scholarly journals Effect of fertilizer doses on bioenergy productivity of sugar sorghum

Bioenergy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Ivanina ◽  
A. O. Sypko ◽  
O. P. Strilets ◽  
N. S. Zatserkovna ◽  
N. S. Zatserkovna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Bioethanol Yield

It was found that sugar sorghum for growing in conditions of insufficient moisture on typical chernozem responds positively to the application of mineral fertilizers. The use of fertilizers increased the accumulation of sugars in plant stems in the phase of wax ripeness by 0.5−2.3%, biomass yield by 3.0−18.1 t/ha, bioethanol yield by 0.2−1.1 t/ha, solid fuel by 1.2−6.8 t/ha, total energy yield by 24−135 GJ/ha. The maximum bioenergy productivity of sugar sorghum was reached by growing hybrid ‘Nektarnyi’ and applying N120P120K120. The yield of bioethanol was 3.7 t/ha, solid fuel 22.2 t/ha, total energy yield 446 GJ/ha with excess of control without fertilizers by 1.1 t/ha, 6.8 t/ha and 135 GJ/ha, respectively.

scholarly journals Energy Assessment of Sorghum Cultivation in Southern Ukraine

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 695
Author(s):  
Oleg Bazaluk ◽  
Valerii Havrysh ◽  
Mykhailo Fedorchuk ◽  
Vitalii Nitsenko
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Efficiency Ratio ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Southern Ukraine

Global climate changes and fossil fuel reserve depletion are drivers for the search for environmentally friendly renewable energy sources. In Europe, biomass represents the main alternative to fossil fuels. Among energy crops, sorghum is a promising crop for arid regions. The biomass yield and energy efficiency of sorghum (both silage and grain) were studied based on field experiments conducted in Southern Ukraine. The following climate changes were identified: an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation. The total energy inputs for sweet sorghum were estimated at 11.256 GJ/ha. The main contributors to the energy inputs are mineral fertilizers (56.99%). The experiment showed that a yield of 40.6 t/ha could be achieved with annual precipitation of 350 mm. The energy efficiency ratio was determined to be 11.18. The total energy inputs for grain sorghum was 16.081 GJ/ha. Its yield (grain) varied from 1.92 to 7.05 t/ha. The energy efficiency ratio of grain sorghum ranged from 2.8 to 16.7.

scholarly journals Fertilizer circulation and nitrogen balance in the agrophytocenosis of sugar beet when acidizing typical chernozem (study with 15n)

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 03017
Author(s):  
A.S. Avilov ◽  
N.Ya. Shmyreva ◽  
A.A. Zavalin ◽  
O.A. Sokolov
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Gaseous Nitrogen ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Sugar Beets ◽  
Beet Root ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Root Crops

The studies were carried out under the conditions of a microfield experiment on typical chernozem (Belgorod region) with two soils (pH 5.0 and 6.5) with the addition of urea (enriched in 15N, 17.1 at. %) And effluents from a pig-breeding complex (PSC) at doses of 6 and 12 g N/m2 (against the background of phosphate and potash fertilizers, P6K6). The largest amount of nitrogen was consumed by sugar beets with the combined introduction of CCA and urea (25.8 g N/m2). When the soil was acidified to pHsalt 5.0, the consumption of nitrogen in mineral fertilizers decreased by 15-18%, soil ni-trogen – by 21-52%, and waste nitrogen – by 16%. At the same time, the immobilization of nitrogen in the fertilizer decreased by 13-18%, and the loss of gaseous nitrogen compounds increased by 47-108%. The effluent from the pig-breeding complex increased the immobilization of nitrogen in mineral fertilizers (by 38-46%) and reduced gaseous nitrogen losses (by 22-44%). The highest stability and productivity (root crop yield 1654 g/m2, tops yield 239 g/m2) was exhibited by agrophytocenosis on soil with pH 6.5 with the combined application of CCA and urea. When the soil solution was acid-ified to pH 5.0, the yield of beet root crops decreased by 30% and the yield of tops – by 24%. On soil with pH 5.0, fertilizers increased the sugar content in root crops by 0.2-1.3%, on soil with pH 6.5, they decreased by 1.3-2.0%.

