Escherichia coli as uropathogen: antibiotic susceptibility profiling

Background: Empirically chosen antibiotics based on the local resistance pattern of uropathogens remain the principle treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI).Methods: Antibiogram of most frequent uropathogen was determined. Based on the antibiogram result, authors compared effectiveness of drugs recommended for UTI by National centre for disease control (NCDC), India, and assessed age and gender based variability in the effectiveness of these drugs.Results: 1278 urine samples were accounted, of which 405 samples showed significant growth. E. coli was the most common uropathogen (n=146, 36%) followed by enterococcus species (31%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10%). Using McNemar’s test authors found that nitrofurantoin (90% sensitivity) was statistically the most effective drug among drugs recommended by NCDC for uncomplicated cystitis. Furthermore, authors used Fisher’s exact test on adults and paediatrics and found that significant difference in effectiveness was observed for nitrofurantoin (p-value <0.001) and cotrimoxazole (p-value 0.034). Using logistic regression, authors found that with age, effectiveness of ciprofloxacin and cotrimoxazole deteriorate significantly (p-value 0.021 and 0.002 respectively). Additionally, authors observed that cotrimoxazole has significantly better efficacy in males compared to females (p-value 0.022).Conclusions: In accordance with present study, nitrofurantoin can be used as first line treatment for uncomplicated cystitis. Age and gender should be considered while prescribing empirical treatment for UTI. Periodic surveillance should be carried out to identify the on-going pattern of antibiogram to update the guideline for empirical therapy.

Download Full-text

Urothelial carcinoma and its association with age and gender.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2019.26.10.3704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 26 (10) ◽

pp. 1719-1723

Author(s):

Rukhsana Parveen Samo ◽

Asim Mehmood ◽

Sana Kashif

Keyword(s):

Urothelial Carcinoma ◽

Male Gender ◽

Health Science ◽

P Value ◽

Low Grade ◽

High Grade ◽

Histological Grading ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender

Objectives: To determine the urothelial carcinoma and its association with age and gender. Study Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Pathology department of Liaquat university of Medical and Health Science. Period: One year from January 2016 to December 2016. Material and Methods: Four micrometer thick paraffin-embedded and formalin-fixed sections were prepared from transurethral resection6of bladder6tumor (TURBT) samples of urothelial carcinoma patients and were examined. Histological grading was categorized as low and high grades. All the data was collected by self-made proforma. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: Total 83 cases were enrolled in current study; their mean age was 49.19+12.33 years. Males were found in the majority 51(61.4%) and females were 32(38.6%). Most common age group was 46-60 years 36(43.4%). According to the histological grading high grade was most common as 65.10%, and low grade urothelial carcinoma was 34.90%. There was no significant difference according to age of histological grading. Male gender was most common, while progression of disease was higher among females in contrast to males as high grade carcinoma was significantly higher among females, p-value 0.014. Conclusion: It was concluded that male gender is the contributing factor of urothelial carcinoma, but disease progression significantly high among females. No significant association has been found according to age.

Download Full-text

Comparative Study on Iris Manifestations between COVID-19 Severe Cases and Non-COVID Individuals

Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jocamr/2021/v14i130238 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Y. Rosy Ayda ◽

A. Mooventhan ◽

M. H. Vinothkumar ◽

C. A. Kayelarasi ◽

S. Vijaykanth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Group Analysis ◽

Autonomic Nerve ◽

P Value ◽

Diagnostic Purpose ◽

Control Analysis ◽

Control Groups ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

And Control

Aims: To compare the iris manifestations between COVID-19 positive (severe) cases and their age and gender matched non-COVID-19 individuals. Study Design and Setting: A comparative cross sectional survey performed in Government Omandurar Medical College, Chennai Methodology: This study was performed to compare the iris manifestations between COVID-19 positive (severe) cases (n = 119) and their age and gender matched non-COVID-19 individuals (n = 119). Iris manifestations (both right and left eyes) of all the subjects (both study and control groups) were observed at only one point in time, and was compared between the groups. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics (Frequency distribution and percentage) were performed using Microsoft excel 2010. Within-group analysis was performed using Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, while the between-groups (study and control) analysis was performed using Chi-square test with the use of statistical package for the social sciences, version 16. P value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The research findings in right iris showed a significant difference at p<0.05 in Inner Pupillary Border (IPB), Autonomic Nerve Wreath (ANW), Scurf Rim (SCR), Inflammatory Sign (IS) and Lung Lesion (LL), while no significant difference at p<0.05 in Pupil Size (PS), Absorption Ring (AR), Iris Constitution (IC) and Stress Ring (STR) between the study and control groups. Likewise, the results of the left iris showed a significant difference at p<0.05 in IPB, ANW, SCR, LL and STR, while no significant change at p<0.05 in PS, IC, AR and IS between the study and control groups. Conclusion: The paper aid comparison of the iris manifestations between COVID-19 positive and their age and gender matched non-COVID-19 individuals. The findings are of broad use to the scientific and medical communities searching for safe, cost-effective diagnostic approach. The present study is important in furthering our understanding of the importance of looking into the iris for diagnostic purpose.

