scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf of Syzygium Cumini (L.) Skeels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 684-688
Author(s):  
Shyam Baboo Prasad ◽  
Arun M Gurav ◽  
Goli P Prasad ◽  
Anupam K Mangal ◽  
Srikanth N
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Syzygium Cumini ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Studies ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Family: Myricaceae) commonly known as Jamun is a widely used medicinal plant in Ayurveda. In spite of its numerous medicinal attributes, no published work is available on pharmacognostic characterization, physicochemical analysis of its leaves. The measures taken for pharmacognostic characterization were macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, fluorescence analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening. The microscopic evaluation showed useful characters for the recognition of leaf of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels . Transverse section, showed presence of single layer of wavy epidermal cells with striated cuticle single layer Palisade beneath upper epidermis in lamina region (contains compact elongated cells), Spheraphide in lamina region, collenchyma below the upper epidermis and above the lower epidermis in midrib region, Xylem and phloem in center, Sclerenchyma in between vascular bundle and collenchyma in midrib region. Wavy epidermal cell in the upper epidermis, anisocytic stomata in the lower epidermis, Bordered pitted reticulate vessels, Calcium oxalate crystal sheath in the lamina, fragment of fibers and Spiral vessels were observed in powder microscopy. Physicochemical studies showed total ash (3.1%), acid insoluble ash (0.7%), alcohol soluble extractive values (10.96 %), and water-soluble extractive values (12.32 %). Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of sugar, lipid, Glycoside, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, tri-terpenoids and steroids. The study forms the first report on pharmacognostic characters and a physicochemical parameter which could be useful for identification and authentication of the plant.

Pharmacognostical Investigation of Trapa natans L Leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 4680-4684
Author(s):  
Chandana Majee ◽  
Rupa Mazumder ◽  
Alka N. Choudhary
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Trapa Natans ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Who Guideline

Background: Trapa natans L., is annual aquatic plant generally kwon as Water caltrp, Water chest nut belonging to the Trapaceae or Lytraceae family. Trapa natans L is use for the treatment of wide no of diseases without proper standardization. Objective: To give the right pharmacognostical and photochemical information of the Trapanatan L leaves. In this study pharmacognostical investigation of the fresh leaves and powder drug were done to determine the macroscopical, microscopical, quantitative physicochemical and phytochemical property of the drugs. Method: Macroscopical, quantitative and qualitative microscopy, physicochemical evaluation, extractive value, florescence analysis and phytochemical analysis were done according to the WHO guideline. Result: Macroscopical analysis showed that, leaves are greenish to purplish color, rhomboidal shape; alternate, acute, margin is dentate, pinnate venation. Microscopic evaluation showed that leaf is dorsi ventral in nature, upper layer epidermis cells were covered with cuticle layer. Single layer of barrel shape cell were present bellow the upper epidermis layer. Trichomes are generally multicellular. Anomocytic stomata were observed in upper epidermis. From the experiment it was found that methanolic extract give the highest extractive value. Phytochemical analysis gives the evidence for the presence of carbohydrate, alkaloids, glycoside, steroids, flavonoids, tannin, and triterpenoids. Qualitative phytochemical analysis give the evidence for presence of high amount total phenolic content. Conclusion: Different pharmacognostical parameters assessed in this examination help to detection and standardization of Trapa natans L., leaves.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical and Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of Whole Plant of Piper Longum L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 440-449
Author(s):  
Fathima Suman P ◽  
Minhaj . ◽  
I Arthi
Keyword(s):  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Piper Longum ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Constants

This study deals with the Pharmacognostical physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation of the whole plant of Piper longum L. Pharmacognostical studies include macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation. Physicochemical constants showed the values of total ash (10.8%), acid insoluble ash (1.3%), water soluble ash (3.2%), sulphated ash (12%), nitrated ash (1.85%), hot extraction (11.2%), water soluble extractive (4.8%), ethanol soluble extractive (12.4%), ether soluble extractive (5.6%), loss on drying (29%), swelling index (0.33) and mucilage content (0.8%) w/w. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the alcoholic extract showed presents of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, tannins, mucilage, starch, steroid and flavonoids. This study helps to development of different standard parameters of the plant which help the plant identification and authentication. Keywords: Piper longum L., Whole plant, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Extract.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and acute toxicity study of the rhizome of Nymphae lotus L. (Nymphaeaceae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Namadina Muhammad Murtala ◽  
Nuhu Aliyu ◽  
Aliyu Bala Sidi ◽  
Hafizu Muhammad Sulaiman ◽  
Ahmad Abdulkadir Tahir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
The Family

