scholarly journals A Bio-Inspired Reward-Based Message Forwarding For Vehicular Social Network

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-119
Author(s):  
Aklilu Mandefro Messele
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Detection Method ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Selfish Nodes ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Road Side Unit ◽  
Functional Software

The Ants capability of working together and their way of message transmission makes us inspired especially their cooperation for their common goal and dropping down pheromones which used as a trail for themselves and for others. We would use Ants broadcasting method for drivers‟ cooperation and message forwarding. Therefore if there were any driver who couldn‟t broadcast any emergency message related to car accident like Ants done to locate the food source, could be considered as a selfish node and couldn‟t be rewarded as cooperatives do. The previous vehicle to vehicle communication or message forwarding schemes that was tried to motivate cooperative drivers used incentive methods in which it is not motivating all participant nodes and some of them used punishment methods. These types of methods are not effective to stimulate selfish drivers. We conducted the research using embedded traffic simulation in which it includes mobility and network simulation capabilities merged together and served as multi-functional software. From the tools falling into the embedded category is National Chiao Tung University network simulator (NCTUns) which provides a full range of network stack simulation tools. Watchdog was our selfishness detection method, in which the RSU controls whether nodes are cooperative or not because the (Road Side Unit) RSU knows where the nodes were located and in which path they are drive and what messages they broadcasted. The rewarding model we used is paying per packet. The payment principle is for each successfully transmitted unit-sized packet, each of N intermediate nodes should receive λ credits, whereas the service provider (SP) would pay λ ∗ N in total. The proposed solution was evaluated by the three performance metrics which are dropped packets, selfishness detection method and delivery ratio. Based on our experiments result the number of accident increased as the number of total nodes increased in the same simulation area. As the number of nodes participated on the area increases the probability of having an accident increases and the probability of stimulating selfish nodes increased using the same incentive method and amount because there is a probability of accident commit increases and the rewarding and acknowledgement messages also increases in which it can stimulate the selfish nodes.

scholarly journals A Congestion Control System Based on VANET for Small Length Roads

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchin Jain
Keyword(s):  
Congestion Control ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Side Unit

As vehicle population has been increasing on a daily basis, this leads towards increased number of accidents. To overcome this issue, Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) has come up with lot of novel ideas such as vehicular communication, navigation and traffic controlling. In this study, the main focus is on congestion control at the intersections which result from unclear ahead. For this purpose, a city lane and intersection model has been proposed to manage vehicle mobility. It shows the actual vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to traffic infrastructure communication. The experiment was conducted using Network Simulator 2 (NS 2). The implementation required modelling the road side unit, traffic control unit, and on-board unit along the roadside. In the simulation, including traffic volume, the distance between two signals, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, throughput and packet lost were taken into consideration. These parameters ensure efficient communication between the traffic signals. This results in improved congestion control and road safety, since the vehicles will be signalled not to enter the junction box and information about other vehicles.

scholarly journals Malicious node identification routing and protection mechanism for VANET against various attack

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 110-122
Author(s):  
Er. Ritika Saini ◽  
Harish Kundra
Keyword(s):  
Key Management ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Malicious Node ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
The Road ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Road Side Unit ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Identification Mechanism

With the help of road side unit vehicles communicate among themselves. This technique termed as VANET. This network helps us to improve the safety and efficiency of the occupants during travelling in vehicles. The basic idea of this technique is to send information about the traffic information to the road side unit or other vehicles. These vehicles get safe from attacks and misuse of their private data. The objective of this paper to secure the communication among the vehicles and the road side unit. In this technique the communication mainly dependant on the safety of the road such as vehicles tracking, emergency situations and message monitoring. There are various attacks like Sybil and Gray hole attack are vulnerable to VANET. To protect from these attacks our technique provide malicious node identification mechanism that help us to provide better facility to send data to vehicles safely. To avoid these types of attacks, our propose technique include feature like key management system to prevent the communication among the vehicles. Our proposed system mostly focus on Bandwidth, packet loss and packet delivery ratio [12].

scholarly journals Safe Route Discovery for Vehicles using VANET

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3802-3805
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Level ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Road Side Unit ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Alert Message ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Message Broadcasting ◽  
Road Side Units

People travelling by vehicles to reach their desired destination find difficult to choose the safe route. A road may be damaged due to natural calamities and not be safe for vehicles. Those who are travelling long distances will not have enough knowledge regarding the safety of the road. An IoT device monitors road conditions and generate an alert message. The message is generated when water level reaches threshold level. Data analysis algorithm is employed to detect the safe route using previous conditions. The message is transmitted to a Road Side Unit (RSU) which then broadcasts it to a vehicle. The vehicle then sends the message to next nearest vehicle. This broadcasting happens until all vehicles within a range receives the message. Other Road Side Units helps in improving the signal strength of the message. RSU’s can also send message to vehicle if there is failure in Vehicle-Vehicle Communication. Protocol used for message broadcasting is Adhoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV). It is slightly modified to improve efficiency and accuracy. Based on the alert message received vehicular nodes can take different path that is safe to reach the destination.

