на базе культурных связей между Российской Империей и странами православного Востока. The Russ has always been supporting the relationship with the Orthodox Church of the East. As a result of these connections, we have a lot of icons and other gifts from The Mount Athos, The Saint Catherine’s Monastery and others holy places. There are five Greek engravings in the collection of The Museum of Church Archaeology at the Moscow Theological Academy, which have inscriptions in Greek and Slavic. These engravings were to be spread in Slavic countries. They are dated from the 17th to the 19th century. Some of them were made in Moscow. The images and the inscriptions of the engravings are the subject of a research presented in this article.

THE WORK OF THE ZEMSTVO SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH CARE IN THE ТAURIDE PROVINCE IN THE FIRST DECADE OF ZEMSTVO ACTIVITY (1866-1875)

2021 ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Kirill G. Morgunov
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire

During the period of liberal reforms of Emperor Alexander II in Russia in 1864, the zemstvo reform began, which was a continuation of the peasant reform of 1861. Zemstvo institutions were introduced in the country, in the Tauride province they appear two years later - in 1866, zemstvo institutions were in charge of local social and economic issues. One of the important issues that fell on the shoulders of the zemstvos was the issue of the development of medicine. Taking care of the people's health was not one of the mandatory zemstvo duties, but the growth of infectious diseases and the high mortality rate largely prompted the zemstvo authorities to promote the development of medical affairs. The work of the zemstvo bodies was especially difficult at the very beginning of the formation of zemstvo medicine, when the zemstvos had to raise to a new level everything that they had inherited in 1866. The first decade of zemstvo activity for the development of medical science is the subject of this study. The article deals with the regional features of the districts of the Tauride province and their importance in the development of public health in the region. The relevance and novelty of the study is added by the reflection of the influence of the social composition of the county zemstvo vowels on the modernization of the social sphere of the province. In conclusion, information is provided on the results achieved by local self-government bodies by the end of the third zemstvo triennial in relation to 1866. The results of the research provide information on the state of medical affairs of the Tauride province in 1875 in relation to the rest of the zemstvo provinces of the Russian Empire.

scholarly journals Meandry służby generała kawalerii Aleksieja Brusiłowa w Armii Czerwonej w latach 1920–1926

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-185
Author(s):  
Rafał Igielski
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Organizational Skills ◽  
Military Career ◽  
Active Service ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Military Activity

The subject of the article is the last period of General Aleksei Brusilov’s military activity – during the civil war as well as active service in the Red Army. Focus has been placed mainly on the years 1923–1924, when he served in the Soviet forces as General Inspector of the Cavalry, contributing to its increasing professionalization. Due to the lack of any studies on Brusilov in Polish, the author considered it necessary to present an outline of the general’s military career in the army of the Russian Empire until 1914, which gave the paper a more comprehensive character and made it possible to critically assess his command and organizational skills. A brief discussion of the evolution of General Brusilov’s image in historiography and USSR and Russian propaganda has also been included.

scholarly journals Three contrasting colors in the kaleidoscope of Taras Shevchenko’s diary: “Radiant,” “Hardly-forgettable” and “Liubitsa”

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Dmytro Yesypenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Positive Image ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Comprehensive Examination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Architectural Development ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Alternative Reading

