scholarly journals Meanings of the Russian Presence in Central Asia (On the Example of Kuldja)

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-76
Author(s):  
Svetlana Asanova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Western China ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Media Reports ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Natural Boundaries ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The issue of occupied Kuldja was one of the main points in the Russian-Chinese relations during the 70s – 80s of the 19th century. It originated in the mid-60s, when Kuldja came under the rule of the Taranchas. Being part of the Russian Empire from 1871 till 1881 Kuldja possessions had become a sore point in the relationship between Russia and China. The article discusses a range of problems that reveals Russia’s desire to control this region. Methods and materials. The basis of the study was archive materials, publications of administrative persons, materials of authors who visited Kuldja and gave their conclusions, media reports. An attempt was made to reconstruct the view of Saint Petersburg, the Turkestan administration, officials at various levels, and society regarding the fate of Kuldja. Analysis. The author examines the fate of Kuldja in socio-political discourse in terms of its possible use for the empire. The possible control of Western China by the Muslim population on the basis of the interests of the empire, as well as border issues and getting clear natural boundaries with political and economic feasibilities are considered. Results. It is indicated that the conquest of Kuldjа coincided with the mass migration of landless people from inner provinces of the Russian Empire into the region and the possibility of settling them down in the conquered territories which were economically deteriorating due to nonuse. This also leads to an attempt to solve the problem of unemployment by involving it in the cultivation of land, mining and development of trade. The study reflects what mechanisms were adopted to solve all the outlined tasks and what was obtained at the output.

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

Relations between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox Church of the East as Exemplified in the Collection of Greek Engravings of The Church Archaeological Museum at the Moscow Theological Academy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

В XVIII в. на основании общего интереса к святыням Востока, а также единой тенденции для крупных монастырей изготавливать гравюры на память для паломников, многие греческие гравюры свидетели русско-афонских отношений попадают на территорию Российской Империи. Сохранились такие гравюры и в Церковноархеологического кабинете Московской духовной академии, собрание которых насчитывает 29 эстампов. Пять гравюр из этого собрания имеют надписи на греческом и на славянском языке. Надписи свидетельствуют о месте и времени создания гравюры, о граверах и заказчиках, являются источниками кратких исторических сведений. В статье приведены выявленные дополнительные факты об этих гравюрах, которые свидетельствуют о наличии церковных, экономических и политических отношений на базе культурных связей между Российской Империей и странами православного Востока. The Russ has always been supporting the relationship with the Orthodox Church of the East. As a result of these connections, we have a lot of icons and other gifts from The Mount Athos, The Saint Catherine’s Monastery and others holy places. There are five Greek engravings in the collection of The Museum of Church Archaeology at the Moscow Theological Academy, which have inscriptions in Greek and Slavic. These engravings were to be spread in Slavic countries. They are dated from the 17th to the 19th century. Some of them were made in Moscow. The images and the inscriptions of the engravings are the subject of a research presented in this article.

scholarly journals Turkestan in the Russian Empire (The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Gofforov Shokir Safarovich1 ◽  
Tursunova Gavhar
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Good Basis ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Russian Army ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

The Russian rulers seeker to establish the  military-political supremacy of the Russian Empire in Turkestan and begun the mass migration of orthodox population who could be the reliable support to the Russian army in the area. The immigrants were settled in privileged conditions that served as the good basis for the establishment of colonial rules of governing. The have envisaged the plan of transforming the territory of Turkestan to the comfortable military-strategik base.

scholarly journals Andrei Cușco, Între „orientalism” şi obiectivitate: etnografia rusă şi Basarabia în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea / Between “Orientalism” and Objectivity: Russian Ethnography and Bessarabia during the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 104-119
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Objective Knowledge ◽  
Basic Goal ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This paper discusses the interaction between the discourses of empire and nation as it emerged in the debates about the proper object of research and the criteria for legitimacy of the newly founded discipline of ethnography in the Russian Empire in the last decades of the 18th and throughout the 19th century. A special emphasis will be laid upon the particular features of the appearance and evolution of ethnographic preoccupations in the Russian Empire starting with the second half of the 18th century, when the first attempts at the synthesis and classification of ethnographic enquiries can be discerned, and spanning the first half of the 19th century. In this context, the case of Bessarabia represents an illustrative example of the uneasy interaction between the specialized and supposedly “objective” knowledge of learned experts and the agendas of the central and local authorities and officials. My basic goal has been to uncover the relationship between the “imperial” and the “universalistic” dimensions of Russian ethnography.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of Organization of Beer Production in Russia in late 19th – early 20th century

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-437
Author(s):  
Lyubov’ I. Vyasovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Beer Production ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction. The tax history of the Russian Empire is very specific: since the 17th century, indirect taxes have taken an increasing place among the objects of taxation, and indirect taxes have become increasingly important for the formation of the treasury. In this regard, beer was also referred to as excise goods, the production and sale of which began to receive increased attention from the State. If until the middle of the 19th century there was no special control over production, after the introduction of the “Regulation on Drinking Collection” of 1861 the situation changes. In addition to checking excise payments, the functional duties of excise officials included inspection and evaluation of equipment (tank, barrels), technological processes, including the number and volume of congestion, compliance with the plant technical characteristics. In this regard, it is of interest to study the structure of beer factories and their technical characteristics. The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the structure of beer factories in the Russian Empire and its profitability. Materials and Methods. Solving research tasks was provided by a set of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of sources, hermeneutic) methods. Result. There was no uniform regulation to the technical characteristics of beer plants. In its arrangement, brewers were pushed against the capabilities of the raw material base, the quality and depth of groundwater, and the possible mark. Discussion and Conclusion. The largest beer production was in the western territories of the Russian Empire. In the central provinces and in the east of the country, beer did not have much demand, so there were fewer factories there, and their organization and modernization were rare.