Nymphaea lotus belongs to the family Nymphaeaceae and traditionally used in the treatment of aphrodisiac, anodyne, astringent, cardiotonic, sedative, demulcent, analgesic and as anti-inflammatory agent. The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytochemical, physicochemical analysis and safety margin of N. lotus rhizome with the hope of assisting in its standardization for quality, purity and safety. The powdered sample of the rhizome was extracted with aqueous and methanol and evaluated for physicochemical parameters of the plant. The extracts were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity study. The physicochemical parameters evaluated include: moisture content (7.4%), total ash (10.3%), water soluble (7.1%), acid insoluble (2.8%), ethanol extractive value (16.7%), and water extractive value (22.0%). The quantitative phytochemical analysis revealed that alkaloids (166.0 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical detected in the rhizome while the lowest was saponins (22.0 mg/g). LD50 of both extracts was above 5000 mg/kg and did not cause mortality in all the tested rats. The results of this finding may be useful in laying down standards and for the compilation of a suitable pharmacopoeia parameters on N. lotus. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. June 2019, 5(2): 138-145

scholarly journals MICROSCOPIC, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF CRATEVA MAGNA (LOUR) DC. (LEAF)

2017 ◽  
pp. 201-204
Author(s):  
Abirami J. ◽  
Jothi G. ◽  
Brindha P.
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Foreign Matter ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Drug Discovery And Development ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Physicochemical Constants

Objective: Preliminary screening of phytochemicals is a valuable step, in the detection of the bioactive principles present in medicinal plants and subsequently may lead to drug discovery and development. In the present study, the identity, purity and strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf), HPTLC, LC MS and phytochemical screening were analysed.Methods: Tests for Identity, Purity, and Strength of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) Botanical standards, Physicochemical constants such as Foreign matter, Total ash, moisture content, Acid insoluble ash, and water soluble ash and Extractive value such as Hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Alcohol were determined. The Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis of various extracts was also determined. HPTLC, LCMS ANALYSIS was analysed.Results: Microscopic studies T S of Crateva magna leaf shows the presence of prominent midrib, upper and lower epidermis and lamina. Preliminary phytochemical analysis of dry powder and aqueous extracts of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) showed the presence of flavones, steroids, glycosides, sugar, alkaloids, quinones, phenols, coumarin and lignin. HPTLC of an Aqueous extract of the Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf). LC MS spectrum indicates may be the presence of bioactive compounds.Conclusion: The results revealed that aqueous extract of Crateva magna (Lour) DC. (Leaf) has suitable for anti ulcer study.

scholarly journals Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Semalty ◽  
Mona Semalty ◽  
Devendra Singh ◽  
M. Rawat
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Toxicity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phospholipid Complex ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Drug Content ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Poorly Water Soluble

Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenacPharmacosomes are amphiphilic lipid vesicular systems that have shown their potential in improving the bioavailability of poorly water soluble as well as poorly lipophilic drugs. Diclofenac is a poorly water soluble drug and also causes gastrointestinal toxicity. To improve the water solublity of diclofenac, its pharmacosomes (phospholipid complex) have been prepared and evaluated for physicochemical analysis. Diclofenac was complexed with phosphatidylcholine (80%) in equimolar ratio, in the presence of dichloromethane, by the conventional solvent evaporation technique. Pharmacosomes thus prepared were evaluated for drug solubility, drug content, surface morphology (by scanning electron microscopy), phase transition behaviour (by differential scanning calorimetry), crystallinity (by X-ray powder diffraction) andin vitrodissolution. Pharmacosomes of diclofenac were found to be irregular or disc shaped with rough surfaces in SEM. Drug content was found to be 96.2 ± 1.1%. DSC thermograms and XRPD data confirmed the formation of the phospholipid complex. Water solubility of the prepared complex was found to be 22.1 μg mL-1as compared to 10.5 μg mL-1of diclofenac. This improvement in water solubility in prepared pharmacosomes may result in improved dissolution and lower gastrointestinal toxicity. Pharmacosomes showed 87.8% while the free diclofenac acid showed a total of only 60.4% drug release at the end of 10 h of dissolution study.

scholarly journals PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STANDARDIZATION OF PHYSALIS MINIMA L. LEAF

2019 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
DIBYENDU SHIL ◽  
DAMIKI LALOO ◽  
SMRITI REKHA CHANDA DAS ◽  
SUVAKANTA DASH
Keyword(s):  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Protein Quantification ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Solanaceae Family

