scholarly journals Climatic Characterization and Temporal Analysis of Rainfall in the Municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul - AC, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-584
Author(s):  
Ednaria Santos de Araujo ◽  
Maila Pereira de Almeida ◽  
Kelly Nascimento Leite ◽  
Jefferson Rodrigues dos Santos Silva ◽  
Edson Alves de Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Water Surplus

Abstract The Climatological Water Budget (CWB) determined by the Thornthwaite and Matter (1955) allows the temporal visualization of the variables that compose the climate, thus allowing the climatic characterization of a region. Therefore, this work aimed at identifying and quantifying the months of water surplus and deficit through CWB to characterize the climate for the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul - AC, Brazil, and analyze the temporal distribution of rainfall for the municipality. We used daily precipitation and temperature values and procedures to fill in the database. We calculated the potential evapotranspiration (ETP) using the Hargreaves Samani method (1985). Subsequently, we determined the periods of soil water storage (SWS), water deficiency (DEF), and water surplus (SUR) on a monthly scale. The climate of Cruzeiro do Sul, located in the northern region of Brazil, was characterized according to the Thornthwaite (1955) as B1rA'a' for a AWC of 140 mm, that is, a humid climate with annual rainfall average of 2227 mm and real evapotranspiration of 1660 mm, with small water deficiency in the months from June to October, with no thermal deficiency, and summer concentrated in three months with an average air temperature of 25 °C ranging between 18 °C and 32 °C.

Climatic Parameters Analysis of Koysinjaq Meteorological Station, Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1A) ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Rebwar Dara
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Total Potential ◽  
Balance Technique ◽  
Water Surplus

The aim of this study was to analyze the climatic data parameters in an interesting catchment, northern Iraq, the Koysinjaq catchment. The climatic conditions were further utilized in the water balance technique. The investigated periods (2000-2019) of meteorological data were used to assess the climatic and drought conditions in Koysinjaq Basin. In terms of water availability, the mean annual rainfall was 595mm and relative humidity was 50.3%, whereas regarding the water losses elements, the total monthly evaporation is 2058.3 mm, temperature, wind speed and sunshine were 22.3 oC, 2 m/sec, and 7.8 hr/day respectively. Kharrufa method was employed to define potential evapotranspiration, and identify periods of water surplus and deficit. The results indicated that total potential evapotranspiration, water surplus and deficit are 2209.04 mm, 258.2 mm, and 1872.4 mm respectively. Different methods were used for climate classification like Mather, Unep, and Al-Kubaisi, the results of these classifications show that climate is dry-sub humid according to the first classification, semi-arid according to the second classification, and humid to moist according to the third classification.

Vegetation carrying capacity of arid regions: on the fraction of rainfall sheltered from surface evaporation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dani Or ◽  
Peter Lehmann ◽  
Samuel Bickel ◽  
Simone Fatichi
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Arid Lands ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Surface Evaporation

<p>Arid lands represent one third of terrestrial surfaces with ecosystems uniquely adapted to water limitations. Arid regions are characterized by low rainfall and sparse vegetation with potential evapotranspiration (ET<sub>0</sub>) exceeding annual rainfall (P) and surface evaporation dominating water losses. The objective was to quantify the fraction of rainwater sheltered from surface evaporation to estimate arid region vegetation carrying capacity. The surface evaporation capacitor (SEC) model was used to quantify surface evaporation from the climatic record of rainfall and potential evaporation. The SEC uses soil-specific active evaporation depth where only rainfall events that exceed its critical capacitance result in leakage into deeper layers. This “leakage” becomes protected from surface evaporation and may support vegetation or inter-annual storage. Focusing on arid regions (aridity index P/ET<sub>0</sub>< 0.2) we illustrate the strong correlation between evaporation-protected rainwater and net primary productivity (NPP) using typical values of water use efficiency. SEC-estimated NPP values were in good agreement with observations and predictions by a state-of-the art ecohydrological model (T&C). Evaporation-protected soil water storage is generated during a few large rainfall events that exceed surface capacitance. This leakage increases with increasing rainfall variability, potentially enhancing vegetation carrying capacity by diverting larger fractions of rainfall from surface evaporation to vegetation-supporting “leakage”. The potential increase in carrying capacity and resulting vegetation cover are greatly influenced by (i) the change in rainfall variability, (ii) soil type, and (iii) surface features that concentrate or divert runoff. We discuss implications of this mechanism for global greening of arid lands and woody plant encroachment.</p>

scholarly journals Hydropluviometric variability in non-Sahelian West Africa: case of the Koliba/Corubal River Basin (Guinea and Guinea-Bissau)