An Enhanced Vehicular Information Dissemination Based on Back-Off Time Mechanism

2013 ◽  
Vol 479-480 ◽  
pp. 973-977
Author(s):  
Jenq Muh Hsu ◽  
Wen Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Road Side Unit ◽  
Off Time

Information dissemination in inter-vehicle communication is a main way to propagate and obtain the communicating messages among vehicles and infrastructures of road networks in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). However, a well-designed protocol for information dissemination would probably provide the higher performance of information dissemination in VANET. In this paper, we propose the improved information dissemination schemes for multi-hop broadcasting in VANET. Our proposed scheme will select a better message forwarder to forward the messages to its neighboring vehicles according to the back-off time for reducing the waiting time in the directional broadcasting. It will also adopt the road-side unit to keep the disseminated message at the intersection of the roads for waiting to disseminate the messages when the vehicle is crossing the intersection which may probably act as a message forwarder to forward the disseminated messages to the intersectional direction. In our simulation, the result indicates that our proposed scheme can efficiently disseminate the messages under the consideration of back-off time in VANET.

scholarly journals Evaluación de las topologías físicas de redes WSN para la medición de variables ambientales

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-165
Author(s):  
S. Saigua Carvajal ◽  
M. Villafuerte Haro ◽  
D. Ávila Pesantez ◽  
A. Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Inductive Method ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Environmental Sensors ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Para Determinar

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio comparativo entre las topologías físicas que apoyan WSN con el fin de determinar la más eficaz aplicado a una red inalámbrica de sensores ambientales. La investigación se realizó mediante el apoyo del Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), que permite crear un entorno similar al real y simulado su funcionamiento, para determinar la mejor topología de un método inductivo se aplicó para evaluar los datos de NS-2 que se basaron en las métricas de rendimiento, tales como: el envío de paquetes, el consumo de energía y la cobertura. Como resultado se obtuvo que la topología física estrella es la mejor manera de aplicar una red WSN para las mediciones ambientales, que tiene una relación de Entrega de paquetes del 97,9%, el rendimiento de 0,7542 Kbps, un retraso de 0,0162 ms, un consumo de energía bajo y una mayor área de cobertura del sensor. AbstractThis paper presents a comparative study between physical topologies that support WSN in order to determine the most efficient applied to a wireless network of environmental sensors. The research was performed by the support of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), it allows to create an environment similar to real and simulated its operation, to determine the best topology an inductive method was applied to evaluate the data from NS-2 that were based on the performance metrics such as: sending packages, energy consumption and coverage. As a result it was obtained that the star physical topology is the best to implement a WSN network for environmental measurements, that has Packet Delivery Ratio of 97,9 %, Throughput of 0,7542 Kbps, a delay of 0,0162 ms, a low energy consumption and a greater sensor coverage area.

scholarly journals ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR VEHICULAR ADHOC NETWORK

2013 ◽  
pp. 291-294
Author(s):  
LIKHITA K. WAGHDHARE ◽  
T. H. NAGRARE
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Mobility Parameter

Vehicular Ad hoc network(VANET) are special type of Mobile Adhoc Networks(MANET) where wireless equipped vehicles from a network are continuously travelling along the road. Node movement feature of Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) closely resembles with that of mobile ad hoc network (MANET) but its high speed mobility and unpredictable movement characteristics are the key contrasting feature from that of MANET. The similarity nature suggests that the prevailing routing protocol of MANET is very much applicable to VANET. However, on the same line, the dissimilarity characteristics result in frequent loss of connectivity. In VANET, topology changes rapidly and there is frequent disconnection which makes it difficult to design an efficient routing protocol for routing data among vehicles called vehicle to vehicle communication. Many routing protocols where implemented like AODV, AOMDV, SD-AOMDV, DSDV, CBDRP. SD-AOMDV adds the speed and direction as two mobility parameter. By enhancing the performance of SDAOMDV routing protocol, packet delivery ratio, and throughput can be increased and end-to-end delay can be reduce.

scholarly journals MROM Scheme to Improve Handoff Performance in Mobile Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ayoob Mousa ◽  
Aisha Hassan Abdalla ◽  
Huda Adibah Mohd Ramli
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Route Optimization ◽  
Next Generation Networks ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Handoff Delay ◽  
Mobile Router