Download Full-text

Age and Gender-Based Differences in Covid-19 Clinical Features and Management: A cross sectional study

10.53350/pjmhs211561282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1282-1284

Author(s):

R. Masud ◽

M. Z. Anwar ◽

S.A. A. Gardezi ◽

M. Rehman ◽

I. Rafique ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Small Sample ◽

Ethical Review ◽

P Value ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Gender Based ◽

And Gender

Background: The whole world is facing one of the biggest health related disaster (COVID-19) of the century. Aim: To identify age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features and its management among patients at government hospitals, Pakistan. Study design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled subjects (n=206) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical subjects were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like age, gender and treatment taken were presented as frequency. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, patients (n=133) showed symptoms while rest of the patients (73) remained asymptomatic. There was no association of age and gender with COVID-19 symptoms having P-value greater than 0.05. There was a significant association between treatments given was significantly related with age having P-value (0.006*). Conclusion: We concluded that there was no strong association between age and gender-based differences in Covid-19 clinical features; this could be due to small sample size. Keywords: Covid-19, Age, Treatment and Gender.

Download Full-text

The Impact of Covid-19 Lockdown on Metamemory among Medical Students

10.53350/pjmhs211551014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (5) ◽

pp. 1014-1016

Author(s):

AF Anjum ◽

G Jawwad ◽

I Naiyar ◽

R Masud ◽

A Khokhar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical Students ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Phase 1 ◽

Ethical Review ◽

P Value ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Medical College ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

The Impact

Background: The lockdown due to Covid-19 has impacted certain aspects of cognition among medical students. Aim: To explore the impact of the Covid-19 lockdown on metamemory among medical students studying in a private medical college in Pakistan. Study design: Experimental study. Methodology: This study with enrolled students (n=233) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), Physiology Department, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical students were enrolled. In phase 1, the students reported to the Physiology laboratory where age and gender were recorded. Metamemory was measured using the Multi-factorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ)-Satisfaction scale using the Baycrest Centre protocols for its administration and scoring. Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 21. MMQ-Satisfaction score was presented as mean±SD. Statistical significance was taken at p value <0.05. Results: Among males mean±SD for Pre Covid-19 MMQ was 43.24±9.58 while mean±SD for Post Covid-19 MMQ males was 55.32±6.01. Significant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19 MMQ scores with p-value of <0.000. Conclusion: We concluded that significant difference was seen between Pre & Post Covid-19 MMQ scores with p-value of <0.000. However, means among all age groups were significantly equal with the others in Pre & Post COVID-19 MMQ. Similarly, means were significantly equal among both genders for Pre & Post COVID-19 MMQ. Keywords: Covid-19 lockdown, Medical students, Metamemory, Age and Gender.

Download Full-text

ARE AGE AND GENDER EFFECTIVE FACTORS ON THE MORPHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF MENTAL FORAMEN?

Gevher Nesibe Journal, IESDR ◽

10.46648/gnj.208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 119-126

Author(s):

Güldane MAĞAT ◽

Mine ÇETİN ◽

Sevgi ÖZCAN

Keyword(s):

Mental Foramen ◽

Sensory Innervation ◽

P Value ◽

Mental Nerve ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Mean Values ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

And Gender ◽

The Right

Aim: Foramen mentale is the anatomical formation in which the vein and nerve package feeds and provides sensory innervation to the chin and lower anterior lip area. During implant surgery and osteotomy operations, it is important to know the anatomical morphometric characteristics because of mental nerve damage. This study aims to determine whether mental foramen differ depending on age and gender. Method: 100 patients (50 females-50 males) who applied to neu faculty of dentistry and received kıbt for various reasons between 2020-2021 were included in the study. spss program was used for statistical analysis. a p value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean superoinferior diameter of the right and left mental foramen was 3.20 mm and 3.21 mm, respectively. The mean values were 3.12 mm and 3.18 mm for right and left mental foramen, respectively. It was found that the right and left mental foramen are located between the 1st and 2nd premolars. Anteroposterior and superoinferior diameters of the right and left foramen do not differ according to the localization of the mental foramen (p> 0.05). It was found that the parameters except the superoinferior diameter of the right mental foramen did not show a statistically significant difference according to gender (p> 0.05). It was found that the right mental foramen superoinferior diameter of males was statistically higher than females. (p <0.01). It was found that the anterosuperior and superoinferior diameters of the mental foramen did not vary according to age (p> 0.05). Conclusion: According to the result we obtained from this study, it was determined that the superoinferior diameter of the mental foramen was higher in men. This result will guide for those working in the field of anatomy, oral maxillofacial surgeons and oral maxillofacial radiologists.

