NUTRI SCORE: PROŠIRENO OZNAČAVANjENUTRITIVNE VREDNOSTI HRANE

2021 ◽  
pp. 581-594
Author(s):  
Sonja Lučić ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Nutrition Labeling ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Eu Member States

EU Regulation no. 1169/2011 contains rules for informing consumers, thus giving them access to basic information, such as a declaration of the nutritional value of the product or a list of ingredients. In order to facilitate the understanding of this information, other forms of expression and presentation or voluntary information may be provided, in addition to the mandatory nutrition declaration in accordance with Articles 35 to 37 of this Regulation. In that sense, the French Ministry of Health has created the „Nutri Score“ label. „Nutri Score“ is a system for marking the nutritional profile of food on the front of the packaging with the letters and colors of traffic lights. Although this logo has been used for years in some EU member states, such as France, Belgium and Spain, the preconditions for the legal use of this model of nutrition labeling were first created in Germany with the adoption of the Regulation on Amendments to Food Information. The paper will first provide an overview of the functioning of the „Nutri Score“ label. In the continuation of the paper, the author will deal with various legal issues - especially the issues of application of trademarks and regulations on fair trade.

scholarly journals Determinants of Nutrition Facts Table Use by Chinese Consumers for Nutritional Value Comparisons

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Zeying Huang ◽  
Haijun Li ◽  
Jiazhang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Nutrition Labeling ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Adoption Level

The nutrition facts table is a nutrition labeling tool designed to inform consumers of food nutritional contents and enable them to make healthier choices by comparing the nutritional values of similar foods. However, its adoption level is considerably low in China. This study employed the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID) algorithm to explore the factors associated with respondents’ adoption of nutrition facts table to compare the nutritional values of similar foods. Data were gathered through a nationally representative online survey of 1500 samples. Results suggested that consumers’ comprehension of the nutrition facts table was a direct explanatory factor for its use. The usage was also indirectly explained by people’s nutrition knowledge, the usage of nutrition facts table by their relatives and friends, and their focus on a healthy diet. Therefore, to increase the use of nutrition facts table by Chinese consumers, the first consideration should be given to enhancing consumers’ comprehension of the labeling

Jak szukać i nie pogubić się w gąszczu przepisów? Problematyka prawna poszukiwań genealogicznych

2021 ◽  
pp. 179-192
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kluczewska ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Death Certificate ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
The Law ◽  
Administrative Courts ◽  
The Eu

For a genealogist, each birth, baptism, marriage and death certificate is a valuable source of research. It turns out, however, that genealogists in their work encounter obstacles related to the restriction of access to these sources. This “brake” is legal regulations that can effectively discourage a genealogist from continuing their research. The aim of this article is to present the legal issues of genealogical research, especially in terms of the practice of applying the law and emerging problems in jurisprudence. In her article, the author presented the currently existing legal regulations, which in some cases may hinder genealogists from accessing searches, including legal problems related to the EU Regulation on the Protection of Personal Data (GDPR) in force since May 2018. The article also presents the problem of access to genealogical research from its practical side, recalling the decisions of Provincial Administrative Courts and the Supreme Administrative Court.

International cooperation in merger control in Japan

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megumi Tahira ◽  
Koki Arai
Keyword(s):  
International Cooperation ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
International Agreements ◽  
Merger Control ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Standard Process ◽  
Merger Activity ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract This article discusses international cooperation in merger control enforcement under competition law. It describes the framework of merger control in Japan, recent developments in international agreements, merger cases involving international cooperation and the relevant governing authorities’ standard process, including waiver considerations. This article offers three contributions. First, it comments on international cooperation in merger control, including the necessity of confidentiality waivers. Second, it provides basic information for assessing the appropriateness and transparency of merger control policies. Finally, it encourages cooperation between young and advanced competition authorities. The article’s deep understanding of merger activity is based on a detailed analysis of the Japan Fair Trade Commission’s guidelines for international cooperation in merger control.

scholarly journals Seasonal Nutritional Profile of Gelidium corneum (Rhodophyta, Gelidiaceae) from the Center of Portugal

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2394
Author(s):  
Mário Cavaco ◽  
Adriana Duarte ◽  
Marta V. Freitas ◽  
Clélia Afonso ◽  
Susana Bernardino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Food Supplement ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Iodine Values ◽  
Agar Quality ◽  
Potential Use

Gelidium corneum is a well-known agarophyte, harvested worldwide for its high agar quality. However, the species also exhibits an interesting nutritional profile, but with seasonal variations. Therefore, to evaluate the nutritional value of G. corneum, ash, crude protein, total lipids, and carbohydrates were analyzed at different times of the year. The heavy metals mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium, and tin, as well as iodine were also measured. Finally, the seasonal antioxidant capacity of G. corneum extracts was evaluated. Our results indicate that the biomass is rich in protein (up to 16.25 ± 0.33%) and carbohydrates (up to 39.5 ± 3.29%), and low in lipids (up to 2.75 ± 0.28%), and especially in the summer, the AI, TI indexes, n-6/n-3 and h/H ratios (0.93, 0.6, 0.88 and 1.08, respectively) are very interesting. None of the contaminants exceeded the legally established limits, and the iodine values were adequate for a healthy diet. Finally, the antioxidant capacity is fair, with the DPPH £ 10.89 ± 1.46%, and ABTS £ 13.90 ± 1.54% inhibition, FRAP £ 0.91 ± 0.22 AAE.g−1, and TPC £ 6.82 ± 0.26 GAE.g−1. The results show that G. corneum is an attractive resource, with potential use as food or as a food supplement.

