Lipids, the unsung COVID-19 vaccine component, get investment

Assessment of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) and identification of relevant influencing factors are the current priorities for optimizing vaccines to reduce the impacts of influenza. To date, how the difference between epidemic strains and vaccine strains at genetic scale affects age-specific vaccine performance remains ambiguous. This study investigated the association between genetic mismatch on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and A(H1N1)pdm09 VE in different age groups with a novel computational approach. We found significant linear relationships between VE and genetic mismatch in children, young adults, and middle-aged adults. In the children’s group, each 3-key amino acid mutation was associated with an average of 10% decrease in vaccine effectiveness in a given epidemic season, and genetic mismatch exerted no influence on VE for the elderly group. We demonstrated that present vaccines were most effective for children, while protection for the elderly was reduced and indifferent to vaccine component updates. Modeling such relationships is practical to inform timely evaluation of VE in different groups of populations during mass vaccination and may inform age-specific vaccination regimens.

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Engineering, conjugation, and immunogenicity assessment of Escherichia coli O121 O antigen for its potential use as a typhoid vaccine component

Glycoconjugate Journal ◽

10.1007/s10719-012-9451-9 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 511-522 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Michael Wetter ◽

Michael Kowarik ◽

Michael Steffen ◽

Paula Carranza ◽

Giampietro Corradin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Typhoid Vaccine ◽

O Antigen ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Immunogenicity Assessment ◽

Potential Use

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Antigenic Drift of the Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Neuraminidase Results in Reduced Effectiveness of A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-Specific Antibodies

mBio ◽

10.1128/mbio.00307-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jin Gao ◽

Laura Couzens ◽

David F. Burke ◽

Hongquan Wan ◽

Patrick Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Antigenic Drift ◽

Influenza Vaccines ◽

Vaccine Production ◽

Antigenic Sites ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Influenza A H1n1 ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was modest for several seasons despite the absence of antigenic drift of hemagglutinin (HA), the primary vaccine component. Since antibodies against HA and neuraminidase (NA) contribute independently to protection against disease, antigenic changes in NA may allow A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses to escape from vaccine-induced immunity. In this study, analysis of the specificities of human NA-specific monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites that have changed over time. The impact of these differences onin vitroinhibition of enzyme activity was not evident for polyclonal antisera until viruses emerged in 2013 without a predicted glycosylation site at amino acid 386 in NA. Phylogenetic and antigenic cartography demonstrated significant antigenic changes that in most cases aligned with genetic differences. Typical of NA drift, the antigenic difference is observed in one direction, with antibodies against conserved antigenic domains in A/California/7/2009 (CA/09) continuing to inhibit NA of recent A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses reasonably well. However, ferret CA/09-specific antiserum that inhibited the NA of A/Michigan/45/2015 (MI/15) very wellin vitro, protected mice against lethal MI/15 infection poorly. These data show that antiserum against the homologous antigen is most effective and suggest the antigenic properties of NA should not be overlooked when selecting viruses for vaccine production.IMPORTANCEThe effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines against circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses has been modest in recent years, despite the absence of antigenic drift of HA, the primary vaccine component. Human monoclonal antibodies identified antigenic sites in NA that changed early after the new pandemic virus emerged. The reactivity of ferret antisera demonstrated antigenic drift of A(H1N1)pdm09 NA from 2013 onward. Passive transfer of serum raised against A/California/7/2009 was less effective than ferret serum against the homologous virus in protecting mice against a virus with the NA of more recent virus, A/Michigan/45/2015. Given the long-standing observation that NA-inhibiting antibodies are associated with resistance against disease in humans, these data demonstrate the importance of evaluating NA drift and suggest that vaccine effectiveness might be improved by selecting viruses for vaccine production that have NAs antigenically similar to those of circulating influenza viruses.

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HIV-1 Envelope (ENV) GP160 Trimer Protein Complex SPIKE as a Recombinant Macromolecular Assembly Vaccine Component Candidate: Current Opinion

Global Virology II - HIV and NeuroAIDS ◽

10.1007/978-1-4939-7290-6_36 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 939-951 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christina Nilofer ◽

Arumugam Mohanapriya ◽

Pandjassarame Kangueane

Keyword(s):

Protein Complex ◽

Complex Spike ◽

Current Opinion ◽

Macromolecular Assembly ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Hiv 1

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Immunogenicity and adjuvant effect of the whole cell Pertussis component of the Dutch combined Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Poliomyelitis - Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine in infants compared to the old whole cell P vaccine and a new acellular P vaccine component

http://isrctn.org/> ◽

10.1186/isrctn97785537 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

G. Berbers

Keyword(s):

Haemophilus Influenzae ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B ◽

Type B ◽

Adjuvant Effect ◽

Whole Cell ◽

Vaccine Component

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Age at Vaccination and Timing of Infection Do Not Alter Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease in Influenza A Virus-Infected Pigs

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00563-15 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 470-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Carine K. Souza ◽

Daniela S. Rajão ◽

Crystal L. Loving ◽

Phillip C. Gauger ◽

Daniel R. Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Influenza A Virus ◽