Download Full-text

A retrospective profile of musculoskeletal injuries of ultra-endurance triathletes in South Africa

10.51415/10321/3240 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Courtney Dean Momberg

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

South African ◽

Injury Severity ◽

P Value ◽

Online Questionnaire ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Informed Consent Form ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender ◽

Ultra Endurance

Aim The aim of this study was to determine the injury profile of ultra-endurance triathletes in South Africa. Background An ultra-endurance triathlon comprises a combination of swimming, cycling and running; the distances covered are a 3.8km swim, 180km cycle and a 42.2km run all in succession. Ultra-endurance triathlon has grown in popularity since its inception in the 1970s. However, there is insufficient data relating to injuries in the South African context especially related to age and gender. Methods This Institutional Research Ethics Committee of the Durban University of Technology approved study included 100 active members of My Training Day and ultra-endurance triathletes associated with My Training Day that were training and taking part in the 2017 South African ultra-endurance triathlon (2017 South African Ironman Race). After signing the informed consent form and letter of information, participants completed an online questionnaire on training and injury profiles. All data captured was anonymous and confidential. Data was described using frequency tables for categorical data and summary statistics for continuous data. Odds ratios were reported and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. For triathletes reporting injuries, linear regression was used for factors associated with injury severity. Results Questionnaires were returned by 86 ultra-endurance triathletes, of which 71 were deemed viable giving a response rate of 71%. The past and periodic (day of the race) prevalence of ultra-endurance triathlon-related musculoskeletal injury was 46.5% and 9.85% respectively. The most common site of injury in the year leading up to the 2017 ultra-endurance race was the posterior compartment of the lower limb, being the hamstring / calf (36.4%), while there was an equal split of injuries on race day with the shoulder, hamstring / calf, knee / quadriceps region all having the same percentage (28.6%). Of the 71 participants 66.2% were male and 33.8% were female. The most common age group was 30 to 34 years (25.7%). The majority of the participants started participating in ultra-endurance triathlons between 24 and 29 years of age (32.4%). There was no significant difference in age between those who had injuries prior to the event and those who did not (p = 0.079). There was no statistically significant difference in prior injury prevalence between males and females (p = 0.395). There was a borderline non-significant difference indicating younger athletes were at higher risk for injury on race day (p = 0.069). Females had a higher risk of injury on race day (p = 0.039). Conclusions and recommendations The results concur with previous research and add further insight into factors predisposing triathletes to injury. The most common injuries require investigation to develop preventative interventions to reduce injuries in triathletes. Further research into age and gender interactions as risk factors for injury is needed in South Africa. Health professionals require education about ultra-endurance triathlon-related injuries to improve preventative and curative interventions.

Download Full-text

Colour Preferences of Elastic Ligatures among Orthodontic Patients

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2021/45908.14408 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aljazi H Aljabaa ◽

Khalid AlMoammar ◽

Ghada Al-Kharboush ◽

Rana M Al-Dayel ◽

Nouf S Alsaloom ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Age Groups ◽

Gender Effects ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Colour Preferences ◽

And Gender

Introduction: Elastic modules are an integral part of fixed appliances. The availability of different colours is important to patients and their compliance during treatment. Knowledge about the most popular colours is important to orthodontists when ordering their materials. Aim: This study aimed to determine the elastic ligature colour preferences of patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment and the influences of age and gender on these preferences. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on a total of 319 patients (88 males and 231 females) aged 18-36 years of age participated in this study. The patients’ elastic ligature colour preferences were recoded using a colour guide and a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire contained questions about the patients’ preferences regarding coloured or transparent ligatures, light or dark shades, and changing the ligatures for specific occasions. The data were analysed using SPSS version 25. The descriptive statistics were calculated, and a Pearson’s chi-squared analysis was performed to determine the influence of age and gender effects on colour preferences (p-value <0.05). Results: Most of the participants were excited about changing their elastic ligatures colours (44.5%), and they liked to change the colours at each visit (45.5%). Most participants did not like having multicoloured elastic ligatures in their mouths (77.4%) or changing the elastic colours before certain occasions (49.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in the elastic ligature colour preferences between the genders (p-value=0.0552), but there were statistically significant differences among the age groups (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Most of the patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances preferred less noticeable elastic ligature colours. A significant difference was found between age groups: younger patients preferred coloured elastics, while older patients preferred less noticeable and transparent elastics. No difference was found between the colour preferences among both the gender.

