scholarly journals DISCURSIVE MATRIX OF THE LANGUAGES WITH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS IN TYPOLOGICAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.Т. КАЛАБЕКОВА ◽  
Т.А. ТАКОЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Surrounding World ◽  
European Area ◽  
Language Studies ◽  
Structural Identity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Internal Properties ◽  
High Degree

На сегодняшнем этапе развития науки контрастивная лингвистика, являясь одним из наиболее перспективных направлений в современном языкознании, все больше обращается к тексту, к речевым актам, к конкретному воплощению языковых средств в дискурсе, руководствуясь наиболее приоритетной тематикой и продуктивными методами современного лингвистики. Так, в частности, любой аспектологический анализ языкового материала представляется неполным, если не упомянуть о дискурсной теории вида, которая имеет как своих приверженцев, так и ярых оппонентов. Между тем, сторонники дискурсного анализа не противопоставляют свою концепцию традиционному подходу, а толкуют ее как расширение и дополнение последнего. Дискурсная информация близка синтаксической. Не являясь непосредственным отражением свойств окружающего мира, она лишь подтверждает статус языковой единицы в тексте. Упомянутая теория предполагает связывание значений аспектуальных граммем не с внутренними свойствами самих ситуаций, описываемых глагольной лексикой, а с их функциональной значимостью в пределах конкретного текста. Появление у видовой граммемы дискурсных употреблений рассматривается как признак ее языковой «зрелости» и высокой степени грамматикализованности. В языках с разными структурными и внутриязыковыми установками (каковыми являются осетинский, русский и английский) средства репрезентации характера протекания действия принципиально различны. При этом немаловажным в осмыслении слагающихся межъязыковых коллизий становится этнический компонент: существенно неодинаковое ментальное восприятие разными этносами окружающего мира, их способность по-разному отображать одни и те же явления действительности. Вместе с тем сегодня постулируется идея существования общеевропейского языкового стандарта, согласно которой в пределах европейского ареала можно обозначить значительную группу языков, объединенных общностью их структурной идентичности, когда ареальная близость языковых культур оказывает влияние не только на инвентарь грамматических значений, но и на принципы устройства грамматических систем. At the current stage of science development, contrastive linguistics, as one of the most promising fields in modern linguistics, increasingly turns to the text, to speech acts, to the realization of linguistic means in discourse, using the most productive methods and the topic which is given the highest priority of contemporary language studies. Thus, in particular, any aspectological analysis of language material seems incomplete without mentioning the discourse theory of aspect, which has both its adherents and ardent opponents. Meanwhile, the adherents of discourse analysis do not oppose their concept to the traditional approach, but interpret it as its extension and complement. Discourse information is close to the syntactic one. It only confirms the status of the language unit in the text, but does not reflect the properties of the surrounding world directly. The mentioned theory assumes linking the values of aspectual grammars not with the internal properties of the situations described by the verbal vocabulary, but with their functional significance within a specific text. The appearance of discursive uses in a specific grammeme is considered as a sign of its linguistic "maturity" and a high degree of grammaticalization. In languages with different structural and intra-linguistic settings (such as Ossetian, Russian, and English), the means of representing the nature of the action flow are fundamentally different. At the same time, the ethnic component becomes important in understanding the resulting interlanguage conflicts: significantly different mental perception of the surrounding world by different ethnic groups, their ability to display the same phenomena of reality in different ways. At the same time, the idea of the existence of a pan-European language standard is postulated today. According to this idea a significant group of languages united by the commonality of their structural identity can be designated within the European area. In this language group, the areal proximity of linguistic cultures affects not only the inventory of grammatical meanings, but also the principles of the grammatical systems structure.

Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Mahmood Hasan Khan and M. Ghaffu Otaudhry (edt.). LaJld Reforms in Pakistan, A Historical Perspective. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics 1987. viii+216 pp.Price: Rs 220 (USS 35) for hardcover; Rs 140.00 (USS 20) for soft-cover.

