scholarly journals Effect of COVID -19 pandemic on still births.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Sumaira Yasmin ◽  
Wajeeha Syed ◽  
Nazia Liaqat ◽  
Tanveer Shafqat ◽  
Saira Naseem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
Placenta Previa ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Obstructed Labor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Still Births ◽  
Number Of Patients

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is testing the strength of the strongest medical management in the globe. In developing countries, this contagious disease is quickly spreading in the midst of various endemic medical conditions like HIV, tuberculosis, jungle fever, lack of healthy sustenance, and incessant episodes of rampant contaminations. This happens especially in a setting of frail healthcare systems which may scarcely adapt to the previously mentioned existing medical challenges. Purpose: The objective of this research is to examine the impacts of pandemic of COVID-19 on the stillbirth rates. Methodology: Study was conducted at department of obstetrics and gynecology Unit Gynae C Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar from 1st January 2019 to 31st August 2020. This comparative cross sectional study was carried out at using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Findings: A large number of patients admitted with the diagnosis of stillbirth during 2019 and 2020 were multiparas 57% and 62% respectively. Booking status was 64% during 2019 and dropped to 52% in pandemic year 2020.Percentages of stillbirth due to abruption, placenta previa, gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM), type II diabetes, malpresentation, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR),obstructed labor, eclampsia, postdates and unknown causes in 2019 and 2020 have been given in the table.   

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Intrathecal Low Dose Bupivacaine and Fentanyl Versus Conventional Dose of Hyperbaric Bupivacaine for Cesarean Section

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sazzad Hossain ◽  
Md Sirajul Islam ◽  
Sharmin Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Hyperbaric Bupivacaine ◽  
Obstructed Labor ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Background: Pregnancy and childbirth related complications are the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity in Bangladesh. An estimate shows that about 28,000 mothers die in each year in Bangladesh due to obstetric complications. The aim of this study was to find out the birth practice among rural women in Bangladesh.Material and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out among 1220 respondents by purposive sampling technique from July 2016 to June 2017 in different Private Hospital, Dhaka. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire duly pretested through face to face interview. Data were analyzed manually and by using computer.Results: Then study revealed that majority of the respondents 80% were Muslims by religion and about 26% respondents were found within the age 25-29 years with mean age 31±7.59 years. Most of them 86% were literate and only 14% were found illiterate. Among the respondents 75% were Housewives and 11%, 9%, 1% and 4% were involved in Service, Business, Agriculture and others occupation respectively. Moreover, 78% respondents monthly income were less than TK 3000. About 43% & 16% respondents were found to have 2 & 3 children respectively. In this study, about 73% received antenatal visit and among them 57% received 1 to 3 antenatal visits and 74% received TT immunizations. It was found that 69%, 54% and 59% received antenatal advices on healthy diet, personal hygiene, drug use respectively. Home delivery and Hospital delivery practice were found among 44% & 56% respondents respectively. The reasons for home delivery like Feeling comfortable, Family decision and Financial problem were found in 60%, 26% & 42% respondents respectively. The most common complications during last delivery were obstructed labor, found among 39% respondents.Conclusion: Still now women prefer home delivery. Major reasons for home delivery were Feeling comfortable, Family decisions and Financial problems. Delivery conduction by qualified doctors were found only among 47% women. Efforts needed to increase maternal health related knowledge and awareness towards birth practice to facilitate decision in minimizing complications and mortality.Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 9, No. 1: Jan 2018, P 57-62

scholarly journals Asthma prevalence, lung and cardiovascular function in adolescents born preterm

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Arroyas ◽  
Cristina Calvo ◽  
Santiago Rueda ◽  
Maria Esquivias ◽  
Cristina Gonzalez-Menchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Asthma Prevalence ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Function ◽  
Current Asthma ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Very Preterm

