Perlindungan Hukum Harta Bawaan Debitur Pasca Perceraian

The problem of debt is included in the field of personal status, where marriages are carried out between spouses, which as a result of the law of debt become a burden to be borne together from marriage agreements between citizens, especially related to the distribution of joint assets. How is the legal liability of debtors to creditors in the final period of marriage? and How is the legal protection for the debtor's innate property? Regarding the marriage agreement, it is regulated in Article 29 of Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage. This is because of the agreement made between the husband and wife both regarding joint property after marriage and the child's guardianship rights as well as the citizenship status of the child and each party. The method used in this research is normative juridical and empirical juridical research which is analyzed using legal certainty theory and legal liability theory. From the results of the research. Events that often occur in the field of debt, debt repayments that must be paid by the debtor are often not as agreed. In the legal certainty of customer credit guarantees on objects of land and building mortgages, there is a decrease in the appraisal value by the bank, but the binding of credit guarantees with mortgages is carried out if a customer or debtor obtains credit facilities from the bank. Divorce is an abolition of marriage accompanied by a judge's decision. or at the will of one of the parties, both husband and wife, through the submission of a claim by one of the parties to the marriage. Keywords: Legal Liability, Debt, Creditors, Wife.

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Kepastian Hukum Harta Bersama bagi Istri Pertama dalam Perkawinan Poligami

Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan ◽

10.17977/um019v6i1p66-71 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 66

Author(s):

Willy Budianto ◽

Rachmi Sulistyarini

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Polygamous Marriage ◽

The Future ◽

Shared Property ◽

The Creation ◽

The Law ◽

Joint Property

This study aimed to analyze the legal certainty of shared property as well as the urgency of marriage agreements on the shared property for first wives in polygamous marriages. The research used the statute approach. The provisions of the law on joint property in polygamous marriage based on Article 94 of the compilation of Islamic law did not provide legal certainty to the first wife, thus the creation of a marriage treaty deed on joint property under Law Number 1 of 1974 on Marriage became one of the efforts to obtain legal certainty. The urgency of the marriage agreement on the joint property for the first wife in a polygamous marriage was related to the legal protection of the first wife when the husband was influenced by the second wife in the future.

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The Certainty And Legal Protection To The Buyer's Auction Of The Mortgage Right Object On Online Auctions At The Service Of Wealth State Office And Auction (KPKNL)

Jurnal Akta ◽

10.30659/akta.v5i2.3175 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 481

Author(s):

Arif Budi Pamungkas ◽

Djauhari Djauhari

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Online Auctions ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Legal Research ◽

The Public ◽

State Office ◽

The Law ◽

The Right ◽

The Way

An auction is an activity of selling of goods in public by means of a verbal-bid to get the higher price or to get lower prices and the price quote can be done in a closed and written. This is done by the way of collecting the prospective buyers of the auction led by officials of the auction. In this case, the intended auction was the sale of goods that are held publicly. The auction, according to the regulations of security right, is when the debtor made a breach, the holder of the security rights have the right to sell the security rights’ objects over its own power through a public auction as well as taking payment of account receivable from the sale proceeds. An auction is an alternative to the sale of an undertaken asset by way of inviting prospective buyers at a particular time and place in which the last highest bidder in writing or orally is determined as the winner. The author used socio-legal research as his research method. To meet the forth standards set by the law, the auction should be widely announced to the public, either through printed file, electronic or visual. A legal certainty as a basis which concerned with propriety and justice is very closely related to the principle of auction sales in another. As the formulation of the problem of the form of identification of the problem, namely how the legal protection of the auction buyers encountered the obstacles as well as the solution.Keywords: Auction; Legal Protection; Mortgage Right

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The partial waiver of the rights and partial invalidation of rights to the invention

Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property ◽

10.33731/52020.233736 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

Petro Borovyk

Keyword(s):

Legal Protection ◽

Third Parties ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Utility Model ◽