The subject of this paper is Taras Shevchenko’s attitude towards the key personalities – Mykhailo Shchepkin, Nicholas I, and Yekaterina Piunova – as reflected in his diary (also called “The Journal”). The goal is to focus on the author’s characteristics of these people, those that illuminate his own personality too. Although there are a number of studies on the poet’s contacts with them, quite a few important details still remain unclear and unexplained. Another pertinent issue is dubious theses and interpretations, which have become widespread in academic discourse. Thus, the article proposes possible answers to a number of problematic issues in the studies of Shevchenko’s biography. It covers the formation of an almost entirely positive image of Shchepkin, the expressions of the author’s respect and affection to him, that were misunderstood by researchers. The paper also emphasizes Shevchenko’s authorship of the bright expression “neudobozabyvaemyi Tormoz” [hardly-forgettable brake/slowpoke], the one attached to the most negative character of the diary, Tsar Nicholas I. It explains the accuracy of the author’s notes about the monarch’s influence on the architectural development of the cities in the Russian Empire. Particular attention is paid to the prospects of research of those events and plots that, for various reasons, were virtually never mentioned in “The Journal.” I propose an explanation for the fact why Shevchenko did not provide lengthier feedback on his train ride, this new experience for him. The article also talks about the most controversial figure in the diary, namely Piunova. I suggest an alternative reading and etymology for one of the epithets addressed to her, that speaks in favor of the poet’s linguistic competencies and creativity. The emerging result of the research is the clarification of a few episodes of the poet’s biography and his relationship with the mentioned persons. The article demonstrates the productivity of a comprehensive examination of the text both at its macro- and micro-levels. This novel approach combining “distant” and “close” reading can be successfully used for investigation of other Shevchenko contacts and personalities mentioned in his diary.

scholarly journals On the Issue of Creating a Russian Agent Network in Shanghai at the Beginning of the 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The City

The history of the creation of the agent network of the Russian Empire has not found comprehensive coverage in scientific publications so far. The existing research referred to specific names or mention private facts. This predetermined the relevance of the work. The object of the study is the Russian agents in China in general and in Chinese Shanghai, in particular. The subject is the study of peculiarities of the first attempts in creating Russian agent network in the city. The aim of the work is to analyze the attempt to create a network of Russian illegal agents in Shanghai in 1906–1908. The lack of materials on the problem in scientific and popular scientific publications predetermined the use of previously unknown or little-known archival sources. This is the correspondence of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Russian Imperial envoy in Beijing and the Russian Consul in Shanghai stored in the funds of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). The main conclusion of the study was the remark about the lack of scientific elaboration, at the moment, the history of official, legal and illegal agents of the Russian Empire in Shanghai, China. Private findings suggest that, judging by the available data, creation of a serious network of agents in the city during the Russian Empire failed. The reasons for this, presumably, were several: the lack of qualified agents with knowledge of Chinese or, at least, English, who could work effectively; the lack of funds for the maintenance of agents, a small number of Russian citizens, the remoteness of Shanghai from the Russian-Chinese border, etc. A network of agents will be created in the city by the Soviet authorities by the middle of the third decade of the 20th century, and Soviet illegal agents began to work in the early 1920s. The History of Soviet agents in China and Shanghai, in particular, is studied quite well which cannot be said about the previous period. It is obvious that further serious work with archival sources is required to recreate as complete as possible the history of Russian legal and illegal agents in Shanghai in pre-Soviet times

scholarly journals A long way to Russia: Agustín de Betancourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
O. Volosyuk ◽  
Concepción Camarero Bullón
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Decision To Leave ◽  
Professional Career ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Spanish Archives

A lot has been written about Agustín de Betancourt, his life in Russia, his contribution to the architecture, construction and organization of the transport system in the Russian Empire, as well as his life, his training and his professional career in Spain. However, little is known about when, how and why he makes the decision to leave his country permanently and settle in Russia. According to the documentation found in both Russian and Spanish archives, it has been shown that it is the Russian ambassador to Spain, Ivan Muravyov-Apostol, who, shortly after his arrival in Spain, at the end of 1803, after personally meeting Betancourt, proposes its contract to Saint Petersburg. Once the approval is obtained, the proposal is transferred. Also, the discrepancies between Manuel Godoy and Betancourt are studied in detail for the work of channeling the Genil river and the intervention in Soto de Roma, Royal Site owned by the minister, which marked the deterioration of the relations between both and took the engineer to consider, negotiate and accept the offer to settle in Russia. Both facts are studied within the framework of his professional career in Spain.

scholarly journals About the Status of Law Norms

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Special Sciences ◽  
Legal Literature ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Subject