scholarly journals Agro-economic substantiation of the feasibility of green manured fallow in sugar beet crop rotations of the Central Chernozem Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 02001
Author(s):  
Alexander Akimenko ◽  
Vyacheslav Sviridov ◽  
Tatiana Dudkina
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Rotations ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Central Chernozem Region ◽  
Sugar Beet Crop ◽  
Absolute Decrease ◽  
Central Chernozem

The aim of the study is to find out the feasibility of including green manured fallow in specialized sugar beet crop rotations by comparing necessary assessment indicators with their values in a traditional crop rotation with black fallow against the background of unequal fertilization levels. The study was based on the analysis of experimental data from a long-term stationary experiment, laid out simultaneously in all fields and variants on typical chernozem in triplicate. The results are as follows: within the same fertilization levels, no significant differences in the yield of winter wheat (sugar beet precursor) were revealed, and the yield of sugar beet in a crop rotation with green manured fallow was stably higher (no more than 5 to 7%), an increase in yield relative to the control fertilizer variant (6 tons of manure per hectare per year) against the background of a double rate of manure in combination with mineral fertilizers amounted to 21.7 to 23.4% for wheat and 14.3 to 15.6% for beets with an increase in the productivity of crop rotations (in natural and value terms) by 1.2 times, but an increase in costs by 1.3 times caused an absolute decrease in the level of profitability by 23 to 25%. Differences in the assessment indicators for specific fertilization variants increased over time due to an unequal degree of soil fertility reproduction, and therefore in the fifth cycle of the crop rotation with black fallow turned out to be 1.1 to 1.3 times greater than in the green manured rotation.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignocellulosic Biomass with Magnesium Chloride for Solid Fuel Production

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Carrasco ◽  
Javier Silva ◽  
Ernesto Pino-Cortés ◽  
Jaime Gómez ◽  
Fidel Vallejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Magnesium Chloride ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Mass Yield

The effect of magnesium chloride as an additive of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of lignocellulosic biomass (Pinus radiata sawdust) was studied. The HTC tests were carried out at fixed conditions of temperature and residence time of 220 °C and 1 h, respectively, and varying the dose of magnesium chloride in the range 0.0–1.0 g MgCl2/g biomass. The carbonized product (hydrochar) was tested in order to determine its calorific value (HHV) while using PARR 6100 calorimeter, mass yield by gravimetry, elemental analysis using a LECO TruSpec elemental analyzer, volatile matter content, and ash content were obtained by standardized procedures using suitable ovens for it. The results show that using a dose of 0.75 g MgCl2/g biomass results in an impact on the mass yield that was almost equal to change operating conditions from 220 to 270 °C and from 0.5 to 1 h, without additive. Likewise, the calorific value increases by 33% for this additive dose, resulting in an energy yield of 68%, thus generating a solid fuel of prominent characteristics.

scholarly journals Energy substrate utilization with and without exogenous carbohydrate intake in boys and men exercising in the heat

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela T. Leites ◽  
Giovani S. Cunha ◽  
Lisa Chu ◽  
Flavia Meyer ◽  
Brian W. Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Oxidation Efficiency ◽  
Over Time