Patent Owner ◽

The Third ◽

Utility Models ◽

The Law ◽

State Registration ◽

The Right

Borovyk P. The partial waiver of the rights and partial invalidation of rights to the invention. In view of changes in the Law of Ukraine «About protection of rights for inventions and utility models» introduced according to the Law No. 816-IX as of 21.07.2020, it is implied that a patent owner can waive rights provided by a state registration of an invention (utility model) fully or partially, and a court can render the rights for the invention (utility model) invalid fully or partially. The partial waiver of the rights or rendering the rights invalid causes a number of issues on a rather frequent basis, in particular, regarding a certain procedure of defining the entire scope of rights according to the patent and a portion of these rights. Since the scope of rights is defined by claims, the partial waiver of the rights or the partial rendering the rights invalid substantially represents a change of the scope of rights, which are defined by the claims as published. The patent may be granted for a group of inventions. In such case, the scope of rights shall be defined by the claims that comprise several independent claims. Here, the partial waiver of the rights for the invention may be carried out by waiving one or several independent claims at the discretion of the patent owner or by rendering one or several independent claims invalid by the court. Therewith, the scope of rights that is defined during conduction of an examination for another invention of the group of inventions, which are mentioned in a single protection document (patent), is not changed. The partial waiver or the partial rendering the rights for the invention invalid for the claims having one independent claim is a more problematic case. A key aspect of this problem is an influence of the proposed amendments of the claims onto the scope of rights for the invention and its correspondence with the requirements for granting a legal protection. More specifically, it is an establishment of a fact of reduction of the scope of rights when introducing the proposed amendments into the independent claim and examination of a new version of the independent claim for compliance with the requirements of patentability. An important aspect also lies in establishment of a balance of interests of the patent owner and third parties. The patent owner will receive a mechanism of implementation of the right for protection of allowable embodiments of the invention, while the third parties will receive a right for a legal certainty by means of an analysis of the scope of rights of the new version of the claims. The article discloses grounds for waiving the rights for the invention and the mechanism for implementation of the waiver under the legislation in force both for the case of the group of inventions and for the partial waiver or the partial rendering the rights for the invention invalid with the claims having one independent claim. Keywords: scope of rights, independent and dependent claims, amendment to claims, proceedings

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PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PARA PIHAK YANG TERLIBAT DALAM PERJANJIAN PADA PLATFORM LOAN-BASED CROWDFUNDING

Jurnal Privat Law ◽

10.20961/privat.v7i2.39319 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 181

Author(s):

Chartilia Gendis Napinillit M. ◽

Anjar Sri Ciptorukmi

Keyword(s):

Dispute Settlement ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Legal Rights ◽

Legal Action ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Important Thing ◽

