ROSCA: An alternative informal credit source for wholesale and retail traders in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This paper attempts to explore the major informal source of fundraising for the wholesale and retail traders in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Furthermore it examine a cost benefit analysis of joining ROSCA (Rotating Saving and Credit Association) from the society point of view. Primary data is collected by filling closed ended personally administered questionnaires from 250 respondents, garnered through the snowball method and selected through purposive sampling. Descriptive statistics, percentage method, is used for data analysis. An empirical example is also used to show cost benefit analysis of the participants of the ROSCA. The study find that 68 percent of respondents in the study area asserted that ROSCA is the only source of fundraising for them. Cost benefit analysis shows that the first 8 participants, out of a total of 12 participants, are better off in joining ROSCA and the last 4 participants are worse off. The study concluded that in the milieu where formal markets reluctant to cater to the needs of the small scale businesses, ROSCA plays an important role in fundraising for wholesale and retailers in the target area; and that society as a whole better off in joining ROSCA; rather than without it.

Download Full-text

Socioeconomic Impacts of the Billion Trees Afforestation Program in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan

Forests ◽

10.3390/f10080703 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 703 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Khan ◽

Shah ◽

Rauf ◽

Zada ◽

Yukun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Social Impacts ◽

Primary Data ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ◽

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province ◽

The Government ◽

Afforestation Program

In recent decades, the terrestrial ecosystem in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province (KPK), Pakistan, has undergone tremendous destruction. To restore environmental conditions, the government implemented the Billion Tree Afforestation Program (BTAP), with a high target to impact multidimensional aspects of the terrestrial ecosystem. The government claims that it is local residents who have benefited the most from the BTAP. Hence, the objective of this research was to examine the socioeconomic impact and local rural perception of the BTAP in three districts of KPK. Primary data were collected from 406 households. Fundamental orientation theory was used to assess the social impacts of the BTAP, while cost–benefit analysis was applied to examine its economic impact. The results show that the overall social impacts of the BTAP are satisfactory and beneficial, increasing social sustainability by 69% between 2014 and 2018. Additionally, based on the cost–benefit analysis and perception-based analysis, it was found that the BTAP positively affects the economic conditions of rural households. The community livelihood increased during the program, with a total net income of 6.9 million USD in the three districts of KPK. It is concluded that the majority of respondents have benefited from participation in the BTAP. The sustainability of rural livelihood is one of the main concerns related to the establishment of the BTAP. Effort is needed by the government and other parties to both increase rural household income and to protect the environment.

Download Full-text

The Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Electricity Production from Small Scale Renewable Energy Sources in the Conditions of Romania

Procedia Manufacturing ◽

10.1016/j.promfg.2019.02.230 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 385-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Pavel Atănăsoae ◽

Radu Dumitru Pentiuc ◽

Dan Laurențiu Milici ◽

Elena Daniela Olariu ◽

Mihaela Poienar

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Electricity Production ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Small Scale ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

The Cost

Download Full-text

Towards systematic planning of small-scale hydrological intervention-based research

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences ◽

10.5194/hess-20-4093-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (10) ◽

pp. 4093-4115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Kharis Erasta Reza Pramana ◽

Maurits Willem Ertsen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Human Agency ◽

Small Scale ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Water Development ◽

Systematic Planning ◽

Development Initiatives ◽

Hydrological Intervention

Abstract. Many small-scale water development initiatives are accompanied by hydrological research to study either the form of the intervention or its impacts. Humans influence both the development of intervention and research, and thus one needs to take human agency into account. This paper focuses on the effects of human actions in the development of the intervention and its associated hydrological research, as hydrological research is often designed without adequate consideration of how to account for human agency and that these effects have not yet been discussed explicitly in a systematic way. In this paper, we propose a systematic planning for hydrological research, based on evaluating three hydrological research efforts targeting small-scale water development initiatives in Vietnam, Kenya, and Indonesia. The main purpose of the three cases was to understand the functioning of interventions in their hydrological contexts. Aiming for better decision-making on hydrological research in small-scale water intervention initiatives, we propose two analysis steps, including (1) consideration of possible surprises and possible actions and (2) cost–benefit analysis. By performing the two analyses continuously throughout small-scale hydrological intervention-based initiatives, effective hydrological research can be achieved.