2020 ◽  
Vol 383 ◽  
pp. 171-183
Author(s):  
Saly Sambou ◽  
Honore Dacosta ◽  
Rene Ndimag Diouf ◽  
Ibrahima Diouf ◽  
Alioune Kane
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Monthly Rainfall ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Distance Method ◽  
Vector Method ◽  
Pettitt Test ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. The Koliba/Corubal River watershed is poorly documented due to the hydrometric measurements shutdown and gaps in the very short hydropluviometric timeseries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the variability of rainfall in the Basin, by simulating flows using the GR2M rain-flow model and extending the discharge timeseries. From the regional vector method, the rainfall timeseries were homogenized, and the gaps filled by the estimated values. The rank correlation and Pettitt test on annual rainfall amounts (1924–2015) indicate breaks in 1958, 1967 and 1969, leading to rainfall deficits ranging from 9.7 % to 20.2 %. For some stations, the segmentation method shows a recovery of rainfall towards the end of the 1980s (Gaoual, Mali) and the early 2000s (Gabu). The analysis of the temporal distribution of the Monthly Rainfall Coefficients shows an improvement of the contributions of a few months during the period after rupture. From a hydrological point of view, the correlation between the mean annual rainfall and the runoff has allowed to extend the flow timeseries. The mean monthly rainfall calculated using the inverse square of distance method, the Potential Evapotranspiration, and the flow rates were used to calibrate and validate the model to determine the parameters that better transform rainfall in flow. The values of the Nash criteria close to 100 have made it possible to extend the monthly flow data from Koliba/Corubal to Gaoual, Cade and Tche-Tche until 2015.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Water Balance and Length of Growing Period under Gumla District of Jharkhand for Efficient Crop Planning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhijeet Pankaj Ekka ◽  
Pragyan Kumari ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
A. Wadood
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Pigeon Pea ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Block Level ◽  
Water Surplus ◽  
Lower Medium

Present study was conducted for Gumla district of Jharkhand at block level which experiences a humid sub-tropical climate with an average rainfall of 1100 mm annually. In spite of receiving 85% of rainfall during the monsoon season the agricultural production and productivity in the district is quite low due to improper utilization of available moisture during the cropping season. Based on the weekly, annual rainfall and Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) data of 17 years (2000-2016), the length of the growing period (LGP) and water balance was worked out for the district and suitable crop plans were suggested. The length of the growing period was observed to be 21 weeks for most of the blocks of Gumla district under Uplandand an average of 25 weeks under upper medium land situation (Don III).Under lower medium land situation (Don II), length of growing period was of 28-29 weeks for all blocks except Basia, Kamdara and Sisai and low land situation (Don I), possessed 29 weeks of LGP at all blocks whereas it was one week more for Raidih and a week less for Basia and Kamdara.In Basia and Kamdara the water surplus is almost negligible under Upland and Don III land situation and very little water can be harvested from Don II and Don I. Maximum surplus water was observed in Raidih followed by Palkot and can be harvested more water from all land situations. Only short duration varieties of different crop and low water requiring crops like maize and pigeon pea are suitable for Basia as well as Kamdara blocks.

scholarly journals Análise Temporal da Chuva e Balanço Hídrico Climatológico para o Município de Chimoio, Moçambique

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Geraldo Luís Charles de Cangela ◽  
George Do Nascimento Araújo Júnior ◽  
José Edson Florentino de Morais ◽  
José Raliuson Inácio Silva ◽  
Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Hydrological System ◽  
Climatic Classification ◽  
Water Surplus

