scholarly journals The Right to be Represented in Court by a Lawyer to the Judiciary in the Iranian LAW and Supranational Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 798-806
Author(s):  
Hamid Abhari
Keyword(s):  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-350
Author(s):  
Zahra Emadoleslami ◽  
Hadi Ghorbani

Abstract The right of citizenship in criminal law is one of the important cases in the field of human rights and has received attention from various human rights documents. In Iran's criminal law in various cases also respect to legal freedom and protection of citizenship rights. Besides trying to give more attention to citizenship rights based on fair assessment. An important question that can be raised in is howthe regulation to respect the legal freedom and protection of citizenship rights in Iranian law proportional to French law in terms of a fair assessment? The findings from this survey show that there is a compilation of regulation respecting legal freedom and protecting citizenship rights. In addition, there is an internalization effort to pay attention the human rights in criminal justice, in the form of action to eliminate the aggression against the rights of citizen and this rule emphasizes cases that consistent with French law. In the rules of respect for legal freedom and protection of citizenship rights, such as the rights of convicted people in France, it has emphasized the existence of freedom, personal security, prohibition of torture, self-respect of the accused by defending their rights and protecting themselves.Keywords: Freedom of law, human rights, citizenship rights, fair assessment, Iranian law, French law AbstrakHak kewarganegaraan dalam hukum pidana adalah salah satu kasus penting di bidang hak asasi manusia dan telah mendapatkan perhatian dari berbagai dokumen hak asasi manusia. Dalam hukum pidana Iran dalam berbagai kasus juga memberikan penghormatan terhadap kebebasan hukum dan perlindungan hak kewarganegaraan. Selain diupayakan untuk memberikan perhatian lebih terhadap hak kewarganegaraan berdasarkan penilaian yang adil. Pertanyaan pentingdalam hal ini adalah seberapa besar aturan penghormatan terhadap kebebasan hukum dan perlindungan hak kewarganegaraan dalam hukum Iran berbanding lurus dengan hukum Prancis dalam sudut pandang penilaian yang adil? Temuan-temuan dari survey ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya kompilasi aturan penghormatan terhadap kebebasan hukum dan perlindungan hak kewarganegaraan. Selain itu, adanya upaya internalisasi untuk memberikan perhatian terhadap hak asasi manusia dalam peradilan pidana, berupa tindakan untuk menghapus tindakan agresi terhadap hak-hak warga negara, dan aturan ini menekankan pada kasus-kasus yang relevan dengan hukum Prancis. Dalam aturan penghormatan terhadap kebebasan hukum dan perlindungan hak-hak kewarganegaraan, seperti hak-hak terpidana di Perancistelah ditekankan pada adanya kebebasan, keamanan pribadi, larangan penyiksaan, penghargaan diri orang yang tertuduh dengan membela hak-hak dan melindungi diri pribadi.Kata kunci: Kebebasan hukum, hak asasi manusia dan hak kewarganegaraan АннотацияПраво на гражданство в уголовном праве является одним из самых важных в области прав человека и привлекает внимание в различных документах по правам человека. В Иране уголовное право в различных случаях также уважает правовую свободу и сохранение гражданских прав и стремится уделять больше внимания гражданским правам на основе справедливого суждения. Важный вопрос, который может быть поднят в этом отношении, заключается в том, насколько правило уважения к правовой свободе и сохранению гражданских прав в иранском законодательстве прямопропорционально французскому законодательству с точки зрения справедливого суждения. Результаты этого исследования показывают, что существует свод правил, которые уважают правовую свободу и сохранение гражданских прав. Кроме того, предпринимаются усилия по интернализации, направленные на то, чтобы уделять внимание правам человека в сфере уголовного правосудия в форме ликвидации действий агрессии против гражданских прав. Данное положение подчеркивает случаи, которые соответствуют французскому законодательству. В правилах уважения правовой свободы и сохранения гражданских прав, таких как права осужденных во Франции, подчеркивается существование свободы, личной безопасности, запрета пыток, самооценки обвиняемого путем защиты их прав и себя. Ключевые слова: правовая свобода, права человека, гражданские права, справедливое суждение, иранское право, французское право


Author(s):  
Morteza Chitsazian

Standards are of critical importance for protecting public health and ensuring the integrity of transactions and the consistency of the quality of goods and services. Violation of standards can do significant harm to individuals and the society as a whole. Since people are entitled to the right of consuming goods with adequate safety and quality, standards themselves can be considered a civil right. The issue of damages and compensation in relation to the violation of standards has been addressed in Iranian law as well as Shia jurisprudence. In Shia jurisprudence, causing harm to others makes a person liable to coercive action and compensation. According to Article 1 of the Iranian Civil Liability Law, anyone who has intentionally or unintentionally caused material or moral damage to another person’s life, health, property, liberty, dignity, business reputation or any other right that the other person is entitled to by law is liable for compensation for the damages caused by his action. In this article, we examine the jurisprudential arguments that support the necessity of enforcing standards and the liabilities that arise from violation of standards in Iranian law. In this regard, Quran verses and hadiths call for accuracy and consistency in all matters, honesty in work, and respect for laws.  The Shia jurisprudential principles that call for the observance of standards include La-zarar (no-harm), Tasbib (causation), and Ghorur (deception). Therefore, there is a strong foundation in Shia jurisprudence for enforcing standards. However, Iranian law requires stronger laws with harsher punishment for violators to prevent negligence in complying with standards.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Ahmed Heidari ◽  
Seyed Hekmatollah Askari