Download Full-text

Cost-benefit Analysis of Seedling Production on Floating Beds in a Few Selected Areas of Bangladesh

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v7i2.14788 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 75

Author(s):

Mohammod Akbar Kabir ◽

Md. Moniruzzaman ◽

Kawsar Jahan ◽

Md. Shahjahan

Keyword(s):

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Primary Data ◽

Seedling Production ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Net Benefit ◽

Government Aid ◽

Combat Climate Change ◽

The Cost

The aim of this study was to calculate the cost benefit analysis and economic viability of seedling production on the floating bed at Nazirpur Upazila in Pirojpur district of Bangladesh. The study area was selected purposively and 50 households (HHs) were surveyed through purposive sampling technique from a population of 80 households. From the results of those primary data, it was found that 68% farmers were engaged in seedling production as business purpose, and 30% as both own and business, 21 vegetables and spices seedlings were cultivated in the studied area. Average per square meter cost for floating seedling cultivation found BDT (Bangladeshi taka) 281 and benefit was BDT 401. The net benefit of floating agriculture found BDT 120 and with a BCR of 1.43. Income from floating seedlings mainly utilized in winter vegetable cultivation (Kandi), mainstream agriculture, business, house development and land purchase etc. Fifty percent (50%) of the floating farmers mentioned various constraints regarding floating seedling production such as lack of government aid, higher interest from NGOs and lack of capital. Among the surveyed respondents, 64% agreed that floating cultivation is effective to combat climate change and 76% replied as beneficial to the environment. Although floating agriculture is an indigenous age-old practice in the South-western region of Bangladesh, it can be replicated with the help of subsidy and agro-technology.

Download Full-text

Cost–benefit analysis of tetanus prophylaxis by a mathematical model

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800030193 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 102 (3) ◽

pp. 473-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Carducci ◽

C.M. Avio ◽

M. Bendinelli

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Point Of View ◽

Economic Effects ◽

Effective Strategy ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Economic Point ◽

Vaccination Strategies ◽

Tetanus Vaccination

SUMMARYA mathematical model has been developed which allows estimation of the epidemiological and economic effects of different tetanus vaccination strategies. The model was used to simulate the epidemiology of tetanus in italy from 1955 to 1982, and then applied to a district of Tuscany by utilizing data obtained from a seroepidemiological survey carried out in the same area. For this district we simulated vaccination programmes designed to reach, within 1 or 10 years, coverages of 60 or 90% of the population aged over 10 years who had not been exposed to the neonatal vaccination programme. The most effective strategy, from both the epidemiological and economic point of view, seems to be 90% coverage reached in 1 year's time. Benefits would be increased by improving the reliability of vaccinal anamnesis.

Download Full-text

Proposal of Economic Assessment of Hard Coal Mines Operation Conducted in Polish Conditions with the Use of Cost Benefit Analysis

Archives of Mining Sciences ◽

10.1515/amsc-2016-0058 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 875-892

Author(s):

Piotr Krawczyk ◽

Marzena Majer ◽

Joanna Krzemień

Keyword(s):

Economic Evaluation ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Coal Mines ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Mining Operation ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Point Of View ◽

Hard Coal ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Social Costs And Benefits

Abstract The paper presents possibilities of an economic evaluation of hard coal mines, using Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA). Suggested methodology for CBA applied to the economic evaluation of a mine allows to conduct a complex evaluation of mine’s functionality in connection to Polish conditions. Additionally to financial aspects, significant from the point of view of the mine’s owner, the paper includes social and environmental effects as a result of mining activities. Proposed methodology has undergone tests which used averaged data obtained from two selected hard coal mines located in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Presented results confirm the validity of social costs and benefits, and environmental losses resulting from mining operation, which were included in analysis comprehensively evaluating the efficiency of hard coal mines.

