scholarly journals Rice- Fallows: A Destiny or Opportunity to Farmers from Bhagalpur District of Bihar

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Rahaman
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Policy Dynamics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Capital Intensive

The study attempted to critically review the status and scope of rice fallows in India, specifically to the Bhagalpur district of Bihar. Technological progress and capital-intensive cultivation through conversion of marginal lands into mitigated the ever-increasing demand of food production for burgeoning population to some extent but a continuous expansion of fallow lands brought serious concern on policy dynamics. The changes in temporal and spatial distribution of fallow lands are mostly documented due to increasing variability in the precipitation and irrigation water, and low level of mechanization. However, this is not true in case of flood and drought prone areas, and state like Bihar, where farmers are financially weak and technological expansion is very limited. The results revealed that, the most important constraint for rice fallows was rainfed ecology, low soil moisture content after the harvest of paddy and lack of irrigation facilities. The farmers also identified lack of short duration and high yielding varieties, poor plant stand, no use of fertilizers and chemicals and severe weed infestation in the field as the other major constraints. The size of land holding was found positively significant with rice fallows area indicating that the income penalty of keeping land fallow could not be tolerated by marginal small farmers

scholarly journals Current perspective on production and applications of microbial cellulases: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Bhardwaj ◽  
Bikash Kumar ◽  
Komal Agrawal ◽  
Pradeep Verma
Keyword(s):  
Critical Factor ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Cellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
The Status ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Immobilization Techniques ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe potential of cellulolytic enzymes has been widely studied and explored for bioconversion processes and plays a key role in various industrial applications. Cellulase, a key enzyme for cellulose-rich waste feedstock-based biorefinery, has increasing demand in various industries, e.g., paper and pulp, juice clarification, etc. Also, there has been constant progress in developing new strategies to enhance its production, such as the application of waste feedstock as the substrate for the production of individual or enzyme cocktails, process parameters control, and genetic manipulations for enzyme production with enhanced yield, efficiency, and specificity. Further, an insight into immobilization techniques has also been presented for improved reusability of cellulase, a critical factor that controls the cost of the enzyme at an industrial scale. In addition, the review also gives an insight into the status of the significant application of cellulase in the industrial sector, with its techno-economic analysis for future applications. The present review gives a complete overview of current perspectives on the production of microbial cellulases as a promising tool to develop a sustainable and greener concept for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Speeding Up the Development of Portfolio of New Crop Varieties to Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdallah Bari ◽  
Hassan Ouabbou ◽  
abderrazek Jilal ◽  
Hamid Khazaei ◽  
Fred Stoddard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
New Crop ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Climate change poses serious challenges to achieving food security in a time of a need to produce more food to keep up with the worlds increasing demand for food. There is an urgent need to speed up the development of new high yielding varieties with traits of adaptation and mitigation to climate change. Mathematical approaches, including ML approaches, have been used to search for such traits, leading to unprecedented results as some of the traits, including heat traits that have been long sought-for, have been found within a short period of time.

scholarly journals The Linkage of the Board of Directors and the Status of Aviation Industry Licensing Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
LESTARI NINGRUM
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Limited Liability Company ◽  
Basic Capital ◽  
The Status ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Capital Intensive ◽  
Made In

Aviation business is a capital intensive and high risk in terms of safety. Legislation in force in Indonesia requires enterprises should cost in the form of a limited liability company that is obliged to deposit the basic capital of 500 billion rupiah. The capital cannot be made in working capital which is useful for the collateral to a third party. The regulations for a limited liability company are to be established by at least 2 people. The purpose of this research is to analyze the linkage of the board directors and the status of aviation industry licensing law. The position of the legal status of business entities where shareholder is only one person is to be studied in this descriptive study. The result shows that the airlines company should provide the capital risk and high insurance of the third party. UUPT also has given the authority of the shareholders (who owns 20 % of the share) to be decision makers in the company. However, without independent surveillance, it is possible that the shareholders do some mistakes in making decisions. Some mistakes are related to the policy, the using of authorized capital, and others. Aviation business is a capital intensive and high risk in terms of safety. Legislation in force in Indonesia requires enterprises should cost in the form of a limited liability company that is obliged to deposit the basic capital of 500 billion rupiah. The capital cannot be made in working capital which is useful for the collateral to a third party. The regulations for a limited liability company are to be established by at least 2 people. The position of the legal status of business entities where shareholder is only one person is to be studied in this descriptive study.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of Segetal Weed Communities when Chlorsulfuron-Based Weed Control is Being Used on Continuous Winter Wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-305
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Pawlonka ◽  
Katarzyna Rymuza ◽  
Krzysztof Starczewski ◽  
Antoni Bombik
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
The Status ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Plots ◽  
Segetal Communities