Little is known about energy yield during exercise in the heat in boys compared with men. To investigate substrate utilization with and without exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo) intake, seven boys [11.2 ± 0.2 (SE) yr] and nine men (24.0 ± 1.1 yr) cycled (4 × 20-min bouts) at a fixed metabolic heat production ( Ḣ p) per unit body mass (6 W/kg) in a climate chamber (38°C and 50% relative humidity), on two occasions. Participants consumed a 13C-enriched 8% CHO beverage (CARB) or placebo beverage (CONT) in a double-blinded, counterbalanced manner. Substrate utilization was calculated for the last 60 min of exercise. CHOexo oxidation rate (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 mg·kg fat-free mass−1·min−1, P = 0.02) and CHOexo oxidation efficiency (12.8 ± 0.6 vs. 16.0 ± 0.9%, P = 0.01) were lower in boys compared with men exercising in the heat. Total carbohydrate (CHOtotal), endogenous CHO (CHOendo), and total fat (Fattotal) remained stable in boys and men ( P > 0.05) during CARB, whereas CHOtotal oxidation rate decreased ( P < 0.001) and Fattotal oxidation rate increased over time similarly in boys and men during CONT ( P < 0.001). The relative contribution of CHOexo to total energy yield increased over time in both groups ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, endogenous substrate metabolism and the relative contribution of fuels to total energy yield were not different between groups. The ingestion of a CHO beverage during exercise in the heat may be as beneficial for boys as men to spare endogenous substrate.

scholarly journals The effect of thermal pre-treatment on cassava rhizome properties for utilizing as green fuel in gasification

2020 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 01002
Author(s):  
Punchaluck Sirinwaranon ◽  
Duangduen Atong ◽  
Viboon Sricharoenchaikul
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Fuel Quality ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Gasification Process ◽  
Optimum Energy ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Green Fuel

Cassava rhizome (CR) was torrefied to provide superior solid fuel quality for further gasification process. The torrefaction was carried out in the absence of oxygen at 220, 240, 260, and 280°C with a fixed residence time. Solid fuel after torrefaction has a higher calorific value from that of reduced volatile matters. The optimum energy yield of torrefied CR is 88.16% at 260°C. The heating value of 20.86 MJ/kg for a torrefied product can be achieved compared to 15.37 MJ/kg for untreated CR. The subsequent gasification of torrefied CR at temperature of 800°C yielded the highest gas product of 65 wt.%. The carbon and hydrogen conversions into CO and H2 were 14.28% and 29.95%, respectively. Synthesis gas (syngas) from the conversion maintained the H2/CO ratio of around 2–2.50, which is suitable for the Fischer–Tropsch process or can be used as the feedstock for petrochemical industry.

scholarly journals Evaluating agrogenic structurization of soil variants under different application modes in the Forest-Steppe

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Bulygin ◽  
O. V. Demydenko ◽  
V. A. Velychko ◽  
M. A. Tkachenko ◽  
S. V. Vitvitskyi
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Gray Forest Soil ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Chernozem Soil ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Structural Units ◽  
High Level

Aim. To develop the general normalized statistical model of organizing the structural state of the investigated soils, to determine the vector of direction and criteria of appraising structurization of soil variants in the Forest-Steppe on macro- and microaggregate levels of organization to obtain objective and integral information about the quality status of soil structure and to determine the critical level of degradation, when the residual resistance against the latter is lost. Methods. Field (investigated agrophysical properties of the most common variants in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine: gray forest soil, meadow-chernozem soil, typical chernozem), laboratory (air-dried sieving of soil), statistical-analytical (fractal, factor, cluster, non-parametric statistics). Results. The combined study of the change in the state of soil structure in the most common soils in the Forest-Steppe on two hierarchy levels demonstrated the presence of soil-genetic interval in valuable structural units. The appraisal of several distribution series of structural soil units by dimensions in terms of stability using fractal indices and the structurization of agronomically non-valuable fraction of microaggregates of 0.7 and demonstrated the persistence and anti-persistence of the distribution series, namely, stability or trend. The re-grouping of soil structure constituents occurs by dimensions depending on the soil type, and microaggregates in the amount of 0.25 mm are mostly involved in structural aggregates of 1-0.25 mm and less so in more valuable structural units of >1 mm. Conclusions. It was determined that meadow-chernozem soil was the most resistant to anthropogenic impact (introduc- tion of mineral fertilizers and treatment methods). Its coeffi cient of macroaggregation was at a high level and in case of sowing perennial grasses with the introduction of fertilizers - at a very high level. Gray forest soil was found to be less resistant to the introduction of mineral fertilizers and typical chernozem was the most susceptible to agrophysical degra- dation: the macroaggregation coeffi cient was at a very low level. The microaggregation coeffi cient increased from typical chernozem to gray forest soil and meadow-chernozem which demonstrated the increase in humus content and biogenicity in the presented series of soil variants

