scholarly journals Resistance Genes of Oryza sativa for Protection Against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the Causative Agent of Bacterial Leaf Blight

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
Katelyn Joy Horgan ◽  
Jeffrey Odell Henderson

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major staple crop around the world, particularly in developing regions such as Africa and Asia.  Attack of the rice crop by pathogens has the capacity to greatly diminish crop yield with major agricultural, economical and human consequences.  Xanthomonas orzyza pv. oryzae (Xoo), the causative agent of bacterial leaf blight, has the ability to cause substantial crop loss, up to 80% worldwide.  Genetic sources of resistance have long been considered the most sustainable method of disease control, both from an environmental and agricultural perspective.  This review considers the discovery, evolution, characterization and utilization of resistance genes (R genes) in rice against Xoo. R genes for Xoo are plentiful and exist at multiple loci throughout the rice genome due to multiple gene duplication and transposition events.  The presence of multiple gene loci makes gene pyramiding and resistance stacking accessible and fruitful applications in breeding for resistance.  Biotechnological approaches to take advantage of R gene function have also begun to take root.  However, a more global and concerted effort to study the multiple varieties and climates in which rice is grown is required in order to truly attain food security and find sustainable resistance.

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 440-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Chibuike Chukwu ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Siti Izera Ismail ◽  
Yussuf Oladosu ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyue Shu ◽  
Aijun Wang ◽  
Bo Jiang ◽  
Yuqi Jiang ◽  
Xing Xiang ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Rice (Oryza sativa) bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by the hemibiotrophic Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the production of rice worldwide. The development and use of resistant rice varieties or genes is currently the most effective strategy to control BLB. Results Here, we used 259 rice accessions, which are genotyped with 2 888 332 high-confidence single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Combining resistance variation data of 259 rice lines for two Xoo races observed in 2 years, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring plant resistance against BLB. The expression levels of genes, which contains in GWAS results were also identified between the resistant and susceptible rice lines by transcriptome analysis at four time points after pathogen inoculation. From that 109 candidate resistance genes showing significant differential expression between resistant and susceptible rice lines were uncovered. Furthermore, the haplotype block structure analysis predicted 58 candidate genes for BLB resistance based on Chr. 7_707158 with a minimum P-value (–log 10 P = 9.72). Among them, two NLR protein-encoding genes, LOC_Os07g02560 and LOC_Os07g02570, exhibited significantly high expression in the resistant line, but had low expression in the susceptible line of rice. Conclusions Together, our results reveal novel BLB resistance gene resources, and provide important genetic basis for BLB resistance breeding of rice crops.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khannetah K. R . ◽  
Ramchander S. ◽  
Andrew Peter Leon M. T ◽  
Shobha D. ◽  
Saravanan S. ◽  
...  

Abstract Among rice ( Oryza sativa L.) diseases, bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryza pv. Oryzae , plays a pivotal role in decreasing rice yield. BB is reported to be the most serious constraint to improving rice yield. The present investigation assessed the potentiality of bacterial blight resistance and molecular characterization of 100 rice accessions for four major BB resistance genes, viz., Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 . Disease screening was carried out under glasshouse conditions using a BB culture isolated from BB-infected rice fields through the leaf clipping method. Analyses of 13 BB resistance genes linked with polymorphic microsatellites markers indicated the presence of single-, two-, three- and four-gene combinations of xa5, xa13, Xa4 and Xa21 . We found four accessions to be resistant; 34 accessions to be moderately resistant; 49 accessions to be moderately susceptible and 13 accessions to be susceptible. Among the resistant lines, IR12L110, Namcheonbyeo, Dhalaheera and SahbhagiDhan recorded a minimum lesion length of 3.7cm, 4.2cm, 4.67cm and 8.3 cm, respectively. Phylogenetic tree, constructed using molecular data, grouped the rice germplasm into four major clusters. R genes xa 5 and Xa4 contributed 14 positive compatible R genes, each belonging to 28 germplasm for BB resistance. The potential genetic resources identified as resistant to BB can be used as donors for the improvement of rice BB resistance in rice breeding programs.


Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1411
Author(s):  
Samuel Chibuike Chukwu ◽  
Mohd Y. Rafii ◽  
Shairul Izan Ramlee ◽  
Siti Izera Ismail ◽  
Yusuff Oladosu ◽  
...  