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of Physalis minima leaf. Methods: The leaf of Physalis minima was examined for macroscopical, microscopical, physicochemical parameters and fluorescence analysis. Extracts obtained from the leaf was analyzed for phytochemical screening and estimation of total tannin, phenolic and flavonoid content following the standard procedure available in the literature. Results: Morphologically, the leaf was found to be ovate in shape, 5 to 8 cm long and up to 3 cm width with dentate margin, asymmetrical base, hairy surface, reticulate veins on each side of midrib, green in colour, characteristic odour and slight bitter in taste. Microscopic study has shown the important diagnostic characters of Solanaceae family which is characterized by presence of dorsiventral leaf with anomocytic stomata, grandular or uniseriate trichomes and cluster crystal of calcium oxalate. Physicochemical parameters like foreign organic matter (0.78%), loss on drying (8.23%), total ash (11.4%), acid insoluble ash (2.2%), water-soluble ash (6.1%), sulphated ash (2.4%) alcohol soluble extractive (10.4%), water-soluble extractive (9.5%), ether soluble extractive (1.8%) foaming index (below 100), swelling index (1), volatile oil and heavy metal content were quantified. Phytochemical analysis of different extracts of Physalis minima leaf has shown the presence of phytoconstituents viz. alkaloids, steroids, tannin, flavonoids, protein. Quantification of phytoconstituents was also reported like phenols (10.59±0.65 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid), tannin (8.24±0.27 mg/gm equivalent to tannic acid) and flavonoids (87.17±0.87 mg/gm equivalent to rutin) respectively. Conclusion: This present study was provided the qualitative and quantitative standard of Physalis minima will help to prevent the possible steps of adulteration with other species of the same genus.

scholarly journals Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization, and antibacterial evaluation of Cassia alata leaves from different locations in Indonesia

Pharmacia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 947-956
Author(s):  
Marissa Angelina ◽  
Ainul Mardhiyah ◽  
Rizna Triana Dewi ◽  
Sofa Fajriah ◽  
Nusaibah Muthiah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Cassia Alata ◽  
Phenolics Content ◽  
Antibacterial Evaluation

Physicochemical analysis for simplicia and extract, respectively: water content 2.12–4% for simplicia; drying losses 3.93–5.47% and 8.51–19.76%; total ash 5.14–9.41% and 6.22–17.07%; total ash acid-insoluble content 0.29–5.41% and 0.52–3.82%; total ash water-soluble content 1.26–7.14% and 1.43–8.54%; water-soluble content 19.60–39.43% and 58.45–77.51%; ethanol-soluble content 13.99–33.76% and 59.79–75.39%. The phytochemical analysis showed that the extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. Total flavonoids and total phenolics content were 9.86–15.74% QE/g and 6.67–7.65% GAE/g, respectively. Based on LC-MS results, the extract contained emodin, kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. The extracts possessed antibacterial activity against bacteria tested.

Standardization Using Analytical Techniques (UV, NMR, FTIR, HPLC, Mass) and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of the Roots of Selinum vaginatum: A Rare Himalayan Plant of the Rohtang Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-103
Author(s):  
Nikita Saraswat ◽  
Neetu Sachan ◽  
Phool Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Coumarin Derivative ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Active Compounds ◽  
Organoleptic Characteristics

Introduction: Selinum vaginatum is an endemic Indian plant present on high altitude and is known as “Bhootkeshi,” by the locals. The root of plant Selinum vaginatum commonly known as “Bhootkeshi” from the family Umbellifercae is an aromatic herbal drug. Selinum vaginatum has been used traditionally for curing seizures, epilepsy, mental illness, and hysteria. This plant has shown therapeutic effects as used by the locals. There is no data available regarding standardization of the roots of Selinum vaginatum. It is a novel work as the plant is rarely found and shows medicinal values but no quality control work has been performed. Objective: The aim of this paper is to study quality control and carry out physicochemical analysis and standardization of the roots of Selinum vaginatum for determining its quality and purity. As no work has been performed on the roots of this plant, so standardization will help in keeping a record of the parameters exhibited during the evaluation of the roots of Selinum vaginatum. Methods: The organoleptic characteristics were studied and physicochemical tests, phytochemical analysis, fluorescence analysis, TLC, UV, FTIR, NMR, and Electrospray Ionisation - Mass spectroscopy, HPLC and other parameters were carried out for the standardization of the test drug. The procedures were carried out as per the WHO standards. The total ash values, swelling index, foaming index, moisture content, alcohol, and water-soluble extractive values were calculated. The TLC profile of Selinum vaginatum was observed and the UV, FTIR, HPLC, NMR and Mass spectroscopies of the plant were also performed. Results: The microscopic results showed the presence of schizogenous canals in abundance, cork cells, oil and globules, while medullary rays and pith were absent and around 10-17 layers of cells were seen. The presence of active compounds like phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, essential oils, tannins, saponins, carbohydrates, and acids was reported by phytochemical tests, TLC, UV, NMR, HPLC, Mass, and FTIR spectroscopy methods. These compounds can be studied in detail for understanding the potential pharmacological benefits and decoding the traditional uses. The spectroscopic analysis and physicochemical tests have shown the presence of phenols, esters, organic halogens, carbohydrate, carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, and glycosides which must be responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Conclusion: This study has provided a set of information that will be useful for the identification of fresh batches of the roots of Selinum vaginatum and this can be used as a reference set of information for accessing the purity, quality and identification, and analysis of the authenticity of the plant roots. Spectroscopic techniques have shown peaks, which on interpretation have reported the presence of active compounds - (coumarins like selenidin, angelicin, vaginidine, furocoumarin - oroselol and coumarin derivative- lomatin, isovaleric acid, Valeranone, Tricyclene, p-Cymene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene, Camphene, Borneol, p- Camphene, cholorgenic acid, β-Myrcene, Limonene and α-Pineneoxide which can be studied for understanding and identifying the pharmacological actions of the rhizomatous roots of S. vaginatum. All the information collected by research on the roots of S. vaginatum will help in the identification of crude drugs and also in the development of a standard for the drug Selinum vaginatum.