Economic and energy efficiency of haylands and pastures in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Петрук ◽  
А.О. Вотяков
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Reduced Costs ◽  
Energy Coefficient

В статье представлены результаты изучения экономической и энергетической эффективности возделывания многолетних трав сенокосного и пастбищного использования. С 2007 по 2012 год проведено изучение продуктивности и экономической эффективности возделывания многолетних трав сенокосного использования в лесостепной зоне, коренное улучшение естественных кормовых угодий с 2011 по 2016 год — в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири. Продуктивность и рентабельность производства многолетних трав сенокосного использования с применением минеральных удобрений в лесостепной зоне наиболее высокими были у люцерны и составили 3,2 т/га корм. ед. и 190% соответственно при затратах 8,8 тыс. руб./га. Выход энергии — 43 ГДж/га, энергетический коэффициент (отношение величины выхода продукции к затраченной энергии) — 8,1. Коренное улучшение лугов с применением минеральных удобрений обеспечило получение 0,8 т/га корм. ед. при затратах 4,1 тыс. руб./га, рентабельность составила 56%. Продуктивность естественных угодий при коренном улучшении с использованием органических удобрений — 0,9 т/га корм. ед., рентабельность — 278% при затратах 1,9 тыс. руб./га. Выход энергии с использованием минеральных удобрений — 9,1 ГДж/га, энергетический коэффициент — 1,9, на фоне органических удобрений — соответственно 10,2 ГДж/га и 3,4. Внесение органических удобрений один раз в 5 лет способствовало существенному снижению затрат при коренном улучшении лугов и значительному повышению рентабельности производства. На основании полученных результатов можно заключить: рентабельность производства многолетних трав достаточно высокая, особенно при использовании органических удобрений. Поэтому в хозяйствах с экстенсивными технологиями многолетние травы должны составлять основу кормопроизводства. This article reports on economic and energy efficiencies of perennial grasses cultivated in pastures and haylands. Experiments on hay production took place in the forest-steppe in 2007–2012. Optimization of natural forage lands was conducted in 2011–2016. Alfalfa had the highest hay productivity and economic efficiency under mineral nutrition yielding 3.2 t ha-1 of feed units. Payback amounted to 190%, production costs — 8.8 thousand rubles ha-1. Energy yield reached 43 GJ ha-1, energy coefficient (yield-to-energy ratio) — 8.1. Mineral fertilizers led to the yield of feed units of 0.8 t ha-1, costs of 4.1 thousand rubles ha-1, and profitability of 56%. Under organic fertilization natural forage lands produced 0.9 t ha-1 of feed units, profitability reached 278% while costs — 1.9 thousand rubles ha-1. On the background of mineral nutrition energy yield amounted to 9.1 GJ ha-1, energy coefficient — 1.9, on the background of organic nutrition — 10.2 GJ ha-1 and 3.4, respectively. Organic fertilization once in 5 years significantly reduced costs and increased profitability. Production of perennial crops resulted in high payback, particularly under the application of organic fertilizers. Therefore, farms applying extensive cultivation practices should widely grow perennial grasses.