Influenza A ◽

Control Groups ◽

Swine Industry ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Live Attenuated Influenza Virus ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTWhole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines are widely used in the swine industry to reduce clinical disease against homologous influenza A virus (IAV) infection. In pigs experimentally challenged with antigenically distinct heterologous IAV of the same hemagglutinin subtype, WIV vaccinates have been shown to develop vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). We evaluated the impact of vaccine valency, age at vaccination, and duration between vaccination and challenge on the development of VAERD using vaccine containing δ1-H1N2 and challenge with pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus. Pigs were vaccinated with monovalent WIV MN08 (δ1-H1N2) and bivalent (δ1-H1N2–H3N2 or δ1-H1N2–pH1N1) vaccines and then were challenged with pH1N1 at 3 weeks postboost (wpb). Another group was vaccinated with the same monovalent WIV and challenged at 6 wpb to determine if the time postvaccination plays a role in the development of VAERD. In a follow-up study, the impact of age of first WIV vaccination (at 4 versus 9 weeks of age) with a boost 3 weeks later (at 7 versus 12 weeks of age) was evaluated. A monovalent live-attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccine administered at 4 and 7 weeks of age was also included. All mismatched WIV groups had significantly higher lung lesions than the LAIV, bivalent MN08-CA09, and control groups. Age of first vaccination or length of time between booster dose and subsequent challenge did not alter the development of VAERD in WIV-vaccinated pigs. Importantly, the mismatched component of the bivalent MN08-CA09 WIV did not override the protective effect of the matched vaccine component.

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Immunoglobulin: a versatile vaccine component

Inpharma Weekly ◽

10.2165/00128413-199710720-00004 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol &NA; (1072) ◽

pp. 3-4

Author(s):

Gill Higgins

Keyword(s):

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Vaccine Component

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Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Antigenically Drifted Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses among Children and Adolescents following 2014-2015 Inactivated and Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccination

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00297-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (10) ◽

pp. 831-839 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Min Z. Levine ◽

Judith M. Martin ◽

F. Liaini Gross ◽

Stacie Jefferson ◽

Kelly Stefano Cole ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Vaccine ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Influenza A ◽

Influenza Season ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

Antibody Responses ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Vaccine Type ◽

Antibody Titers ◽

Reactive Antibody

ABSTRACTHuman influenza A(H3N2) viruses that predominated during the moderately severe 2014-2015 influenza season differed antigenically from the vaccine component, resulting in reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE). To examine antibody responses to 2014-2015 inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) among children and adolescents, we collected sera before and after vaccination from 150 children aged 3 to 17 years enrolled at health care facilities. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays were used to assess the antibody responses to vaccine strains. We evaluated cross-reactive antibody responses against two representative A(H3N2) viruses that had antigenically drifted from the A(H3N2) vaccine component using microneutralization (MN) assays. Postvaccination antibody titers to drifted A(H3N2) viruses were higher following receipt of IIV (MN geometric mean titers [GMTs], 63 to 68; 38 to 45% achieved seroconversion) versus LAIV (MN GMT, 22; only 3 to 5% achieved seroconversion). In 9- to 17-year-olds, the highest MN titers were observed among IIV-vaccinated individuals who had received LAIV in the previous season. Among all IIV recipients aged 3 to 17 years, the strongest predictor of antibody responses to the drifted viruses was the prevaccination titers to the vaccine strain. The results of our study suggest that in an antigenically drifted influenza season, vaccination still induced cross-reactive antibody responses to drifted circulating A(H3N2) viruses, although higher antibody titers may be required for protection. Antibody responses to drifted A(H3N2) viruses following vaccination were influenced by multiple factors, including vaccine type and preexisting immunity from prior exposure.

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Immunization with the N-Terminal Portion of Treponema pallidum Repeat Protein K Attenuates Syphilitic Lesion Development in the Rabbit Model

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.70.12.6811-6816.2002 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 70 (12) ◽

pp. 6811-6816 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Cecilia A. Morgan ◽

Sheila A. Lukehart ◽

Wesley C. Van Voorhis

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Rabbit Model ◽

Treponema Pallidum ◽

Terminal Portion ◽

Lesion Development ◽

Repeat Protein ◽

Cell Responses ◽

Vaccine Component ◽

Recombinant Peptides ◽

Potential Vaccine

ABSTRACT When used as an immunogen, Treponema pallidum repeat protein K (TprK) has been shown to attenuate syphilitic lesions upon homologous intradermal challenge in the rabbit model. To further explore this protein as a potential vaccine component, we sought to identify the immunogenic regions of TprK. The abilities of three recombinant peptides encompassing TprK to elicit T- and B-cell responses and to protect against challenge were examined. All three fragments elicited proliferative responses from splenocytes taken from infected rabbits. However, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicated that only fragments 1 and 3 were consistently recognized by antisera from infected rabbits. Each fragment was also used to immunize rabbits that were subsequently challenged intradermally with infectious T. pallidum. All lesions on unimmunized control rabbits ulcerated and contained treponemes, while the lesions on rabbits immunized with fragment 1 were the least likely to have detectable treponemes (25%) and the least likely to ulcerate (37.5%). The lesions on rabbits immunized with fragment 3 showed intermediate results, and rabbits immunized with fragment 2 were the most likely of all those on immunized rabbits to have detectable treponemes (91.7%) and to ulcerate (66.7%). These results demonstrate that epitopes in fragment 1 are recognized by T cells and antibodies during infection and that immunization with this portion of TprK most effectively attenuates syphilitic lesion development.

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