Legal Relationship ◽

The Law ◽

Legal Consequences ◽

Laws And Regulations

This article aims to analyze and know the law protection provided to parties involved in the agreement through the loan-based crowdfunding platform. The legal protection granted to the parties is contained within the agreement itself, namely within the clause of the clause agreed upon by the parties, and there is also an out of the agreement, that is, in the provisions of current laws and regulations. Law protection is an important thing to guarantee the fulfillment of the legal rights of a person. In addition to these objectives, law protection is provided to bring about legal certainty, legal benefit, and justice for the parties. Law protection can be preventive (prevent) or repressive (fix). The agreed agreement on the loan-based crowdfunding platform creates a legal relationship between the two parties of the manufacturer. Legal Relationship is a relationship that gives rise to the consequences of a law guaranteed by law or law. Any legal action that raises legal consequences on a loan-based crowdfunding platform should have legal protection, especially when there is a dispute between the parties. Peaceful forums or through deliberations can not be guaranteed to resolve existing disputes, therefore legal protection is required to provide a solution and clarity of existing dispute settlement or potentially occurring after the agreement is agreed.Keywords: Law Protection, Agreement, Loan-based crowdfunding, .Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui perlindungan hukum yang diberikan bagi para pihak yang terlibat didalam perjanjian melaui platform loan-based crowdfunding. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan bagi para pihak terdapat didalam perjanjian itu sendiri, yaitu didalam klausula klausula yang telah disepakati para pihak, dan terdapat juga diluar perjanjian, yaitu didalam ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku saat ini. Perlindungan hukum merupakan suatu hal yang penting untuk menjamin terpenuhinya hak hak hukum dari seseorang. Selain tujuan tersebut, perlindungan hukum yang diberikan guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum, kemanfaatan hukum, dan keadilan bagi para pihak. Perlindungan hukum yang diberikan dapat bersifat preventif (mencegah) atau represif (memperbaiki). Perjanjian yang disepakati pada platform loan-based crowdfunding menimbulkan suatu hubungan Hukum antara dua pihak pembuatnya. Hubungan Hukum yaitu hubungan yang menimbulkan akibat Hukum yang dijamin oleh Hukum atau Undang-Undang. Setiap perbuatan hukum yang memunculkan akibat hukum pada platform loan-based crowdfunding harus memiliki perlindungan hukum, terlebih disaat terjadi suatu sengketa antar pihak. Forum damai atau melalui cara musyawarah belum dapat menjadi jaminan akan terselesaikannya sengketa yang ada, maka dari itu perlindungan hukum diperlukan untuk memberi solusi dan kejelasan akan penyelesaian sengketa yang ada atau yang berpotensi terjadi pasca perjanjian disepakati.Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, Perjanjian, Loan based crowdfunding.

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Penyelesaian Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial di Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial dalam Pemenuhan Hak Pekerja/Buruh Yang di Putus Hubungan Kerja

Pandecta Research Law Journal ◽

10.15294/pandecta.v10i2.4954 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 215

Author(s):

Yani Nur Fatimah

Keyword(s):

Industrial Relations ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Employment Contracts ◽

The Law

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang menjadi penyebab terjdinya PHK, kompensasi yang diberikan kepeda pekerja/buruh yang di PHK berdasarkan putusan hakim PHI dan peran hakim PHI dalam memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap kasus kasus PHK. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme PHK berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, serta mengenai pemenuhan hak pekerja yang mengalami PHK yang tercantum dalam perjanjian kerja jika terjadi PHK maka pekerja/buruh hanya memperoleh 1 (satu) kali dan uang pengantian hak sesuai dengan Undang-Undang. Selanjutnya mengenai perlindungan hukum terkait pemberian kompensasi pekerja/buruh. Terkait mengenai upaya hukum yang dilakukan pekerja/buruh demi memperjuangkan hak-haknya melalui non litigasi dan litigasi. Non litigasi atau diluar pengadilan dilakukan memalui konsiliasi dan mediasi yang dijalankan secara muyawarah yang ditengahi oleh Dinakertrans. Sedangkan litigasi atau melalui jalur pengadilan dilakukan memalui Pengadilan Hubungan Industrial. This study aimed to analyze the factors that cause terjdinya layoffs, compensation provided kepeda workers / laborers whose employment is terminated by the judge’s ruling and the role of judges PHI PHI to provide legal certainty to the cases of layoffs. These results indicate that the mechanism of layoffs under Law No. 13 of 2003 on Labor, as well as the fulfillment of the rights of workers who were laid off were contained in employment contracts in the event of layoff the workers / laborers only get 1 (one) time and money replacement right in accordance with the Law. Furthermore, regarding the legal protection related to compensation of workers / laborers. Related legal efforts undertaken regarding workers / labor for asserting their rights through non-litigation and litigation. Non litigation or outside court is performed by the conciliation and mediation run muyawarah brokered by Dinakertrans. While litigation or through the courts is performed by the Industrial Relations Court.