Soil-Remediating Activity of Agroecosystems and Chernozem Fertility Restoration Using Low-Carbon Technologies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-76
Author(s):  
O. Demidenko ◽  
V. Velichko
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Information Capacity ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Soil Medium

Aim. To present theoretical justifi cation of the increase in potential fertility of typical chernozem with system- atic application of zero tillage via the creation of soil conditions, optimal for photosynthesis, and provision of maximal physiological activity of root systems of cultivated crops to restore natural processes of soil formation in the agroecosystems of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. The analysis of scientifi c literature and our own studies (for over 30 years) have demonstrated that the conditions of minimal tillage ensure the connection between the physiologi- cal rhythms of activity of agricultural crops, the rhythms of humus decomposition and synthesis, the fi xation of carbonic acid by the heterotrophic saprophyte microfl ora and carbonation, restoring soil formation in agroeco- systems. Agricultural crops in the agroecosystems are self-developing, auto-regulated, open systems, capable of overcoming the forces, causing the increase in entropy and forming highly regulated and dynamically stable complexes of different hierarchy. High information capacity and codifi cation of cultivated crops defi nes the direction of the development of soil medium in agroecosystems. When the genetic information capacity of the development of cultivated crops resonates with the information capacity of the soil medium development, there is either the soil formation process or the process of extensive fertility restoration in agroecosystems. Conclusions. The maintenance and application of aboveground by-products of crop production, suffi ciently compensated in terms of nitrogen using mineral fertilizers, as organic fertilizers, and wrapped up into the sur- face layer of chernozem during the zero tillage, simulates the natural course of nitrogen-carbon circulation in agroecosystems of different types. The restoration of the natural soil formation model in the agroecosystems is ensured by the stimulation of physiological activity of cultivated crops in the agroecosystems due to the launch of drain mechanisms of carbon with the increase in СО 2 content in the lowest atmospheric layers dur- ing the vegetation period of crops, which should be the basic model of extensive fertility restoration of typical chernozem.

Microagrogenesis of chernozem in agrocenosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-45
Author(s):  
O. Demydenko ◽  
V. Velichko
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions ◽  
Typical Chernozem ◽  
Theoretical Substantiation ◽  
Organic Mineral ◽  
Mineral System

The aim of the study was to provide scientifi c and theoretical substantiation for the process of microaggrega- tion of typical chernozem via the simulation of natural processes of soil formation under the effect of systemat- ic application of soil-protecting technologies of crop cultivation with surface packing of root and after-harvest remains, humus, and mineral fertilizers in agrocenoses of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Laboratory-analytical, experimental fi eld, statistical. Results. During tillage (for over 75 years) the number of free and friable-linked aggregates in the 0–40-cm chernozem layer decreased down to 17–20 %, and on the background of organic-mineral system of fertilization (15 t/ha of humus + N 80 P 75 K 60 ) there was an increase in the content of the mentioned groups of microaggregates up to 20–25 %. The systematic implementation of soil protective technologies promoted the increase in the content of free and friable-linked microaggregates up to 29–32 %. During tillage, the coeffi cient of saturation with humus for physical clay (PC) decreased 1.3–1.4 times compared to the grassland. The value of PC saturation during the soil protective tillage was optimal, as humus was neither accumulated in the form of free humates, nor stored like “fat” in animal organisms.aAnd there was no blocking of nutrients with free humates. Humus acts as a connective tissue, promoting the improved water-resistance of chernozem structure on the micro- and macroaggregate levels. The ability of chernozems to have aggregation was determined by the dispersion factor (DF), which was 12–14 % during tillage without introducing any fertilizers, and 10 % – with the introduction of fertilizers, which testifi ed to a weak degree of microaggregation. With minimal tillage on the background of the organo-mineral system of fertilization, DF = = 6–7 %, and by the end of rotation it decreased down to 3-5 %. Conclusions. Enhanced microaggregation in soil protective technologies is explained by the fact that detritus and newly formed humic substances enhance their role in the formation of organo-mineral complexes in case of optimization of hydrothermal conditions in the seasonal cycle and decreased tempo of humus mineralization. The correlation coeffi cient between the num- ber of microaggregates, sized 0.01–0.25 mm and the content of peptized humic substances during tillage was as follows: R = +0.480.01, and for soil protective technologies it was: R = (+0.70–0.75) 0.01. The increase in microaggregation in conditions of soil protective tillage occurred in the direction of wild land analogs and fallow, which testifi ed to the simulation of the natural process of typical chernozem microaggregation in the agrocenoses of the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

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