Climatic Parameters Analysis of Koysinjaq Meteorological Station, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1A) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Rebwar Dara
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Water Surplus

The aim of this study was to analyze the climatic data parameters in an interesting catchment, northern Iraq, the Koysinjaq catchment. The climatic conditions were further utilized in the water balance technique. The investigated periods (2000-2019) of meteorological data were used to assess the climatic and drought conditions in Koysinjaq Basin. In terms of water availability, the mean annual rainfall was 595mm and relative humidity was 50.3%, whereas regarding the water losses elements, the total monthly evaporation is 2058.3 mm, temperature, wind speed and sunshine were 22.3 oC, 2 m/sec, and 7.8 hr/day respectively. Kharrufa method was employed to define potential evapotranspiration, and identify periods of water surplus and deficit. The results indicated that total potential evapotranspiration, water surplus and deficit are 2209.04 mm, 258.2 mm, and 1872.4 mm respectively. Different methods were used for climate classification like Mather, Unep, and Al-Kubaisi, the results of these classifications show that climate is dry-sub humid according to the first classification, semi-arid according to the second classification, and humid to moist according to the third classification.

scholarly journals Calculation of meteorological water balance in Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Hussein Ilaibi Zamil Al-Sudani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Meteorological Station ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
North East ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Impact

The hydrology section is divided into two main components, surface and groundwater. One of the most important outcomes in the water balance equation for any natural area or water body is Evapotranspiration and it is also a crucial component of the hydrologic cycle. Prediction of monthly evapotranspiration can be obtained depending on observed monthly average temperatures at a meteorological station in each year. Calculating of water balance in Iraq depending on meteorological data and Thornthwaite method was the aim of this research. Results of corrected potential evapotranspiration (PEc) obtained from applying Thornthwaite formula were compared with annual and monthly rainfall in thirty two meteorological station in order to estimate actual evapotranspiration (AE). The results showed that the annual summation of rainfall increased from south west towards north east according to the increasing ratio of rainfall due to the impact of Mediterranean climate condition on Iraq. Actual evapotranspiration depends directly on water excess during calculating water balance. Water surplus contour map indicates increased values towards north-east direction of Iraq, where water surplus depends directly on both rainfall and actual evapotranspiration.

scholarly journals Evaluation of FAO-56 Procedures for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration Using Missing Climatic Data for a Brazilian Tropical Savanna

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1763
Author(s):  
Luiz Claudio Galvão do Valle Júnior ◽  
George L. Vourlitis ◽  
Leone Francisco Amorim Curado ◽  
Rafael da Silva Palácios ◽  
José de S. Nogueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Radiation Data

The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) has been heavily impacted by agricultural activities over the last four to five decades, and reliable estimates of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) are needed for water resource management and irrigation agriculture. The Penman–Monteith (PM) is one of the most accepted models for ETo estimation, but it requires many inputs that are not commonly available. Therefore, assessing the FAO guidelines to compute ETo when meteorological data are missing could lead to a better understanding of which variables are critically important for reliable estimates of ETo and how climatic variables are related to water requirements and atmospheric demands. In this study, ETo was computed for a grass-dominated part of the Cerrado from April 2010 to August 2019. We tested 12 different scenarios considering radiation, relative humidity, and/or wind speed as missing climatic data using guidelines given by the FAO. Our results presented that wind speed and actual vapor pressure do not affect ETo estimates as much as the other climatic variables; therefore, in the Cerrado’s conditions, wind speed and relative humidity measurements are less required than temperature and radiation data. When radiation data were missing, the computed ETo was overestimated compared to the benchmark. FAO procedures to estimate the net radiation presented good results during the wet season; however, during the dry season, their results were overestimated because the method could not estimate negative Rn. Our results indicate that radiation data have the highest impact on ETo for our study area and presumably for regions with similar climatic conditions. In addition, those FAO procedures for estimating radiation are not suitable when radiation data are missing.

scholarly journals Analysis of Climate Parameters as Indicators of Climate Changes in Central and Eastern Iraq: Khanaqin Climate Conditions as A Case Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 4747-4757
Author(s):  
Ismail Ahmed Ibrahim ◽  
Moutaz Al-Dabbas
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Temperature ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Climate Parameters ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Water Surplus