Mobile Router (MR) mobility supported by Network Mobility Basic Support Protocol (NEMO BS) is a Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) extension that supports Host Mobility. Proposed Multihoming and Route Optimization for MANEMO (MROM) scheme is designed to provide Route Optimization (RO) and Multihomed in NEMO architectures. This paper proposes two novel schemes; MANEMO routing scheme and Multihoming-based scheme. These are to provide support for next generation networks. The proposed MROM scheme differs from other schemes for NEMO environment because it considers the requirements of more application flows parameters as packet lost delivery, handoff delay as well as throughput). Another difference is that not only the network infrastructure can begin the functionality of flow routing, but also an Edge Mobile Router (EMR) can do this flow for routing. Moreover, it utilizes the state of the art and presently active access network to perform the separation of each flow in mobile network. Thus, proposed MROM exhibits multihoming features and improves handoff performance by initiating flow-based fast registration process in NEMO environment. A handoff method is proposed with enhanced functionalities of the Local Mobility Anchors (LMA), Mobile Routers (MRs) and signaling messages with a view to achieve continuous connectivity through handoff in NEMO. Both analytical and simulation approaches are used. Analytical evaluation is carried out to analyze packet delivery lost and handoff delay of our proposed scheme. It was also shown that cost of signaling messages and packet delivery are contributing to total handoff cost. At the simulation part, network simulator 3 (NS 3) has been used as the tool to get performance metrics that have been considered like packet delivery ratio, handoff delay, and packet loss. Our proposed scheme (MROM) has been benchmarking to the standard NEMO BS Protocol and P-NEMO. In this paper, we discuss proposed MROM for next generation networks, providing detailed analysis with a numerical model, proposed MROM, by maximizing the handoff performance, has been justified to have better mobility support than the ordinary NEMO BS Protocol and PNEMO.

scholarly journals Location-Aware Distributed Clustering with Eliminating GPS in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samane Beheshti ◽  
Sahar Adabi ◽  
Ali Rezaee
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
The Road ◽  
Location Aware ◽  
Hoc Networks

Vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) is a type of mobile network which is used for establishing connection between vehicles (M2M) and also between vehicles and nearby stationary equipment which are often road-side equipment. The main target of VANET is to provide security and convenience for the passengers. In order to achieve this goal, a special electronic device called OBU (On-Board Unit) is embedded in each vehicle which makes the connection between vehicles and between the vehicles and the road-side equipment possible. In this paper, the Location-Aware Clustering in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (LAC-VANET) is proposed. We try to achieve the main and major goal in VANET networks, i.e. fast propagation of security and urgent messages in ITS systems, using clustering and selecting the best cluster head based on Fuzzy logic such that the cluster head can transfer important information such as the obstacles and accidents detected on the road with a suitable speed and without creating a large traffic load in the vehicle network in order to notify other vehicles and prevent the danger and vehicle accidents. Moreover, LAC-VANET method is evaluated here via extensive simulations carried out in NS-2. The simulation results indicate that the VANET network performance metrics are improved in terms of average throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), end to end delay, and packet loss rate.

scholarly journals DSDV Extension to Enhance the Performance of Ad Hoc Networks in High Diverse-Velocity Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Mada’ Abdel Jawad ◽  
Saeed Salah ◽  
Raid Zaghal
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Average Delay ◽  
Congested Networks ◽  
Hoc Networks

<p class="0abstractCxSpFirst">Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are characterized as decentralized control networks. The mobile nodes route and forward data based on their routing information without the need for routing devices. In this type of networks, nodes move in an unstructured environment where some nodes are still fixed, others are moving in a constant velocity, and others move with diverse velocities; and thus, they need special protocols to keep track of network changes and velocity changes among the nodes. Destination Sequenced Distance-Vector (DSDV) routing protocol is one of the most popular proactive routing protocols for wireless networks. This protocol has a good performance in general, but with high speed nodes and congested networks its performance degrades quickly.</p><p class="0abstractCxSpLast">In this paper we propose an extension to the DSDV (we call it Diverse-Velocity DSDV) to address this problem. The main idea is to modify the protocol to include node speed, determine update intervals and the duration of settling time. To evaluate the performance of the new protocol, we have carried a number of simulation scenarios using the Network Simulator tool (NS-3) and measured relevant parameters such as: packet delivery ratio, throughput, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead. We have compared our results with the original DSDV and some of its new variants. The new protocol has demonstrated a noticeable improvement of performance in all scenarios, and the measured performance metrics outperform the others except the average delay where the performance of the new protocol was modest.</p>

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Various Routing Protocols for VANET Environments

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4381-4384
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
High Speed ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
The Road ◽  
Vehicle Communication ◽  
Vehicle To Vehicle ◽  
Derivatives Of

Vehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is a fast emerging and new technology that are derived from adhoc networks to provide intelligent vehicle to vehicle communication and to improve the road safety and other on road facilities. VANETs are distinct from other networks in terms of high speed movements of vehicles, unpredictable nature of vehicular density over time and specific mobility patterns associated with different scenarios. Hence designing a suitable routing protocol for VANET applications is a very critical and specific task and it is different from that of MANETs even though VANETs are derivatives of the former. In this work we discuss and compare the effectiveness of routing protocols such as, AODV, DSR and DYMO with respect to three parameters namely, throughput, average end-end delay and average jitter. The simulations were carried out in Qualnet 5.0 network simulator. From the obtained results it is concluded that DYMO edges out the other two protocols in terms of the above mentioned metrics when it comes to VANET scenarios.

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