Download Full-text

Towards systematic planning of small-scale hydrological intervention-based research

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/hessd-12-9489-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 9489-9569

Author(s):

K. E. R. Pramana ◽

M. W. Ertsen ◽

N. C. van de Giesen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Human Agency ◽

Small Scale ◽

Research Projects ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Human Actions ◽

Systematic Planning ◽

Hydrological Intervention

Abstract. Many small-scale water development initiatives are accompanied by hydrological research to study either the shape of the intervention or its impacts. Humans influence both, and thus one needs to take human agency into account. This paper focuses on the effects of human actions in the intervention and its associated hydrological research, as these effects have not yet been discussed explicitly in a systematic way. In this paper, we propose a systematic planning, based on evaluating three hydrological research projects in small-scale water intervention projects in Vietnam, Kenya, and Indonesia. The main purpose of the three projects was to understand the functioning of interventions in their hydrological contexts. Aiming for better decision-making on hydrological research in small-scale water intervention projects, we propose two analysis steps: (1) being prepared for surprises and (2) cost-benefit analysis. By performing the two analyses continuously throughout a small-scale hydrological intervention based project, effective hydrological research can be achieved.

Download Full-text

AN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT OF BRACKISH WATER USING SOLAR STILLS

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology ◽

10.33564/ijeast.2021.v06i03.031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Sudhanshu S. Kamat ◽

Dilip D. Sarode

Keyword(s):

Brackish Water ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Small Scale ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Solar Desalination ◽

Working Principle ◽

The Cost

Solar desalination technologies are becoming popular among the scientific community for the production of fresh water from the brackish water. Membrane technologies are expensive to be implemented on small scale. Solar stills have simple working principle and there is low cost associated with it. Varied configurations and modifications have been implemented to improve the performance of solar stills. Thermodynamic analysis has also been done for the same. However, it is important to also optimize various combinations of the operating parameters, including the cost-benefit analysis associated with it. This paper focuses on the review of the effects of various geometric and operating parameters, and also optimizing the thermodynamics to improve the performance of solar still.

Download Full-text

Development of a Novel Helical-Ribbon Mixer Dryer for Conversion of Rural Slaughterhouse Wastes to an Organic Fertilizer and Implications in the Rural Circular Economy

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13169455 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 9455

Author(s):

Ankita Bhowmik ◽

Shantanu Bhunia ◽

Anupam Debsarkar ◽

Rambilash Mallick ◽

Malancha Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Small Scale ◽

Benefit Analysis ◽

Helical Ribbon ◽

Moisture Extraction ◽

Breakeven Point

Organic wastes of rural slaughterhouses in developing countries comprise of blood and undigested rumen contents harboring infectious microbial pathogens and having impermissible BOD5 and COD values. Previously we demonstrated valorization of blood and rumen contents through drying and conversion to an efficacious organic fertilizer which was free from infectious pathogens and heavy metals. Here we describe fabrication of a novel helical-ribbon mixer dryer for transition from the current small-scale household cooking to equipment-driven sustainable production. Blood and rumen digesta mixed in a 3:1 ratio, having initial moisture of 85%, were dried at 90–110 °C for 3–4 h to attain 15.6% final moisture-containing organic fertilizer. Energy consumption and moisture extraction rate were 49.4 MJ per batch and 18.9 kg h−1 respectively. Using this method, small abattoir owners could emerge as multi-product producers to enhance earnings while farmers could source the fertilizer locally for organic farming. The two activities can be complementary to each other and become a sustainable circular economy model. We applied a spreadsheet-based model for calculation of cash flow, breakeven point and conducted financial cost–benefit analysis on the projected operation of the dryer. Fertilizer production parallel with the meat trade should be profitable for slaughterhouse owners and farmers apart from generating local employment opportunities.

Download Full-text