Agency refers to a contract whereby a person selects another one to do his affairs. It is obvious that agency can be fulfilled in different ways, including explicit authorization and authorization by ratification. Authorization by ratification is ineffective for some contracts and it faces challenges in practice, because it follows the fulfillment of two rights, one the principal’s right for ratification, and the other the third-party’s right to be free from the obligations of an ineffective contract. This article has dealt with the positions of two important International Instrument of Human Rights as well as that of Iran’s domestic law regarding the scope of the use of ratification right by the principal and the owner of the authority right on the one hand and the rights of a third party on the other. It seeks to answer the question whether the principal has the right of ratification in any way, or has some legal restrictions? And if there are some limits to the principal’s right and access to such uncertainties can lead to further compatibility of Iranian law with International Instrument of Human Rights, based on which principles and rules can one establish a relative balance between the parties?


2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Maleki ◽  
Ali Mohammadzadeh

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">After the conclusion of contract its parties are obliged to perform their contract. If one of the contract parties does not enforce it by some reasons, the other party has the right to bind him to perform the contract. In some cases the non-performance of obligation is not based to the denial of obligator. In English Law, an idea under the title of discharge by frustration has been devoted to this issue and other reasons have been enumerated for it. In this between, Sometimes without the performance of contract is unenforceable, the conditions come into existence which the parties purpose of conclusion of contract are affected and the performance of contract for one or two parties become useless. In this case, the performance of contract is not encountered physically and legally with problem, but the parties intention of conclusion of contract is not within reach anymore. This issue has been set forth for discussion under the title of frustration of purpose and it is a part of the theory of discharge by frustration. In Iranian law, such a theory has not been recognized, but considering some articles of the Civil Code including articles 480,527,551 which seem the bases of this theory are rooted in them, one could believe in this theory in Iranian Law. In this article we intended with the use of reliable sources to have a deliberation in the concept and bases of frustration of purpose doctrine in Iranian and English law.</span></p>


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Batoul Pakzad ◽  
Iman Serajian

Insulting religious beliefs and sanctities in some cases will intersect with freedom of speech. In this case, offenders have raided religious beliefs of other people under the guise of freedom of speech and insult them by poisoned arrows. While opponents thinkthis is the right while opponents think, this is the right which can be limited and undoubtedly insulting religious sanctities and religious beliefs, is considered as the boundary for this human right. Way of boundaries between these two challenging concepts is the foundation of this study that leads to preventation of spearding the freedom of speech to make insulting and not so much that sanctities circle and religious beliefs can be extended that no place for free speech and thinking and criticism can be remained. This study investigate the relationship between the crime of insulting religious sanctities and freedom of speech in Iranian law and international instruments on human rights using descriptive and analytical methods.


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Fallah ◽  
Elahe Parsa ◽  
Batoul Dustmohamamdi

One of the most important topics in electronic contracts (e-contracts) is mistake in the process of contract formation. Mistakes can easily happen in e-contracts due to the automation and speed in the internet environment. Concerning the mistakes in e-contracts, most countries follow the general rules. In Iranian law, Articles 19 and 20 on Electronic Commerce Act have briefly discussed the mistakes in e-contracts. According to Article 20 Electronic Commerce Act, if a message is sent by mistake, the addressee is not entitled to regard the data message. Since no specific article has been issued in this regard, the general rules of contracts are applicable concerning the e-contracts. The only convention that studied the e-communication in e-contracts was UN Convention. It only discussed the mistakes in data entry and considered the right to correct the mistake as the compensation method for the wrongdoer.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Asghar Kargar ◽  
Mozafar Bashokouh ◽  
Mansour Eshghpour

Three ways to enforce the same obligation are to terminate and pay damages in respect of the guarantee of contravening contractual obligations in common legal systems, although the primacy of these compensatory methods varies from one to another in each system. In England, four types of damages are foreseen for breach of contractual obligations: compensatory or remedial damages, recovery or restitution, nominal damages, and punitive damages. Recovery damage is assessed with two predicted damages and repossessing damages. The moral damage is also in the category of compensatory damages, but it has its own rules. In Iranian law, the law expresses some conditions, barriers, and forms of damages. Items such as loss, existence of causality, certainty, predictability, and directness as other conditions involved in creating the right to claim damages are raised by legal theory. Applied issues such as the compensation criteria are also not a specific place in the legal system of Iran. Limitations on damages, including unlikeness, discounting theory, the involvement of the injured party in Cairo's rights in England, have been developed to identify each of the criteria and criteria for evaluation; in the Iranian legal system, Cairo's power is explicitly stated in the law. And other cases have been raised more and more in legal theory. The incomplete and disproportionate expression of the rules governing the compensation of Iranian law as well as the necessity of achieving a comprehensive military system in this regard, taking advantage of the theoretical and practical experience of the English law, is an essential requirement for the present study


2017 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Sajjad Ghasem Pour ◽  
Abasat Pour Mohammad

According to recent challenges in the past years and worries of the authorities in handing over the public sectors to the private sectors,we tried to study the legal and issues in this research which have studied the general policies of code 44, the sector of legal empowerment in terms of the assignment and legal loopholes in this regard,the type and weakness of assignment in terms of legal that was studied generally not partly with the aim of interpretation of the law by the authorities and the absence of known solutions and common law provisions on the right of states and as well as assignment and assignment as the shares via the stock and OTC, Face- to-face negotiation and not to transfer the ownership.


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