scholarly journals Europe on a Plate: Food, Identity and Cultural Diversity in Contemporary Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Anderson ◽  
Heather Merle Benbow ◽  
Gregoria Manzin
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
National Identities ◽  
Eu Regulation ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Food Practices ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
To Come ◽  
Food Identity

This article discusses tensions emerging from conflicting ethnic and national identities in three European Union (EU) member states – Germany, Italy and Spain – through the prism of culinary practices. Food is a marker of cultural identity. In Europe, a wide variety of food practices and culinary cultures co-exist in close proximity, and Europeans thus face the dilemma that confronts all omnivores presented with a breadth of culinary options: while variety can bring the potential for enjoyment, the choice of something new can be perceived as a threat. Within this context, buffeted by the forces of globalisation, migration and supra-national EU regulation, culinary patterns associated with migration strive to come to terms with growing ‘gastronationalism’. This article dissects the differences and similarities in the way this tension manifests in Germany, Italy and Spain.

scholarly journals Selected Aspects of Biofuels Market and the Electromobility Development in Poland: Current Trends and Forecasting Changes

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Kupczyk ◽  
Joanna Mączyńska ◽  
Grzegorz Redlarski ◽  
Karol Tucki ◽  
Anna Bączyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Basic Information ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

This work presents basic information associated with markets of selected alternative fuels used in transport, such as methyl esters, conventional bioethanol and lignocellulosic bioethanol, and the market of electrical vehicles. Legal conditions, which stimulate development and regulate the mode of functioning of the liquid biofuel market until 2020 are discussed, based on provisions of EU directives. Data on biofuel production in Poland are presented, as well as biofuel consumption in the EU, the USA and Brazil in 2017. The most important conclusions of the proposal for a directive on the promotion of renewable energy sources in transport in EU member states in years 2021–2030 are discussed. The authors have also indicated the key legal and territorial conditions associated with the development of electromobility and present basic information on electric vehicles in Poland and Europe. The results of the research on the attractiveness of these sectors in 2018 are presented and compared with the results obtained in years 2007–2017. A score-based sector attractiveness method was used in the research.

scholarly journals Topical Legal Issues of Competition Development in the Energy Sector of the European Union

2017 ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Иван Гудков ◽  
Ivan Gudkov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
General Interest ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Competition Rules ◽  
Energy Relations ◽  
Energy Law ◽  
The Eu

This article is devoted to analysis of some topical legal issues of competition development in the EU energy sector. It addressed the sources of competitive legal regulation of energy relations in the EU, the trends of the realization of general and specific competition rules in the context of energy relations, the issues of some exceptions in the context of the competition law regime of the EU and features of application of EU competition rules to import and export energy relations. Present work proves the following theses: 1) liberalization of the EU energy market through the progressive strengthening and expansion of the regulation concerned; 2) development of special secondary EU energy law has an impact on the practice of application of the general antitrust provisions of primary EU law; 3) the regime established by the special EU secondary energy law makes more harder the process of invest in a new energy infrastructure, and this fact demonstrates the need for exceptions in respect of new major infrastructure projects, but such rules of exceptions leave too much space for the subjective discretion of law enforcement agencies and consequently pose a risk of uneven and inconsistent practices; 4) the necessary investments in a new EU infrastructure require not only some exceptions at the level of EU Member States but also introduce compulsory network planning and EU-level support for projects of “general interest”; 5) in the framework of the Energy Union Strategy it can be seen the EU’s desire to disseminate internal rules on import-export relations, but in relations with third countries not intending to join the EU, this desire has an objective political and legal constraints limits which are leading, inter alia, from the doctrine of “international comity”, “state actions” and “state coercion”.

scholarly journals Online Consumer Survey Comparing Different Front-of-Pack Labels in Greece

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Lamprini Kontopoulou ◽  
George Karpetas ◽  
Εvangelos C. Fradelos ◽  
Ioanna V. Papathanasiou ◽  
Foteini Malli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Nutrition Labeling ◽  
Nutrition Labels ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Quality Of Food

According to the WHO, front-of-pack nutrition labeling provides simplified nutrition information in the form of symbols, colors or words that can help consumers understand the nutritional quality of food, thus leading them to healthier food choices. It is considered of the utmost importance to explore the knowledge and understanding of consumers about this form of nutrition labeling. The aim of this study was to investigate the understanding and perceptions of Greek consumers in response to five different front-of-pack nutrition labels (FoPLs): the Multiple Traffic Lights, Health Star Rating System, Guideline Daily Amounts, Warning Symbols and Nutri-Score. From April 2021 to June 2021, 1278 participants from Greece took part in an online survey where they were asked to rank three products according to their nutritional quality. The classification process was performed first without FoPLs and then with FoPLs. The ability to classify products according to their nutritional quality was evaluated with multinomial logistic regression models, and the Nutri-Score label presented greater improvements when compared to the GDA label for Greek consumers. The Nutri-Score seemed to better help the Greek consumers rank foods according to their nutritional value.

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