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Kedudukan Notaris dan PPAT dalam Perjanjian Jual Beli Tanah dan Jaminan Perlindungan bagi Para Pihak

Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum ◽

10.22225/jkh.2.1.2545.379-383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 379-383

Author(s):

I Komang Edy Susanto ◽

Ida Ayu Putu Widiati ◽

Ni Gusti Ketut Sri Astiti

Keyword(s):

Research Method ◽

Legal Protection ◽

Land Rights ◽

Equal Treatment ◽

Public Official ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Land Registration ◽

Legal Method ◽

The Law ◽

The Right

Basically, notaries also serve as Land Deed Making Official (hereafter called PPAT) after they carry out a test. Thus, in carrying out their role as PPAT, they are entitled to make deeds of transferring land rights. Based on this background, this research was conducted with the aim of describing how the position of the notary and PPAT in transferring land rights and how legal protection for parties who transfer land through sale and purchase. The research method used in this research was a normative legal method. The results of this study indicated that the position of a notary in the transfer of land rights as an official deed maker is mentioned in article 2 paragraph (1) of Law No. 2/2014 concerning the Position of Notary, which states that a notary is a public official who is authorized to make authentic deeds and has other powers as referred to in this Law or based on other Prevailing Laws. The position of the PPAT in essence has the task of carrying out land registration by making deeds as evidence and having carried out certain legal actions regarding land rights. Legal protection for parties transferring land through sale and purchase is stated in the 1945 Constitution, namely Article 27 paragraph (1) which states that each person has the right to recognition, guarantee, protection, and legal certainty that is just and equal treatment before the law.

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Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Kreditur Pemegang Jaminan Fidusia yang Dipindah Tangankan

Jurnal Konstruksi Hukum ◽

10.22225/jkh.2.1.2628.431-435 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 431-435

Author(s):

I Made Suarja ◽

Simon Nahak ◽

I Ketut Widia

Keyword(s):

Legal Protection ◽

Third Parties ◽

District Court ◽

Research Approach ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Credit Guarantee ◽

Normative Approach ◽

Registered Office ◽

The Law ◽

Execution Procedures

This research was conducted based on fiduciary guarantee of execution provided for in Article 29 of Act No. 42 of the year 1999 about Fiduciary Guarantee stating that the fiduciary guarantee execution can be carried out by means of the execution of the title eksekutorial, the distribution of sale through the society, or sale under the hand with the consent of both parties. However, in practice when it will do the execution of fiduciary guarantee, guarantee that turned out to be transferable and controlled by third parties without the consent of the borrower. Formulation of the problem in this study was 1. The requirements are to be met by the lender in order to have the power of doing execution in granting credit Guarantee Chattels? 2. How is the legal protection for the lender that guarantees Fiduciary transferable? The purpose of the research to know the procedure of obtaining legal protection for holders of a Fiduciary which is transferable. The theory is a theory of legal certainty and the protection of the law. This type of research approach with normative approach legislation and the approach to the case. The first discussion about the terms of execution of fiduciary guarantee and second set of laws regarding a lender to Fiduciary redirected. The result of the research showed that if not created by notariil and registered office at Fiduciary, then their execution procedures can only be done with the setting of the ruling of the District Court. Procedures and procedures binding guarantee of fiduciary fiduciary registration procedures on Fiduciary Office, are not set or are not found in detail in the Law Number 42 Year 1999.

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KEPASTIAN HUKUM TERHADAP PENGASUHAN ANAK MUMAYIZ PASCA PERCERAIAN

Jurnal Yudisial ◽

10.29123/jy.v11i1.139 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Mansari Mansari ◽

Reza Maulana

Keyword(s):

Empirical Research ◽

Legal Protection ◽

The Other ◽

Court Decision ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Straight Line ◽