   The climate parameters of rainfall, and average of maximum and minimum temperature were investigated for the period of 2000-2019 in three stations in central and eastern Iraq (Baghdad, Diyala, and Kut provinces). Evidence of climate change was noticed from the results, reflected by decreased mean values of annual rainfall with increased mean of maximum and minimum temperature. In addition, the water balance and the climatic conditions were determined for Khanaqin station for the years 1981-2019. The analysis of Khanaqin climate parameters demonstrated total annual mean values of rainfall of 260.86mm and evaporation of 3119.59mm. The mean monthly relative humidity was 46.65%, sunshine was 8.39h/day, temperature was 23.36Co and wind speed was 1.86m/sec. Water surplus was recorded in Khanaqin area, with values of (24.00mm) (34.18mm) (40.31mm) (28.83mm) and (19.92mm) in November, December, January, February and March respectively. The climate classification of Khanaqin area indicated semi dry and dry climates. Moreover, the region has water deficit that reached up to 43.56 % of the total rainfall values.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Water Balance and Length of Growing Period under Gumla District of Jharkhand for Efficient Crop Planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Pankaj Ekka ◽  
Pragyan Kumari ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
A. Wadood
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Lower Medium

Present study was conducted for Gumla district of Jharkhand at block level which experiences a humid sub-tropical climate with an average rainfall of 1100 mm annually. In spite of receiving 85% of rainfall during the monsoon season the agricultural production and productivity in the district is quite low due to improper utilization of available moisture during the cropping season. Based on the weekly, annual rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) data of 17 years (2000-2016), the length of the growing period (LGP) and water balance was worked out for the district and suitable crop plans were suggested. The length of the growing period was observed to be 21 weeks for most of the blocks of Gumla district under Uplandand an average of 25 weeks under upper medium land situation (Don III).Under lower medium land situation (Don II), length of growing period was of 28-29 weeks for all blocks except Basia, Kamdara and Sisai and low land situation (Don I), possessed 29 weeks of LGP at all blocks whereas it was one week more for Raidih and a week less for Basia and Kamdara.In Basia and Kamdara the water surplus is almost negligible under Upland and Don III land situation and very little water can be harvested from Don II and Don I. Maximum surplus water was observed in Raidih followed by Palkot and can be harvested more water from all land situations. Only short duration varieties of different crop and low water requiring crops like maize and pigeon pea are suitable for Basia as well as Kamdara blocks.

scholarly journals Complementary Relationship for Estimating Evapotranspiration Using the Granger-Gray Model: Improvements and Comparison with a Remote Sensing Method

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Homin Kim ◽  
Jagath J. Kaluarachchi
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Correction Function ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
The Usa

Abstract. The Granger and Gray (GG) model, which uses the complementary relationship for estimating evapotranspiration (ET), is a simple approach requiring only commonly available meteorological data; however, most complementary relationship models decrease in predictive power with increasing aridity. In this study, a previously developed modified GG model using the vegetation index is further improved to estimate ET under a variety of climatic conditions. This updated GG model, GG-NDVI, includes Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration using the Budyko framework. The Budyko framework is consistent with the complementary relationship and performs well under dry conditions. We validated the GG-NDVI model under operational conditions with the commonly used remote sensing-based Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model at 60 Eddy Covariance AmeriFlux sites located in the USA. Results showed that the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for GG-NDVI ranged between 15 and 20 mm month−1, which is lower than for SSEBop every year. Although the magnitude of agreement seems to vary from site to site and from season to season, the occurrences of RMSE less than 20 mm month−1 with the proposed model are more frequent than with SSEBop in both dry and wet sites. This study also found an inherent limitation of the complementary relationship under moist conditions, indicating the relationship is not symmetrical as previously suggested. A nonlinear correction function was incorporated into GG-NDVI to overcome this limitation. The resulting Adjusted GG-NDVI produced much lower RMSE values, along with lower RMSE across more sites, as compared to measured ET and SSEBop.

scholarly journals Climate Change Impact on Aflatoxin Contamination Risk in Malawi's Maize Crops

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika A. Warnatzsch ◽  
David S. Reay ◽  
Marco Camardo Leggieri ◽  
Paola Battilani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Mechanistic Model ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Contamination Risk ◽  
Aquacrop Model ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
The Impact