Abstract The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between herbicide rate and weed community biodiversity in continuous wheat. A six-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of four chlorsulfuron rates in comparison with untreated (the control) plots, on the status and severity of weed infestation - in successive study years of cultivating winter wheat in monoculture. In addition, the following indices were calculated: Shannon-Wiener and Simpson’s index of biodiversity, and Simpson’s index of domination. A total of 36 weedy species were identified in the experimental plots. The richest segetal communities were established in the control plots. An application of herbicide reduced the biodiversity of the agrophytocensosis. A short-term monoculture did not impoverish the species richness of the weed community established in winter wheat. The average number of species in the community was significantly greater in the second study year. In the initial study years of monoculture, the biodiversity of the segetal community increased markedly compared with rotation-based cultivation. The calculated indices of biodiversity were not significantly affected by herbicide rate or monoculture but the indices confirmed the trends outlined by an analysis of the status and level of weed infestation.

scholarly journals Chiuri (Aesandra butyracea) and Beekeeping for Sustainable Livelihoods of Chepang Community in Raksirang-6, Makawanpur, Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Datendra Kumar Golay ◽  
Mahamad Sayab Miya ◽  
Sachin Timilsina
Keyword(s):  
Group Discussion ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Organic Certification ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Organic Honey ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
The Relationship

Chiuri trees and beekeeping are the major sources of livelihood among the Chepang community. The study was performed to assess the role of Chiuri on livelihood improvement of the Chepang community through beekeeping and to analyze the efforts of CFUGs to conserve the Chiuri in Silinge Community Forest User Group, Raksirang-6, Makawanpur district, Nepal. Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Survey and Individual interview in households were carried out for the study from January to March 2019. With the increasing demand for organic honey made from Chiuri, the locals of the Chepang village in Makawanpur have started generating a good income from beekeeping. The majority (63%) of the respondents reported that the trends of the status of beekeeping were increasing in households. The selling of honey was the main source of income for the people of Silinge CFUGs. 1/3 of households earned the money in the range of NRs 200,000 (US$ 1,720.83) - NRs 300,000 (US$ 2,581.24). Physical capital and financial capital have significantly increased, whereas human, social and natural capitals were in increasing trends. The relationship between Chiuri and honey bees was very positive for both. The marketing system of Chiuri is not well developed in the study area. The Chepang community will get more prices after certifying their products as organic. Organic Certification of Nepal (OCN) should conduct studies about organic honey.

Pulses Production in Bihar: An Overview of Constraints and Opportunities

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
PUSHPA SINGH ◽  
BRAJESH SHAHI ◽  
K. M. SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Annual Decline ◽  
Pulse Production

Traditionally pulses have been considered important elements of cropping systems in Bihar, but with the introduction of irrigation and high profitability of alternative sources of soil nutrients in the form of inorganic fertilizers in 1960s, pulses were replaced or relegated to marginal lands and were substituted by high- yielding varieties of rice and wheat. Bihar ranks 9th in terms of production with a contribution of 0.52 million tons to the national pulse pool but shares only 7.06 per cent of total area under food grains, with productivity ranging between 819 kg/ha in 2000-01 to 897 kg/ha in 2013-14. There has been an incessant decline in pulses area, production and productivity during last three and half decades accounting for about 437.24 thousand hectares, 428.93 thousand tons and 981 kg ha-1 respectively in 2014 - 15 against the corresponding figures of 717.2 thousand hectares, 620.7 thousand tons and 865 kg ha-1 in 2000-01, registering a compound annual decline of -2.5 percent in area and -0.41 percent in production but productivity increased by 2.15 percent per annum. Lentil is only crop which has performed well in Bihar whereas area and production of most of the major pulses have gone down. About 2.2 million ha of rice fallows in Bihar, are most suitable for pulses cultivation. Also there are some indigenous practices like broadcasting pulses like moong, urad, and lathyrus in standing rice crop 7-10 days before harvest making full use of available moisture in the field can be promoted for converting mono-cropped areas into double cropped ones can help increase pulse production. There is also an urgent need to popularize this system by developing varieties suitable for relay cropping and standardization of this agrotechnology. The paper examines the current production and productivity scenario along with various factors affecting their performance both biotic and abiotic stresses. It also advocates the various strategies to improve the production and productivity by overcoming these constraints, in the state.

scholarly journals Checklist of Angiosperms extant in Mirpur area of Dhaka city

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64
Author(s):  
Shayla Sharmin Shetu ◽  
Saleh Ahammad Khan ◽  
Sarder Nasir Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Current Status ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Rauvolfia Serpentina ◽  
Important Species ◽  
River Bank ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
Fallow Lands ◽  
Data Book

This study has recognized the occurance of a total of 346 species of Angiosperms under 256 genera and 82 families and assessed their current status and distribution in Mirpur area of Dhaka district. Majority of these families, 68 (82.92%) consist of 255 species under 192 genera, belong to Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons), and the rest 14 (17.07%) comprise of 91 species under 64 genera to Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Asteraceae with 18 species is found to be the largest family in Magnoliopsida followed by Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae consists of 17 species each; while Poaceae is recognized as the largest family with 41 species in Liliopsida followed by Cyperaceae with 19 species. Ficus of Moraceae and Cyperus of Cyperaceae, each consists of 6 species, are found to be the largest genera in Magnoliopsida and Liliopsida, respectively. Total 236 species have been recorded as herbs followed by 58 tree seedlings, 50 shrubs and 2 lianas. Scrub jungles harbouring a total of 90 species are found to be the most common habitat of Angiosperms in the area, which is followed by marginal lands, road sides, grasslands, lake banks, fallow lands, woodlands, river bank, and highland slope and wet lands. A total of 281 economically important species have been determined from the study area. The occurrence of two threatened species, viz. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees and Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz, listed in the Red Data Book of Bangladesh, is recognized to be Vulnerable (V) in the study area. Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 7(2): 47-64, 2018 (December)

scholarly journals Effect of biocontrol agents on production of rooted back pepper cutting in serpentine method