Migration History of Iranians in the North Caucasus

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Zalina T. Plieva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The North ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Migration History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.

scholarly journals Marriage and Family Relations in Ryabinov’s Denomination in the First Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Artem Krestyaninov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Ceremonial Life ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Ryabinov’s denomination in historiography is a poorly studied Old Believers’ movement. It was spread in Kazan, Orenburg and Perm provinces of the Russian Empire. The only full-fledged article dedicated to their ritual life was written in the 19th century by professor of the Kazan Theological Academy N.I. Ivanovsky. Archival investigative cases about the Ryabinovites testify to their variety of religious life in the 1830s and 1850s. During the reign of Nicholas I, the authorities sought to strengthen disciplinary control over the Orthodox parish and to identify the “formal” Orthodox, who actually belonged to other religious communities. These measures would lead to a crisis in the relationship between the secular and spiritual authorities and Old Believers’ communities and to the heyday of investigative cases related to the apostasy of Orthodox parishioners split. Under these conditions, there is a confessionalization of the Old Believers’ denomination among the Rabinovites, aimed at separating their own community from the rest of the Orthodox parishioners and representatives of other Old Believers’ consent. Before the reign of Nicholas I, the Ryabinovites, like a number of other representatives of Old Believers’ denominations, were baptized and married in Orthodox parish churches. Thus, the authorities regarded them as “official” Orthodox. In the process of investigation, the ceremonial life of the Ryabinovites, in particular baptism and marriage, began to change dramatically. The work will show how Ryabinovites, abandoning any contact with the Orthodox Church, began to more actively perform their own rites of baptism and marriage.

scholarly journals INCLUSION OF GEORGIA INTO THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE AND PRESERVATION OF LOCAL LEGISLATION

ASJ. ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (56) ◽  
pp. 60-62
Author(s):  
M. Meskhishvili-Pruidze
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Large Period ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of Georgia's inclusion in the Russian Empire is especially relevant, since the relationship between two historical neighbors today it is tense and it is necessary to especially carefully study the historical vicissitudes in order to realize the prospect of their future development. The article concerns the civil code of Russia and Georgia, the adaptation of the Georgian code of laws and the Code of King Vakhtang with all-Russian legislation. The authors consider a large period and cover the relationship between Russia and Georgia during the reign of Peter the First, Catherine the Second, Paul the First, Alexander the First and Alexander the Second. The authors analyze the process of systematization of the all-Russian legislation of 1826-1832 and the adoption of the Civil Code, which prompted local and central administrations to unify private and general imperial law. The authors investigate the use of Georgian civil law in private law relations in the Caucasus in the 19th century.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMATION AND INTEGRATION: KARELIAN PE-RIPHERALS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE "/ YUKKA KORPELA, KATI PARPEY, IRENA KARVONEN, IRINA CHERNYAKOVA, OLEG CHERNYAKOV, MARIA PROSKURYAKOVA, EVGENIYA SUSLOVA, TATIANA LEONTIEVA, ANNA OSIPOVA [SCIENTIFIC. REV. IRINA CHERNYAKOVA, TATIANA LEONTIEVA, YUKKA KORPELA]; UNDER TOTAL REV. IRINA CHERNYAKOVA. - SAINT-PETERSBURG: NAUKA, 2021. - 487, [1] S.: ILL.

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Ирина Михайловна Суворова
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Work ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

В рецензии на коллективную монографию акцентируется внимание на актуальности заявленной темы исторического исследования социальных трансформаций и интеграции на примере карельской периферии. Рецензент описывает структуру, авторскую географию и особенности создания научного труда. В тексте анализируется авторский замысел, его реализация в целом и в каждой главе в отдельности. Рецензентом обзорно представляется содержание каждой главы с указанием выводов и обобщений по теме главы. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению взаимосвязи всех авторских позиций и подходов к оценке социальных изменений на территории карельской периферии, а также отмечается дискуссионность устоявшихся историографических определений в методологическом плане. В итоге рецензент дает высокую оценку анализируемому научному труду. The review of the collective monograph focuses on the relevance of the stated topic of the historical study of social transformations and integration on the example of the Karelian periphery. The reviewer describes the structure, author's geography and features of creating scientific work. The text analyzes the author's plan, its implementation as a whole and in each chapter separately. The reviewer provides an overview of the content of each chapter with conclusions and generalizations on the topic of the chapter. Special attention is paid to the identification of the relationship of all copyright positions and approaches to the assessment of social changes in the territory of the Karelian periphery, and the discussion of established historiography definitions in methodological terms is also noted. As a result, the reviewer praises the scientific work analyzed.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

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