This article analyzes the problem of recommendatory norms in Russian literature, both Soviet and modern, which is solved ambiguously. As for Soviet theoretical scientists, recommendation norms were the subject of study by such authors as Nikolai Grigorievich Alexandrov, Alexander Filippovich Shebanov, Peter Yemelyanovich Nedbailo, Vladimir Srgeevich Petrov, Valery Evaldovich Krasnyansky. Viktor Mikhailovich Gorshenev, Cecilia Abramovna Yampolskaya, Vladimir Matveevich Solyanik, Viktor Lavrenievich Kulapov, whose scientific works are given below. Regarding modern legal literature, unfortunately, we have to state that, basically, with rare exceptions (scientific articles by Vladimir Valentinovich Kozhevnikov, Alexander Evgenievich Kondratyev, Sadri Salikhovich Kuzakbirdiev), this problem is considered only in educational literature. When preparing a scientific article, the following methods were used: general philosophical (dialectical-materialistic), which is used in all social sciences; general scientific (analysis and synthesis, logical and historical, comparisons, abstractions, etc.), which are used not only by the theory of state and law, but also by other social sciences; special methods (philological, cybernetic, psychological, etc.), developed by special sciences and widely used for the knowledge of state and legal phenomena; private scientific (formal legal, interpretation of law, etc.), which are developed by the theory of state and law. Soviet scientists - legal theorists: supporters and opponents of the recognition of recommendatory norms of law.  From the point of view of scientists, a "recommendatory" -containing recommendation, i.e. advice, wish [1], instruction [2].

scholarly journals The question of the teaching of God's Law in the Journals and Minutes of the Presidium of the Supreme Court

2019 ◽  
pp. 226-235
Author(s):  
Владислав Иванович Пшибышевский
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Of God ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

Предмет «Закон Божий» являлся один из самых главных предметов в низших и средних учебных заведениях Российской империи на протяжении двух веков. Под влиянием предмета, дающего знания о Боге, предмета важного не только в образовательном, но и в воспитательном значении, выросло не одно поколение православного населения России. Изучение этого предмета было обязательным для всех детей, принявших Святое Крещение в Православной Церкви. Закону Божию обучали и на дому, но главным местом, где ребёнок мог впитать религиозные знания, была школа. Преподавали Закон Божий в основном священники, а должность их называлась «законоучитель». Законоучитель наравне с другими преподавателями пользовался всеми правами государственной службы. К концу XIX века появились проблемы, связанные с процессом преподавания Закона Божия, в отношении предмета учебные программы устарели, в отношении законоучителей появлялись, в силу определённых обстоятельств, неоднократные случаи нерадивого отношения к своему делу, в отношении самих учащихся было зафиксировано большое количество случаев активных выступлений против изучения Закона Божия. Все вышеперечисленные проблемы пытались решить в свете церковных реформ начала прошлого столетия. Данная статья посвящена вопросу преподавания Закона Божия в работе Высочайше учреждённого Предсоборного Присутствия. В исследовании рассмотрено место предмета «Закон Божий» в заседаниях данного органа, заинтересованность им членами Присутствия, предложения по улучшению качества преподавания столь важного предмета и его сохранению в списке обязательных предметов в учебных заведениях Российской империи. The subject of the Law of God was one of the most important subjects in the lower and secondary schools of the Russian Empire for two centuries. It was a subject which gave knowledge of God, a subject important not only in its educational, but also in its educational meaning, and under the influence of which several generations of the Orthodox population of Russia grew up. The study of this subject was obligatory for all children who received holy Baptism in the Orthodox Church. The Law of God was also taught at home, but the main place where a child could absorb religious knowledge was in school. The Law of God was taught mainly by priests, and their post was called a teacher of the law. The teacher of the law enjoyed all the rights of public service on an equal footing with other teachers. By the end of the 19th century, problems associated with the process of teaching the Law of God had appeared, the syllabus for the subject was out of date, there were repeated cases of negligence on the part of the teachers, and there were many cases of active protests against the teaching of God's Law by the students themselves. All the above-mentioned problems tried to be solved in the light of the church reforms of the beginning of the last century. This article is devoted to the question of teaching God's Law in the work of the Presidium of the Most High Council. The research examines the place of God's Law subject at the meetings of this body, the interest of the Presence members in it, the suggestions to improve the quality of teaching such an important subject and its preservation in the list of obligatory subjects in the educational institutions of the Russian Empire.

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