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-218
Author(s):  
Luther Tweeten
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rural Pakistan ◽  
The Status ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
High Degree

The authors describe how Pakistan has grappled with land reform, surely one of the most intractable and divisive issues facing agriculture anywhere. The land-tenure system at independence in 1947 included a high degree of land ownership concentration, absentee landlordism, insecurity of tenant tenure, and excessive rent. Land reform since 1947 focused on imposition of ceilings on landholding, distribution of land to landless tenants and small owners, and readjustments of contracts to improve the position of the tenant. These reformist measures have removed some but by no means all of the undesirable characteristics of the system. The authors list as well as present a critique of the reports of five official committees and commissions on land reform. The reports highlight the conflicts and ideologies of the reformers. The predominant ideal of the land reformers is a system of peasant proprietorship although some reformers favoured other systems such as communal farming and state ownership of land, and still others favoured cash rents over share rents. More pragmatic reformers recognized that tenancy is likely to be with Pakistan for the foreseeable future and that the batai (sharecropping) arrangement is the most workable system. According to the editors, the batai system can work to the advantage of landlord and tenant if the ceilings on landholding can be sufficiently lowered (and enforced), the security of the tenant is ensured, and the tenant has recourse to the courts for adjudication of disputes with landlords. Many policy-makers in Pakistan have come to accept that position but intervention by the State to realize the ideal has been slow. The editors conclude that" ... the end result of these land reforms is that they have not succeeded in significantly changing the status quo in rural Pakistan" (p. 29).

scholarly journals Contrastive Pragmatics: Apologies & Thanks in English and Italian

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Cuneyt Demir ◽  
Mehmet Takkac
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
American English ◽  
The Status ◽  
Language Competency ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Remedial Strategies

<p>Awareness of language or language competency has greatly changed from the focus of language itself as form and structure to language use as pragmatics. Accordingly, it is widely accepted that different cultures structure discourse in different ways. Moreover, studies have shown that this holds for discourse genres traditionally considered as highly standardized in their rituals and formulas. Taking inspiration from such studies, this paper employs a corpus-based approach to examine variations of the apology and thanking strategies used in English and Italian. First the apology itself as a form of social action is closely analyzed and then thanking. This study also pays special attention on analyzing and contrasting apology and thanking strategies in American English and in Italian in terms of Marion Owen’s remedial strategies (Owen, 1983), and Olshtain &amp; Cohen’s semantic formulas in the apology speech act set (Olshtain &amp; Cohen, 1983). The purpose of the study is not only to compare apology and thanking speech acts but to also learn their contextual use. The findings suggest that the status and role of the situation affect the speakers’ choice of apology and thanking strategies, and semantic formulas are of great importance.</p>

scholarly journals Speech genre theory through the prism of modern linguistics

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Valentina A. Maslova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Personal Communication ◽  
Genre Theory ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Status ◽  
Research Problems ◽  
Important Trend ◽  
Object Of Study

The article deals with the status of the speech genres theory (SGT) and its contribution to the development of modern linguistics. In his polemical article Professor V. V. Dementyev argues that SGT is characterized by the wide range of research problems, a close connection with such academic domains as the theory of speech acts, colloquial studies, discourse analysis, linguistic personology and other areas that study a human and their language. This thesis does not raise objections, as the 21st century is considered to be the century of syncretism and interpenetration of sciences, which has become one of the main features of the entire post-non-classical science. This approach provides a holistic reflection on the object of study, in this case, on the language. It is called syncretism, integrity, interdisciplinarity, polydisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity. In general, these terms are synonymous, because they are based on the idea of holism of everything in the world. In this sense, SGT is in line with modern science. The thesis of V. V. Dementyev on the diffusion of genres. Diffusion can be considered as the most important trend not only in science, but also in the entire modern culture, which is shown with the help of examples. However, some statements of V. V. Dementyev’s article seem debatable: the problem of the pervasiveness of SGT in linguistics in its entirety, which can give rise to a dangerous tendency – the absorption of linguistics by SGT. Their interests do often overlap, but each of the named areas solves the problem of personal communication in a social environment in its own way, and each of them has its own subject and its own history. Today SGT cannot take into account many of the processes occurring in discourse, but this is a relatively new science with a great future.