O conhecimento da variabilidade temporal das chuvas, possibilita prever mudanças no sistema hidrológico, planejar e gerenciar os recursos hídricos locais. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a variabilidade temporal da precipitação pluvial e, realizar o Balanço Hídrico Climatológico (BHC), visando a caracterização da disponibilidade hídrica face às mudanças nos padrões de chuva do município de Chimoio, Moçambique, como também, classificá-lo climaticamente. Para isso, foram obtidos dados diários de precipitação pluvial e temperatura média do ar para o período de 1989 a 2018. A variabilidade da precipitação foi avaliada mediante a aplicação do Desvio Padronizado da Precipitação, teste sequencial de Mann-Kendall e regressão linear. Por meio do BHC foram determinados: deficit hídrico (DEF), excesso hídrico (EXC), retirada de água do solo (RET), reposição de água da chuva ao solo (REP), evapotranspiração real (ETR) e evapotranspiração potencial (ETP). A classificação climática foi obtida por meio dos índices: hídrico (Ih), aridez (Ia), umidade (Iu) e eficiência térmica (Iet). A precipitação pluvial de Chimoio não apresentou mudanças significativas no seu comportamento. Contudo, verificou-se grande oscilação, com valores anuais variando de 546,6 mm a 1724 mm, e média de 1016,63 mm. Observou-se um DEF anual de 240 mm entre abril e novembro, EXC de 226,4 mm e REP 96,4 mm entre dezembro e janeiro. O clima foi caracterizado como C2 B’3 s2 w a’. Os resultados obtidos poderão subsidiar o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas voltadas ao gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos, além de mitigar impactos ocasionados pela variabilidade da chuva no município de Chimoio, Moçambique.  Temporal analysis of rainfall and climate water balance for the municipality of Chimoio, MozambiqueA B S T R A C TThe knowledge of the temporal variability of rainfall makes it possible to foresee changes in the hydrological system, to plan and manage local water resources. The objective was to evaluate the temporal variability of rainfall and to carry out the Climatic Water Balance (CWB), aiming to characterize water availability in the face of changes in rainfall patterns in the municipality of Chimoio, Mozambique, as well as to classify it climatically. For this purpose, daily rainfall data and average air temperature were obtained for the period from 1989 to 2018. The variability of precipitation was assessed by applying the Standardized Precipitation Deviation, Mann-Kendall sequential test, and linear regression. The CWB determined: water deficit (WD), water surplus (WS), removal of water from the soil (RWS), replacement of rainwater to the soil (RRS), actual evapotranspiration (AET) and potential evapotranspiration (PET). The climatic classification was obtained by means of the indices: water (Iw), aridity (Ia), humidity (Ih), and thermal efficiency (Ite). The Chimoio rainfall did not show significant changes in its behavior. However, there was a large oscillation, with annual values ranging from 546.6 mm to 1724 mm, and an average of 1016.63 mm. An annual WD of 240 mm was observed between April and November, WS of 226.4 mm, and RRS 96.4 mm between December and January. The climate was characterized as C2 B'3 s2 w a'. The results obtained can support the development of public policies aimed at the management of water resources, in addition to mitigating the impacts caused by the variability of rainfall in the municipality of Chimoio, Mozambique.Keywords: water deficit, climatic classification, climate changes, Mann-Kendall.

Tendencias del cambio climático en la Demarcación Hidrográfica de Manabí

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Campos Cedeño Antonio Fermín ◽  
Mendoza Álava Junior Orlando
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Monthly Distribution ◽  
Index Terms

Abstract— The Manabí Hydrographic Demarcation (DHM) is characterized as the only one that does not receive input from Andes Mountains, therefore, its water network is fed exclusively by the rainfall that occurs in the rainy season and that the warm current of El Niño plays a fundamental role in its production. In order to have technical information, important for the planning, control and development of the water resources of the DHM, in this research is made a temporal analysis of the monthly precipitation for 55 years, period 1963-2017. The National Institute of Hydrology and Meteorology of Ecuador (INAMHI) in station M005, located in the Botanical Garden of the Technical University of Manabí (Universidad Técnica de Manabí) in Portoviejo, obtained these records. An analysis is made of the monthly and annual patterns, establishing that the El Niño events that occurred in 1983, 1997 and 1998, have set guidelines for the change in rainwater production at the intensity and temporal distribution levels, increasing the months of drought, while the levels of rainfall increase, concentrating in fewer months, basically in February and March. This is a situation that increases the water deficit especially when there is not enough infrastructure of hydraulic works for the storage and regulation of runoff.   Index Terms— Hydrology, rainfall, monthly distribution, annually distribution, climate change, El Niño phenomenon

scholarly journals The role of climatic and terrain attributes in estimating baseflow recession in tropical catchments

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193-2205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Peña-Arancibia ◽  
A. I. J. M. van Dijk ◽  
M. Mulligan ◽  
L. A. Bruijnzeel
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Aridity Index ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Ungauged Catchments ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Daily Streamflow ◽  
Terrain Attributes ◽  
Streamflow Data

Abstract. The understanding of low flows in rivers is paramount more than ever as demand for water increases on a global scale. At the same time, limited streamflow data to investigate this phenomenon, particularly in the tropics, makes the provision of accurate estimations in ungauged areas an ongoing research need. This paper analysed the potential of climatic and terrain attributes of 167 tropical and sub-tropical unregulated catchments to predict baseflow recession rates. Daily streamflow data (m3 s–1) from the Global River Discharge Center (GRDC) and a linear reservoir model were used to obtain baseflow recession coefficients (kbf) for these catchments. Climatic attributes included annual and seasonal indicators of rainfall and potential evapotranspiration. Terrain attributes included indicators of catchment shape, morphology, land cover, soils and geology. Stepwise regression was used to identify the best predictors for baseflow recession coefficients. Mean annual rainfall (MAR) and aridity index (AI) were found to explain 49% of the spatial variation of kbf. The rest of climatic indices and the terrain indices average catchment slope (SLO) and tree cover were also good predictors, but co-correlated with MAR. Catchment elongation (CE), a measure of catchment shape, was also found to be statistically significant, although weakly correlated. An analysis of clusters of catchments of smaller size, showed that in these areas, presumably with some similarity of soils and geology due to proximity, residuals of the regression could be explained by SLO and CE. The approach used provides a potential alternative for kbf parameterisation in ungauged catchments.