Download Full-text

Compensatory strategies for the alveolar flap [ɾ] production in the presence of ankyloglossia

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-0216/201921310419 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Roberta Lopes de Castro Martinelli ◽

Irene Queiroz Marchesan ◽

Giédre Berretin-Felix

Keyword(s):

Frame Analysis ◽

Statistical Treatment ◽

Brazilian Portuguese ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Compensatory Strategies ◽

Exact Test ◽

Video Recordings ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Gender

ABSTRACT Purpose: to analyze the compensatory strategies used by subjects with ankyloglossia for the production of the consonantal alveolar flap sound /ɾ/. Methods: a cross-sectional analytic observational comparative study was conducted with 88 subjects, 44 being diagnosed with ankyloglossia and 44 with normal lingual frenulum, matched by age and gender. They were asked to repeat the syllable /ra/ five times in a row. Video recordings of the speech were taken. Frame by frame analysis of all recordings were performed to verify tongue, lip, and mandible movements during the production of the alveolar flap. The analysis of the films was performed by two Speech Language Pathologists specialized in Orofacial Myofunctional Disorder. Fisher’s Exact Test was used for statistical treatment (p≤0.05.) Results: the frame by frame analysis of the alveolar flap production of subjects with and without ankyloglossia showed that subjects with ankyloglossia performed several compensatory strategies when producing this sound. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.001) when subjects with and without ankyloglossia were compared. Conclusion: subjects with ankyloglossia used several lip, tongue, and mandible compensatory strategies to produce the Brazilian Portuguese consonantal alveolar flap /ɾ/.

Download Full-text

Comparison of Empirical Treatment Versus Advanced Medical Care in Treatment of Burns of Domestic Violence

10.53350/pjmhs2115102721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2721-2723

Author(s):

Suada Usmani ◽

Javaid Munir ◽

Zulfiqar Ali Buzdar ◽

Tariq Abassi ◽

Zia ul Haq ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Domestic Violence ◽

Medical Care ◽

Empirical Therapy ◽

Empirical Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

P Value ◽

Burn Victims ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Literacy Level ◽

And Gender

Background: Fires and burns incidence are on constant rise. Efforts had been made since very ancient times to curb such debilitating injuries resulting from domestic violence, vitriol incidences, accidents and mishaps. Treating the burns always had been an intricate matter of concern. Since primitive times the treatment modalities had been changed over and over in the search of best available options. Aim: To compare the efficacy of empirical treatment with that of advanced medical care among the victims of burns. Methods: The study comprised of 300 cases of burns presented from January to December 2020 in Accidents and Emergency Department of the Jannah Hospital Lahore for empirical treatment and those managed in the Burn Center of Jannah Hospital Lahore for advanced medical care of burns. Those who have been referred from periphery and could not get advanced medical care or had their wound healed when brought to above set-up were considered as treated as empirically managed burn victims. Results: The comparative analysis of empirical therapy and advanced medical care revealed significant difference when observed among the literacy level and medium of burns with 0.000 value of p. While no significance difference was observed when analysis was carried out for age and gender with a p value of 0.187 and 0.496 respectively. Keywords: Empirical, Advanced Medical Care, Burns, Age, Gender, Literacy level, Medium of Burns

Download Full-text

The Influence of Age and Gender on Mandibular Indices among the Libyan Population

Journal of Oral & Dental Health ◽

10.33140/jodh.03.02.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Bone Mineralization ◽

Age Groups ◽

T Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Age And Gender ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender ◽

Libyan Population

Radiographic Mandibular Indices serve as easy and relatively cheap tools for evaluating bone mineralization. Objectives: To examine the effect of age and gender on three mandibular indices: the panoramic mandibular index (PMI), the mandibular ratio (MR) and the mandibular cortical index (MCI), among Libyan population. Methods: The three indices were measured on 317 digital (OPGs) of adult humans (155 males, 162 females). The sample was divided into six age groups (from 18-25 years through 56-65 years). The measurements were analyzed for interactions with age and sex, using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Studies) software version no. 22. The tests employed were two way ANOVA, the unpaired T-test and chi-square test. Results: The mean PMI fluctuated between 0.37 s.d. 0.012 and 0.38 s.d. 0.012. among the sixth age groups. One-way ANOVA statistical test revealed no significant of age on PMI. On the other hand gender variation has effect on PMI, since independent sample t-test disclosed that the difference between the male and female PMI means statistically significant. ANOVA test showed that the means of MR among age groups showed a negative correlation i.e. MR mean declined from 3.01 in 18-25 age groups to 2.7 in 55-65 age groups. In contrary, the gender showed no effect on MR according two sample t-test at p> 0.05. In regards with MCI, statistical analysis showed that it affected by age that is C1 was decreasing by age while C2 and C3 were increased by age. Using chi square test the result indicated that there is a significant difference among the different age group and the two genders in MCI readings. Conclusion: PMI was influenced significantly by age but minimally by the gender. MR is not affected by gender but has a negative correlation with age. MCI is affected by both age and gender

Download Full-text