scholarly journals Facebook – selvfremstilling, small talk og social regulering

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (52) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Scott Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Regulation ◽  
Personal Networks ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Small Talk ◽  
Genre Classification ◽  
The Status

<p>In this paper, I will document the use of Facebook in a Danish context, taking a mediatisation perspective focused on the network sociality in question (Jensen, 2009; Tække, 2010a/b) and the communication (Miller, 2008) of social media. This discussion is based on a qualitative study from 2010, consisting of participants recruited from a survey study. The study explores three dilemmas resulting from network media’s communicative paradox, involving the premises of self-representation, use of status updates, and social regulation. These dilemmas are contextualised by recent theories of genre and speech-acts (Miller, 2004; Butler, 2005) as well as by existing studies of related issues, such as the composition of personal networks (friend lists) and the degree to which personal profiles are open and accessible (privacy). While the study generally confirms recent research in these fields, such research has not previously been documented (or refined) in a Danish context. The paper’s most important contributions, however, consist of its identification of the three communicative dilemmas, its tentative genre classification of the status update, and its discussion of implicit social regulation and ethics, which have not been previously been considered.</p>

scholarly journals Multimodal analgesia in bariatric surgery

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-261
Author(s):  
M. I Neimark ◽  
Roman V. Kiselev
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Multimodal Analgesia ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Perioperative Analgesia ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Mandatory Use ◽  
Different Levels

This review is devoted to the treatment of postoperative pain in bariatric surgery. At present, the prevalence of patients with a high degree of obesity is an epidemic that leads steadily growing number of bariatric operations. Showing the risk factors in the traditional approach to the use of opioids in these patients, as well as the consequences of inadequate analgesia in these patients. Details are presented modern pharmacological agents acting on different levels nociceptive system. Substantiates the role of a multi-modal approach to perioperative analgesia, mandatory use of regional anesthesia. The attention to the visualization neuroaxial structures using ultrasound in the context of the implementation of the efficacy and safety of regional anesthesia in patients with morbid obesity. Possible prospects for pain control in bariatric surgery.

Harmonious entrepreneurship – a new approach to the challenge of global sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Anthony Kirby ◽  
Iman El-Kaffass
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Sustainability ◽  
New Business ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

PurposeThe article is intended to consider how entrepreneurship needs to adapt if it is to address the global sustainability challenge. The intention is to propose a new business model that recognises the interconnectedness of the global ecosystem.Design/methodology/approachThe article analyses two case studies purposively written to demonstrate the difference between the traditional entrepreneurship approach, dating back to the 19th century and the proposed harmonised one. Both cases are based on secondary data and personal field observation.FindingsWhile the two cases focus on wealth creation, job generation and innovation, the traditional approach is shown to have had a long-term deleterious impact on both society and the environment, whereas the proposed harmonised approach impacts positively. The article recognises the multifaceted nature of the sustainability challenge and that the three elements (economy/commerce, society and environment) are interconnected. If there is a change in the status of one the other, connected facets will change or will need to be changed. Thus any solution needs to address all three facets.Social implicationsThe proposed business model will be of interest to scholars and practitioners of entrepreneurship and sustainability, as well as to policy makers and educators.Originality/valueApart from proposing a new business model that will address the sustainability challenge, the article provides a definition of harmonious entrepreneurship and identifies the conditions required for it to be met, as well as the characteristics of the harmonious entrepreneur.