The Status ◽

The Law ◽

A Minor ◽

Banda Aceh

ABSTRAKAnak yang telah mumayiz diberikan kebebasan memilih tinggal bersama ibu atau ayahnya. Kesempatan untuk memilih harus dinyatakan secara eksplisit dalam putusan untuk menghindari konflik di kemudian hari antara kedua orang tuanya. Berbeda dalam Putusan Nomor 175/PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA yang tidak langsung menetapkan anak yang telah mumayiz diasuh oleh ibu atau ayahnya. Hal ini dikhawatirkan akan menimbulkan persoalan hukum di kemudian hari demi memperebutkan anak tersebut. Permasalahannya adalah bagaimana aspek kepastian hukum terhadap pemeliharaan anak mumayiz dalam Putusan Nomor 175/PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA, dan bagaimana perlindungan hukum bagi anak mumayiz yang belum menentukan pilihannya? Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian empiris dan datanya diperoleh melalui wawancara hakim dan putusan Mahkamah Syar’iyah Banda Aceh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Putusan Nomor 175/PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA tidak mencerminkan kepastian hukum bagi anak yang telah mumayiz. Hal ini dikarenakan anak yang berumur 14 dan 18 tahun tidak jelas berada di bawah pengasuhan ibu atau ayahnya. Perlindungan hukum bagi anak mumayiz yang belum menentukan sikap/pilihan menjadi kewajiban bersama kedua orang tua untuk mengasuh dan memeliharanya. Jika anak sudah menentukan pilihan dan memilih ibu sebagai pengasuhnya, maka ia wajib memelihara dan mengasuhnya hingga dewasa dan ayah berkewajiban memberikan nafkah kepadanya. Sebaliknya, jika ayah menjadi pilihannya, kewajiban mengasuh, merawat, dan menafkahi menjadi kewajibannya.Kata kunci: kepastian hukum, pengasuhan, perceraian, anak mumayiz. ABSTRACTA Minor who has been mumayiz is given freedom to choose to live either with the mother or father. The decision should be explicitly stated in court decision to avoid future conflicts between the parents. In contrast, Court Decision Number 175/PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA did not in a straight line determine the status of a minor who has been mumayiz to be raised by either the mother or father. This could lead to legal dispute of fighting over the minor in the future. The question is how the legal certainty in the custody of minors with mumayyiz status in Court Decision Number 175/PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA and how the law provide protection for them who have not made their choice yet? This study is done by empirical research and the data collected through interviews of judges and the ruling of Syar’iyah Court of Banda Aceh. The results show that the Court Decision Number 175/ PDT.G/2011/MS-BNA does not reflect legal certainty for the minors with the status of mumayiz. This is because the law does not set off that minors aged of 14 and 18 are in care of their mother or father. While the law has set for minors who have not mumayiz because of the existence of parenting to the mother has been confirmed in the verdict. Legal protection for undecided custody of mumayiz minors will be obliged to their both parents to nurture and raise. If the child has made a choice and chooses the mother as the caregiver, then she is obliged to care and nurture the child to adulthood, and the father is obliged to provide a livelihood for the child. On the other hand, if the father becomes the child’s choice, the obligation to care, nurture, and provide a livelihood becomes his duty.Keywords: legal certainty, custody, divorce, mumayiz minors.

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PELAKSANAAN PUTUSAN NOMOR: 1719/PDT.G/2018/PA.BWI DALAM PEMBAGIAN HARTA PERKAWINAN DALAM PERKARA POLIGAMI

Negara dan Keadilan ◽

10.33474/hukum.v8i2.4648 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

Author(s):

ABDUR ROHMAN

Keyword(s):

Islamic Law ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Equal Share ◽

Joint Property ◽

Husband And Wife

Dapat dideskripsikan, bahwa pelaksanan pembagian harta gono-gini dalam perkawinan poligami adalah sama dengan pembagian harta gono-gini dalam perkawinan monogami, yaitu masing-masing pasangan mendapatkan bagian sama antara suami dan para istri, sebagaimana maksud Pasal 37 Undang-undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 dan Pasal 97 Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Ditetapkan harta bersama dalam perkara ijin poligami, adalah demi kemaslahatan dan melindungi Harta bersama Pemohon dan Termohon, agar istri yang baru tidak mengklaim harta bersama tersebut dengan menerapkan 3 pilar tujuan hukum yaitu keadilan, kemanfaatan dan kepastian hukumKata kunci: kepastian hukum, poligami, perkawianan It can be described, that the distribution of the gono-gini assets in the polygamy marriage is the same as the distribution of the gono-gini assets in a monogamous marriage, where each pair gets an equal share between husband and wife, as intended in Article 37 of Law Number 1 of 1974 and Article 97 Compilation of Islamic Law. Determined joint property in the case of a polygamy permit, is for the benefit and protection of Assets with the Petitioner and Respondent, so that the new wife does not claim the joint property by applying the 3 pillars of legal objectives namely justice, expediency and legal certainty Keywords: legal certainty, polygamy, marriage