The most vital aspect of marker-assisted backcross breeding is the recurrent parent genome recovery. This enables the selection of only parents with recovered recipient/recurrent parent genome in addition to the targeted genes. The recurrent parent genome recovery (RPGR) ensures that non-desirable genomic segments are removed while the gene of interest is sustained in the recombined progenies without further segregations. This work was aimed at quantifying the RPGR of backcross populations with introgression of bacterial leaf blight resistance genes. Putra-1, a Malaysian elite variety, high yielding with inherent resistance to blast but susceptible to bacterial leaf blight (BLB), was crossed with IRBB60 which is resistant to BLB disease. The IRBB60 has four Xoo resistance genes—Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21. Tightly linked polymorphic functional and SSR markers were used for foreground selection at every stage of backcrossing to select progenies with introgressed target genes. Background selection was done to quantify the percentage of RPGR in the selected lines using 79 confirmed polymorphic microsatellites. Result obtained showed that the percentage of RPGR was 80.11% at BC1F1, 95.30% at BC2F1 and 95.9% at BC2F2. The introgression of Xa4, xa5, xa13 and Xa21 Xoo resistance genes were faster through the adopted marker-assisted backcross breeding compared to what could be obtained through conventional breeding. All the 16 selected lines displayed resistance to BLB with three lines showing high resistance to the disease. The blast resistance contained in the genetic background of Putra-1 was also sustained in all the selected lines. The newly developed lines were recommended as new rice varieties for commercial cultivation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Bhupendra Singh Panwar ◽  
Ruchi Trivedi ◽  
Rallapalli Ravikiran ◽  
Chet Ram ◽  
Subhash Narayanan

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Fatimah Fatimah ◽  
Joko Prasetiyono

<p>Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) is an important bacterial disease and very destructive to rice plant. BLB decreased rice production from 20%-30% up to 80%. Host-plant resistance is a cost-effective and environmentally safe approach to reduce yield loss. However the development of new rice variety by conventional selection would take several years. The genetic improvement in rice production considered as a vital program in order to ensure national food security. The availability of corresponding molecular marker makes it more precision and efficient by reducing the time required for selection. This present article highlights the molecular approach in breeding for BLB disease resistant rice varieties. In detail, it will be discussed the application of molecular marker assisted backcrossing and pyramiding gene resistance offered breeders to accelerate the rice breeding program for resistance to BLB. The pyramiding of three resistance BLB genes (xa5, Xa7, and Xa21and one gene (Xa4) as a background into two elite indica rice varieties, Ciherang and Inpari 13, was introduced successfully. The combining of conventional breeding, marker assisted backcrossing, disease evaluation, agronomic performance and yield has led the significant resistance of pyramid lines to Xoo Race III, IV and VIII in vegetative and generative phase while their yield potential was maintained (6-7 ton/ha). The current status of Ciherang-HDB and Inpari 13-HDB pyramid lines is the production of nucleoseeds and breeder seeds. This broad spectrum and durable resistance characteristic may help in controlling BLB disease in different region of Indonesia and it will facilitate the rice self-sustainability program.</p><p>Keywords: Rice, gene pyramiding, plant breeding, molecular marker.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB) yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae (Xoo) merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman padi karena dapat menurunkan produksi padi rata-rata 20-30% bahkan dapat mencapai 80%. Penggunaan varietas tahan merupakan cara pengendalian yang paling efektif, ramah lingkungan, dan mudah dilakukan. Namun pengembangan varietas unggul baru melalui seleksi konvensional memerlukan waktu lebih lama. Perbaikan varietas padi perlu terus dikembangkan dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan dan kemandirian pangan nasional. Tersedianya marka molekuler membantu proses pemuliaan tanaman menjadi lebih presisi dan lebih efisien sehingga mengurangi waktu seleksi pada tanaman progeni. Tulisan ini memfokuskan pendekatan molekuler dalam pemuliaan varietas tahan penyakit HDB melalui piramida gen ketahanan untuk mempercepat progam pemuliaan padi tahan penyakit HDB. Kegiatan menggabungkan tiga gen ketahanan (xa5, Xa7, dan Xa21) dan satu gen (Xa4) sebagai background ke dalam padi varietas Ciherang dan Inpari-13 telah berhasil dilakukan. Melalui penggabungan beberapa pendekatan yaitu pemuliaan konvensional dan silang balik berbantu marka, evaluasi penyakit dan keragaan agronomi serta komponen hasil telah menunjukkan peningkatan ketahanan yang nyata pada galur-galur piramida Ciherang HDB dan Inpari-13 HDB pada tiga ras Xoo (Ras III, IV, dan VIII), baik pada fase vegetatif maupun generatif dengan potensi hasil tidak berbeda nyata dengan tetuanya (6-7 t/ha). Saat ini sudah diproduksi benih inti (NS) dan benih penjenis (BS) galur-galur piramida Ciherang HDB dan Inpari-13 HDB. Dengan demikian, galur-galur piramida memiliki spektrum yang luas dan mampu bertahan dalam jangka waktu lama sehingga dapat mengontrol penyakit HDB di berbagai wilayah Indonesia dan mendukung target pemerintah untuk mempertahankan swasembada beras secara berkelanjutan.</p><p>Kata kunci: Padi, piramida gen, pemuliaan tanaman, marka molekuler.<br /><br /></p><p> </p>


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