AbstractOur main objective was to study respiratory evolution and pulmonary and cardiac function in adolescents born preterm in the post-surfactant era. Observational cross-sectional study, comparing very preterm (< 32 weeks) and moderately-late preterm adolescents (≥ 32 weeks) (74 each group). We recorded respiratory symptoms, spirometry and functional echocardiogram. Very preterm adolescents required more respiratory admissions (45.9% vs. 28.4%) (p = 0.03, OR 2.1, CI95% 1.1–4.2) and had more current asthma (21.6% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.04, OR 2.3, CI95% 1.1–5.2). Preterm subjects with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) presented lower FEV1 (88.7 ± 13.9 vs. 95.9 ± 13.3, p = 0.027) and lower FVC (88.2 ± 13.6 vs. 95.5 ± 13.3, p = 0.025). When assessing right ventricle, very preterm showed a greater E/E’ ratio (p = 0.02) and longer myocardial performance index (MPI) (p = 0.001). Adolescents with IUGR showed less shortening fraction (p = 0.016), worse E/E′ ratio (p = 0.029) and longer MPI (p = 0.06). Regarding left ventricle, very preterm showed less E′ wave velocity (p = 0.03), greater E/E′ ratio (p = 0.005) and longer MPI (p < 0.001). Gestational age < 32 weeks is independently associated with current asthma in adolescence. Children 13–14 years old born very preterm required more respiratory admissions and had poorer diastolic and global function of both ventricles. IUGR is a risk factor for poorer lung function in preterm adolescents, regardless gestational age.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF MANIFESTATIONS OF GIARDIA AND ASCARIS INFESTATIONS BETWEEN BOTH GENDERS PRESENTING WITH DIARRHEA

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1681-85
Author(s):  
Kanwal Jehanzeb ◽  
Zia Ul Haq ◽  
Saeed Zaman Khattak ◽  
Sajid Ali Shah ◽  
Munir Akmal Lodhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Worm Infestation ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Common Parasite

Objective: To assess the occurrence and intensity of Giardia and Ascaris infestations in children of both genders reporting with diarrhea. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Paediatrics department, Combined Military Hospital, Gilgit, from Jul 2016 to Jul2018. Methodology: Patients of either gender with worm infestation were included in the study. Patients more than13 years old were excluded. The sampling technique used was non probability consecutive sampling. The stoolexamination (R/E) for the diagnosis of worm infestation was done. Stratification was done with regards to age,mother education, gender, type of water used and post stratification chi square test was applied. p-value was0.613 when calculated for the manifestation between both genders. p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Total number of patients in our study was 100. Among them, males were 65 (65%) and females were 35(35%). Mean age of patients in our study was 4.20 ± 2.61 years (Mean ± SD). Abdominal pain being most common symptom in 43 (43%) of patients. Majority of the patients were from 2 to 10 years of age, 79 (79%). Helminthic infestation was the most common observed in 52 (52%) whereas Protozoal infestation was observed in 48 (48%) patients. The most common parasite isolated was Giardia 41 (41%) followed by Ascaris 36 (36%). p-value of 0.613 was found between both gender. Conclusion: In our study Helminthic infestation was more common. The most common parasite isolated wasGiardia followed by Ascaris.

scholarly journals Circadian Variation in Frequency of Stroke in Bangladesh: a Hospital Based Cross Sectional Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
Ahmed Manadir Hossain ◽  
Radheshyam Saha ◽  
Binoy Krishna Tarafder ◽  
Md Abdus Salam ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischaemic Stroke ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Number Of Patients

A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out to analyze diurnal variation of stroke and their association to sleep awake cycle. Four hundred and two patients of stroke admitted in different Medicine Units of Faridpur Medical College and Dhaka Medical College Hospitals from July 2012 to June 2013 were chosen using purposive sampling technique. Enrolled patients were with their first stroke, subsequently proved by CT scan of brain. The initial clinical diagnosis of stroke was made from history and examination obtained from the patient himself or from his/her attendant. The time of onset of stroke was recorded by attending doctor at the time of assessment and recorded on a fixed proforma. Patient who could not give history properly or had no responsible attendant and who had history of head injury, intracranial space occupying lesion or bleeding disorder were excluded from the study. Age ranged from 25 years to 98 years with mean age of 62.02 years (±SD 11.75 years). Out of 402 patients 59.7% suffered from ischemic stroke. Highest incidence of stroke (26.9%) occurred between 4:01am to 8:00 am and lowest (7.5%) between 8:01 pm to 12:00 am. Among the subtypes, ischaemic stroke has shown a single peak incidence at 4:01 to 8:00 am and lowest between 8:01 pm to 12:00 am. 50 % of ischaemic stroke cases developed between 0:01 am to 8:00 am. In this study, maximum number of patients developed hemorrhagic stroke between 4:01 am to 8:00 am (25.9%) and lowest number developed hemorrhagic stroke between 12:01 pm to 4:00 pm (9.3%). This study confirms the diurnal variation of both hemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke in Bangladesh and most of them occurs in early morning after wakening.Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2014;9(2): 80-83