Malawi is one of the poorest countries in the world, with high levels of malnutrition and little domestic mycotoxin regulation. Domestically grown maize is the largest single source of calories in the country and a large contributor to the economy. This research uses Regional Climate Models (RCMs) to determine the climatic conditions in the three regions of Malawi (Northern, Central and Southern) in 2035 (2020–2049) and 2055 (2040–2069) as compared to the baseline climate of 1971–2000. This climatic data is then used as inputs to the Food and Agriculture Organization's (FAO) AquaCrop model to assess the impact on the growth cycle of two maize varieties grown in each region and sown at three different times during the planting season. Finally, AFLA-maize, a mechanistic model, is applied to determine the impact of these projected changes on the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination risk. We find that Malawi's climate is projected to get warmer (by 1–2.5°C) and drier (reduction of 0–4% in annual rainfall levels) in all regions, although some uncertainty remains around the changes in precipitation levels. These climatic changes are expected to shorten the growing season for maize, bringing the harvest date forward by between 10 and 25 days for the short-development variety and between 25 and 65 days for the long-development variety. These changes are also projected to make the pre-harvest conditions for Malawian maize more favorable for AFB1 contamination and risk maps for the studied conditions were drawn. Exceedances of EU safety thresholds are expected to be possible in all regions, with the risk of contamination moving northwards in a warming climate.

scholarly journals Climate-Aware and IoT-Enabled Selection of the Most Suitable Stone Fruit Tree Variety

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3867
Author(s):  
Juan A. López-Morales ◽  
Juan A. Martínez ◽  
Manuel Caro ◽  
Manuel Erena ◽  
Antonio F. Skarmeta
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Climatic Data

The application of new technologies such as the Internet of Things offers the opportunity to improve current agricultural development, facilitate daily tasks, and turn farms into efficient and sustainable production systems. The use of these new technologies enables the digital transformation process demanded by the sector and provides agricultural collectives with more optimized analysis and prediction tools. Due to climate change, one of the farm industry’s problems is the advance or decay in the cycle of stone fruit trees. The objective is to recommend whether a specific area meets the minimum climatic requirements for planting certain stone fruit trees based on climatic data and bioclimatic indicators. The methodology used implements a large amount of meteorological data to generate information on specific climatic conditions and interactions on crops. In this work, a pilot study has been carried out in the Region of Murcia using an IoT platform. We simulate scenarios for the development of stone fruit varieties better adapted to the environment. Based on the standard, open interfaces, and protocols, the platform integrates heterogeneous information sources and interoperability with other third-party solutions to exchange and exploit such information.

scholarly journals Climatic Characterization and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul - AC, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-584
Author(s):  
Ednaria Santos de Araujo ◽  
Maila Pereira de Almeida ◽  
Kelly Nascimento Leite ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues dos Santos Silva ◽  
Edson Alves de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Water Surplus

Abstract The Climatological Water Budget (CWB) determined by the Thornthwaite and Matter (1955) allows the temporal visualization of the variables that compose the climate, thus allowing the climatic characterization of a region. Therefore, this work aimed at identifying and quantifying the months of water surplus and deficit through CWB to characterize the climate for the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul - AC, Brazil, and analyze the temporal distribution of rainfall for the municipality. We used daily precipitation and temperature values and procedures to fill in the database. We calculated the potential evapotranspiration (ETP) using the Hargreaves Samani method (1985). Subsequently, we determined the periods of soil water storage (SWS), water deficiency (DEF), and water surplus (SUR) on a monthly scale. The climate of Cruzeiro do Sul, located in the northern region of Brazil, was characterized according to the Thornthwaite (1955) as B1rA'a' for a AWC of 140 mm, that is, a humid climate with annual rainfall average of 2227 mm and real evapotranspiration of 1660 mm, with small water deficiency in the months from June to October, with no thermal deficiency, and summer concentrated in three months with an average air temperature of 25 °C ranging between 18 °C and 32 °C.

DROUGHT OCCURRENCE UNDER LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laima TAPARAUSKIENĖ ◽  
Veronika LUKŠEVIČIŪTĖ
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Precipitation Record ◽  
Calculation Step ◽  
Drought Conditions ◽  
The Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
June July

This study provides the analysis of drought conditions of vegetation period in 1982-2014 year in two Lithuanian regions: Kaunas and Telšiai. To identify drought conditions the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was applied. SPI was calculated using the long-term precipitation record of 1982–2014 with in-situ meteorological data. Calculation step of SPI was taken 1 month considering only vegetation period (May, June, July, August, September). The purpose of investigation was to evaluate the humidity/aridity of vegetation period and find out the probability of droughts occurrence under Lithuanian climatic conditions. It was found out that according SPI results droughts occurred in 14.5 % of all months in Kaunas region and in 15.8 % in Telšiai region. Wet periods in Kaunas region occurred in 15.8 %, and in Telšiai region occurrence of wet periods was – 18.8 % from all evaluated months. According SPI evaluation near normal were 69.7 % of total months during period of investigation in Kaunas and respectively – 65.5 % in Telšiai. The probability for extremely dry period under Lithuania climatic conditions are pretty low – 3.0 % in middle Lithuania and 2.4 % in western part of Lithuania.

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