scholarly journals Micrometric study and physicochemical evaluation of Solanum nigrum Linn. leaves

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
CY Jagtap ◽  
◽  
PK Prajapati ◽  
CR Harisha ◽  
VJ Shukla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Alcoholic Extract ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Alcohol Extract ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Physicochemical Evaluation ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Cardiac Disorders

Background: Solanum nigrum Linn. (Solanaceae), commonly known as black night shade (Kakamchi), is an herb, traditionally used in the treatment of skin and cardiac disorders. Till date there is no scientific evaluation has been reported on its leaves. Aims and objectives: Present study assumes singular significance and it is supposed to contribute a great deal to the existing literature. The present investigation was, therefore, undertaken to determine the requisite pharmacognostical standards for standardization of leaves of Solanum nigrum Linn. Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of fresh leaves and dried powder of leaves was carried out along with their micrometric study. Physicochemical and the preliminary phytochemical investigations of dried powder of Solanum nigrum Linn. leaves were also carried out along with fluorescence analysis. HPTLC finger profile of alcohol extract of leaves was also performed. Results: The pharmacognostical studies of leaves revealed the presence of single layered p alisade parenchyma, anisocytic stomata and multicellular warty trichome, glandular trichomes which are the striking characters of identification of this plant material. The preliminary phytochemical screening of three extracts of the leaf powder sho wed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins and saponins along with other phytoconstituents. In HPTLC studies, the alcoholic extract showed presence of eleven and nine phytoconstituents at 254 nm and 366 nm wavelengths respectively. Conclusion: The information generated in this study will be helpful for the proper identification and authentification of leaves of this herb.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic Standardization and Physicochemical Analysis of Clerodendrum Wallichii (Merr.) Leaves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kundan Singh Bora ◽  
Mahamedha Medha
Keyword(s):  
Epidermal Cell ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Microscopic Studies

Background: Presently, the use of herbal medicines is expanding rapidly across the world. While considering source materials, authentication and standardization are prerequisites for herbal formulation in any system of medicine. The plant Clerodendrum Wallichii Merr. (Family: Lamiaceae) has been used for various ailments in traditional systems of medicines, particularly in the treatment of diarrhea, skin infection, inflammation and fever. Objectives: The present study was designed to establish the pharmacognostic standards and perform the physicochemical analysis of C. wallichii leaves. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed using the simple and trinocular microscope, respectively. Methods: The World Health Organization guidelines were followed for the physicochemical analysis of the plant. Fluorescence analysis was observed at daylight, short UV light, and long UV light. The leaves of C. wallichii were found dark green on the upper surface and light green in the lower surface which is odorless and bitter. The leaves are oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a smooth surface. The size of leaves varies from 11 to 18 cm in length and 2.5 to 4 cm in diameter. Results: Powdered microscopy showed the various characters like rare multicellular covering trichome, xylem vessels (reticulate), fiber, trichome base, stellate trichome, adaxial epidermal cell (rectangular), abaxial epidermal cell (irregular), vessels, stomata (anisocytic), calcium oxalate crystals (square and cubic). Physicochemical parameters like moisture content of dry powder of the plant was determined 9.3% W/W. The total ash, acid-insoluble, and water-soluble ash values were calculated as 10.48%, 1.08%, and 8.17%, respectively. The loss on drying was calculated as 9.3% W/W. Conclusion: Extractive values by cold and hot maceration method were also determined. Our obtained data help to authenticate the plant and establish its pharmacopoeial standards.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document