Climate and land use change impacts on water resources in Sardinia (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Ruggiu ◽  
Salvatore Urru ◽  
Roberto Deidda ◽  
Francesco Viola
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Land Use Scenarios ◽  
Near Future

<p>The assessment of climate change and land use modifications effects on hydrological cycle is challenging. We propose an approach based on Budyko theory to investigate the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic drivers on water resources availability. As an example of application, the proposed approach is implemented in the island of Sardinia (Italy), which is affected by important processes of both climate and land use modifications. In details, the proposed methodology assumes the Fu’s equation to describe the mechanisms of water partitioning at regional scale and uses the probability distributions of annual runoff (Q) in a closed form. The latter is parametrized by considering simple long-term climatic info (namely first orders statistics of annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) and land use properties of basins.</p><p>In order to investigate the possible near future water availability of Sardinia, several climate and land use scenarios have been considered, referring to 2006-2050 and 2051-2100 periods. Climate scenarios have been generated considering fourteen bias corrected outputs of climatic models from EUROCORDEX’s project (RCP 8.5), while three land use scenarios have been created following the last century tendencies.</p><p>Results show that the distribution of annual runoff in Sardinia could be significantly affected by both climate and land use change. The near future distribution of Q generally displayed a decrease in mean and variance compared to the baseline.   </p><p>The reduction of  Q is more critical moving from 2006-2050 to 2051-2100 period, according with climatic trends, namely due to the reduction of annual rainfall and the increase of potential evapotranspiration. The effect of LU change on Q distribution is weaker than the climatic one, but not negligible.</p>

scholarly journals China's water sustainability in the 21st century: a climate-informed water risk assessment covering multi-sector water demands

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Chen ◽  
D. Naresh ◽  
L. Upmanu ◽  
Z. Hao ◽  
L. Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
High Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demands

Abstract. China is facing a water resources crisis with growing concerns as to the reliable supply of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic needs. High inter-annual rainfall variability and increasing consumptive use across the country exacerbates the situation further and is a constraint on future development. For water sustainability, it is necessary to examine the differences in water demand and supply and their spatio-temporal distribution in order to quantify the dimensions of the water risk. Here, a detailed quantitative assessment of water risk as measured by the spatial distribution of cumulated deficits for China is presented. Considering daily precipitation and temperature variability over fifty years and the current water demands, risk measures are developed to inform county level water deficits that account for both within-year and across-year variations in climate. We choose political rather than watershed boundaries since economic activity and water use are organized by county and the political process is best informed through that unit. As expected, the risk measures highlight North China Plain counties as highly water stressed. Regions with high water stress have high inter-annual variability in rainfall and now have depleted groundwater aquifers. The stress components due to agricultural, industrial and domestic water demands are illustrated separately to assess the vulnerability of particular sectors within the country to provide a basis for targeted policy analysis for reducing water stress.

scholarly journals Victimization of people by natural disasters: Spatial and temporal distribution of consequences

Temida ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasa Mijalkovic ◽  
Vladimir Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
International Database ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Disaster Epidemiology ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

This paper is a descriptive statistical analysis of geospatial and temporal distributions of victimized people (killed, injured, affected and damage) with specific reference to geophysical, meteorological, climatological, biological and hydrological disasters that have occurred in the world of from 1900 to 2013 year. In addition, people affected by the various natural disasters could be classified as invisible victims as they are not recognized as victims either by the state or society, and consequently they do not receive adequate protection, assistance and support. Statistical research was conducted on data from the international database of the Centre for Research on Disaster Epidemiology Disaster (CRED) in Brussels. Temporal analysis examined the distribution and effects of natural disasters on people, at intervals of ten years. The same methodology was adopted for analyses of geospatial distribution of victimized people because of natural disasters by continent. The aim of the research is to determine the geospatial and temporal distribution of victimization of people with natural disasters in the world geospace in the period from 1900 to 2013. The survey results clearly indicate an increase in the number and severity of the consequences of natural disasters.

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