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PERLINDUNGAN ANAK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM DAN PERUNDANG-UNDANG

Jurnal Harkat Media Komunikasi Gender ◽

10.15408/harkat.v14i1.10398 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 50-58

Author(s):

Nurlaila Harun

Keyword(s):

Child Care ◽

Social Problems ◽

Islamic Law ◽

Court Decision ◽

Adopted Children ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Marriage Law ◽

The Will ◽

The Law ◽

Religious Courts

Abstract. Children are children, and not little adults. Thus, the treatment of children whether involved in criminal acts or those experiencing social problems must be addressed for the welfare of children. The need for children adoption within Indonesian Islamic community will also be increasingly important for those who need it, in order to obtain legal certainty in which can be obtained by a court decision including the decision of the Religious Court. The marriage law and religious justice law have regulated in detail about child care and guardianship which are compiled in a compilation of Islamic law. The Law on Religious Courts explicitly states that the Religious Courts are a court for Muslims regarding cases or matters that are in its authorities. Muslims in this case are not only adults but also children. Unfortunately, the issue of children protection is not referred explicitly in the authorities of the Religious Courts. However, to serve and to fulfill the legal needs of Muslims regarding to child care, the Religious Courts, at the request of someone who adopts a child based on Islamic law, may issue a decision on adoption in terms of the child concerned as a proof of completion of the will must be regulated in the Compilation of Islamic law of Religious Courts. Consequently, the rights and obligations of parents who have adopted children with Islamic law have special characteristics that are different from the rights and obligations of parents who have adopted children without Islamic law. Abstrak. Anak-anak adalah anak-anak, dan bukan orang dewasa kecil. Dengan demikian, perlakuan terhadap anak-anak apakah terlibat dalam tindakan kriminal atau mereka yang mengalami masalah sosial harus ditangani untuk kesejahteraan anak-anak. Kebutuhan adopsi anak dalam komunitas Islam Indonesia juga akan semakin penting bagi mereka yang membutuhkannya, untuk mendapatkan kepastian hukum yang dapat diperoleh melalui keputusan pengadilan termasuk keputusan Pengadilan Agama. Hukum perkawinan dan hukum keadilan agama telah mengatur secara rinci tentang pengasuhan anak dan perwalian yang disusun dalam kompilasi hukum Islam. Undang-Undang tentang Pengadilan Agama secara eksplisit menyatakan bahwa Pengadilan Agama adalah pengadilan bagi umat Islam tentang kasus atau hal-hal yang ada dalam otoritasnya. Muslim dalam hal ini tidak hanya orang dewasa tetapi juga anak-anak. Sayangnya, masalah perlindungan anak tidak dirujuk secara eksplisit dalam otoritas Pengadilan Agama. Namun, untuk melayani dan memenuhi kebutuhan hukum umat Islam terkait perawatan anak, Pengadilan Agama, atas permintaan seseorang yang mengadopsi anak berdasarkan hukum Islam, dapat mengeluarkan keputusan tentang adopsi dalam hal anak yang bersangkutan sebagai bukti penyelesaian kehendak harus diatur dalam Kompilasi hukum Islam Pengadilan Agama. Akibatnya, hak dan kewajiban orang tua yang mengadopsi anak dengan hukum Islam memiliki karakteristik khusus yang berbeda dengan hak dan kewajiban orangtua yang mengadopsi anak tanpa hukum Islam.

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