1970 ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
R S Bhai, K P Subila, S J Eapen, A Reshma, R Pervez, A I Bhat, V Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Black Pepper ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Improved Varieties ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
Disease Free

Availability of disease free quality planting material is a major limiting factor in black pepper cultivation. In order to meet the increasing demand and also to create awareness on good agricultural practices for healthy disease free planting material production to farmers, a nursery experiment was started with improved varieties of black pepper by adopting a non-chemical bio-intensive management strategy. Here solarization of potting mixture was the main concern followed my amending the solarized potting mixture with potential bioagents. The experiment was designed in a two factor CRD with four improved varieties and five treatments. Each treatment contains a combination of two bioagents with antifungal and nematicidal properties respectively. The common recommended fungicide Metalaxyl-Mancozeb (0.125%) and nematicide carbsosulfan (0.1%) was used as control. The treatments were incorporated individually into solarized potting mixture and planted with improved varieties used viz., IISR Girimunda, Malabar Excel, Shakti and Thevam, The plants in each treatment were kept for multiplication by serpentine method with proper irrigation and phytosanitation. The results of plant growth and establishment in different treatments, showed that  fortification of solarized potting mixture with Trichoderma harzianum + Pochonia chlamydosporia combination or combination of Streptomyces  strains  (Act 2+9) are significantly superior (35.46% and 21% respectively) for the production of healthy rooted planting material. IISR Malabar Excel and IISR Thevam produced the maximum  number of plants from a single node cutting in treatment with T. harzianum + P. chlamydosporia (T1) (59 nos. and 51 nos. respectively) followed by Malabar Excel with Act 2+9 and Act 5+9 (45 nos. each). So an average of 6-7 plants/month/cutting was produced in the potential treatment while it was only 3-4 plants in control. The advantage of the method is that, after solarization and fortification with respective bioagents, there is no need for further application of any fungicides, insecticides or any other nutrient spray as usually done. Thus the method of soil solarization followed by fortification of either T. harzianum+ P. chlamydosporia  or combination of Streptomyces strains viz., Ketasatospora setae (Act 2) and S. tauricus (Act9) is found suitable for the production of healthy quality planting material of high yielding varieties to meet the increasing demand of planting material with a C:B ratio of 1:2.

scholarly journals Engineering and environmental geophysics at the millennium

Geophysics ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don W. Steeples
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Soil Physics ◽  
Noninvasive Methods ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Near Surface Geophysics ◽  
Increasing Demand

Near‐surface geophysics is being applied to a broader spectrum of problems than ever before, and new application areas are arising continually. Currently, the tools used to examine the near‐surface environment include a variety of noninvasive methods employing electrical, electromagnetic, or mechanical energy sources, along with passive techniques that measure the physical parameters of the earth. Some of the advances of recent years have emerged from breakthroughs in instrumentation and computer‐processing techniques, and some have been driven by societal needs, such as the increasing demand for the accurate geophysical characterization of polluted sites. Other compelling factors, such as the ever‐expanding need for groundwater, the enactment of laws that have spurred geophysical surveying for archaeological purposes, and the necessity for better soil‐physics information in geotechnical engineering and agriculture, are present worldwide. For historical context, the reader is referred to an excellent review concerning the status of shallow exploration techniques in the mid-1980s (Dobecki and Romig, 1985).

Weed infestation of wheat fields by sheep grazing stubble in the Mediterranean semi-arid region

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Schoenbaum ◽  
J. Kigel ◽  
D. Barkai ◽  
S. Landau
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Wheat Field ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Summer Grazing

Seasonal stubble grazing by sheep is a widespread practice in the Mediterranean basin. However, farmers frequently claim that turning the sheep from marginal lands to the wheat fields after grain harvest increases the risk of weed infestation because of potential weed seed dispersal. We tested this claim by: (1) examining the potential of seed dispersal by sheep from marginal land via faeces and fleece, and (2) evaluating effects of summer stubble grazing on the size and composition of the weed seedbank and weed vegetation. Analysis of seed density in faeces and fleece showed that the potential for infestation from marginal land by sheep was relatively high during late spring, but strongly decreased in mid-summer, when plants in the marginal land had already shed their seeds. The potential of weed transport by faeces was negligible, compared with the seedbank in the field, and little overlapping of species was found between them. Summer grazing by sheep in a no-tillage wheat field over 5 years enlarged the seedbank. This increase, however, was mainly due to the less competitive small-grass species that were not found in the faeces or in the fleece. Combined ploughing, crop rotation, and herbicide application strongly reduced the seedbank. These integrated management practices eliminated the effect of summer grazing on the seedbank.

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