3 Components of the International Law of Weaponry

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boothby William H
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Court Of Justice ◽  
International Court ◽  
State Practice ◽  
The Status ◽  
General Principles Of Law ◽  
The Law

This chapter considers the sources of the law of weaponry and discusses matters critical to understanding it. Taking the traditional approach, in addition to general principles of law recognized by nations, the sources of the law consist of customary law and of treaty law, the latter referred to as ‘conventional law’. The chapter looks at customary law, which is, according to Article 38(1)(b) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the law applied by the court as including ‘international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law’. The chapter discusses what does, and respectively does not, comprise state practice and then looks at treaties, how they are made and interpreted, how states explain their understandings of them and related matters. Individual sections then address the status at law of the ICRC Study of Customary International Humanitarian Law and of the UN Secretary General’s Bulletin.

Salt marshes of Atlantic Canada: their ecology and distribution

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Roberts ◽  
Alexander Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Environment Management ◽  
Oil Development ◽  
The Status ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Offshore Oil

This paper reviews the status of research on the Atlantic salt marshes of eastern Canada. The floristics, habitats, and biophysical aspects of the Atlantic salt marshes are described and aspects relating to anthropogenic influences on the Atlantic marshes are discussed in the context of contemporary rural settlement and vulnerability to offshore oil development. Guidelines for environment management, protection, and rehabilitation research are proposed. Such guidelines are deemed important since more than half the 33 000 ha of salt marshes in Nova Scotia have been dyked for agriculture. Most of the salt-marsh habitats in Newfoundland have a high degree of domestic grazing, even though the marshes are small in size and rare in occurrence. The least disturbed in terms of domestic use are the Labrador salt marshes which, although grazed by migratory ducks and geese, have not yet been influenced by man's activities. In addition, the Labrador salt marshes are discussed and compared with the northern marshes of arctic Canada in terms of their ecology and formation.

How Does Motivational Interviewing Work? What Client Talk Reveals

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Amrhein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Motivational Interviewing ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
Mediational Role

A psycholinguistic account of motivational interviewing (MI) is proposed. Critical to this view is the assumption that therapists and clients are natural language users engaged in a constructive conversation that reveals and augments relevant information about the status of future change in a client’s substance abuse. The role of client speech acts—most notably, verbal commitments—during MI is highlighted. How commitments can be signaled in client speech or gestures is discussed. How these commitment signals can inform therapeutic process and subsequent behavioral outcome is then put forth. Using natural language as a measure, a MI process model is presented that not only posits a mediational role for client commitment in relating underlying factors of desire, ability (self-efficacy), need, and reasons to behavior, but also a pivotal role as a need-satisfying enabler of a social-cognitive mechanism for personal change.

Eucalypt phytoglyphs: The micronanatomical features of the epidermis in relation to taxonomy

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
SGM Carr ◽  
L Milkovits ◽  
DJ Carr
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Hardening Process ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
The Status ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Scanning Electron

The eucalypt leaf contains a store of untapped information of potentially great value taxonomic and evututionary studies. Tie cuticie of certain eucalypts is shown to possess a complex and species-specific ornamentation so distinctive that its features can be regarded as diagnostic. The term "phytoglyph" is coined for the constellation of microanatomical features of the surfaces of leaves, including the microanatomy of the cuticle. Phytoglyphic analysis relates to the combination of three methods, light microscopy of stained cuticles, scanning electron microscopy of leaf surfaces, and light microscopy of thin sections of the cuticular and associated structures. Its use is illustrated by the dissection of the "form species" E. dichromophloia into a number of separate and recognizable entities, some of which were previously accorded the status of species. The plant geographical and other implications of this dissection are dealt with. In particular, E. dichromophloia F. Muell. is to be regarded as a species of very restricted distribution. The microanatomical characters of the cuticle are closely controlled products of the epidermal layers. The fact that specimens which (on other grounds) can be grouped together as a species have identical cuticular microanatomy suggests that the phytoglyph is genetically strongly determined and does not consist of inadvertent, trivial surface features with a high degree of plasticity. This in turn raises the problem of the development of the cuticular microanatomy which cannot be explained on current views of the formation of the cuticle by passive diffusion of precursor substances through the epidermal walls, followed by a hardening process.

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