scholarly journals Stillbirth at Patan Hospital, Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Sarada Duwal Shrestha ◽  
Padma Gurung ◽  
Reena Shrestha ◽  
Prashant Shrestha ◽  
Renee Pradhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Congenital Anomalies ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Abruptio Placenta

Introductions: Stillbirth (SB) is one of the most common adverse outcomes of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the SB rate and to identify the likely causes contributing to SB. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Patan Hospital from 15th June 2014 to 14th June 2017 for all the cases of SBs, at or after 22 weeks, birth weight of 500 gm or more. The perinatal outcome, demographic profile, fetal characteristics, causes and contributing factors were analyzed. Results: There were 262 SB out of total 23069 deliveries, (11.24 per 1000) and 119 (46.12%) had antenatal check-up (ANC) at Patan Hospital. The 214 (82.95%) SB were among 20-34 years mothers, 133 (51.55%) being multigravida. Antepartum SB were 234 (89.31%), macerated 213 (81.30%), birth weight <1000gm 86 (32.82%) and male 156 (59.54%). The intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was present in 60 (22.90%), unexplained casue in 43 (16.41%), prematurity 28 (10.69%), congenital anomalies 26 (9.92%), pre-eclampsia 19 (7.25%), gestational diabetes, and abruptio placenta each 13 (4.96%). Delay in seeking care in 202 (78.30%) was a potential contributing factor. Conclusions: The SB was 11.24/1000 births. The causes in descending order were IUGR, unexplained, prematurity, congenital anomalies, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes and abruptio placenta. Delay in seeking care was found as a potential contributing factor.

scholarly journals Comparison of Clinical Assessment and Adhesive-Tape Laboratory Microscopic of Sarcoptes scabiei for Scabies Diagnostic

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Rifqoh Rifqoh ◽  
Wahdah Norsiah ◽  
Neni Oktiyani
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adhesive Tape ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Tape Test ◽  
Scabies Infestation

Scabies infestation caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mite that infected the skin by making the tunnel burrow. Diagnosis of scabies infestation commonly relies on clinical assessment (CA). However, some scabies symptoms are similar to other diseases. Diagnosis of confirmed scabies can be made by identifying egg or Sarcoptes scabiei mite or scybala through skin scraping laboratory microscopic examination, which was the adhesive tape microscopic (AT) a noninvasive alternative. We aimed to compare the scabies diagnostic accuracy of CA and AT in Islamic Boarding School. This study was an analytical observational cross-sectional study. The population was 94 students of Islamic Boarding School, determining the sample base on purposive sampling technique. There were 34 samples with presumptive scabies analyzed with CA by two clinicians and AT by two trained laboratory technicians. The result showed that the number of patients who positive scabies by CA was 14 (41.18 percent) and 31 (91.18 percent) by AT. Sensitivity was 41.93 percent for CA and 92.85 percent for AT, and the difference was significantly based on Cohen's kappa (ⱪ=0.024). The number of positive cases with both techniques was 13 (38.24 percent). The number of patients positive with only CA was 1 (2.93 percent), and only AT was 18 (22.9 percent). The accuracy of CA was only 44,11 percent. The study concluded that CA is low accuracy than AT. The adhesive tape test is easy, needs no expensive equipment. It is recommended that adhesive tape test for screening purposes. The appropriate comprehensive of both methods for scabies diagnostic is highly recommended.

scholarly journals ATONIC UTERUS;

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (06) ◽  
pp. 1122-1127
Author(s):  
Bilqees Ara ◽  
Zaib-un- Nisa ◽  
Firdos Ara ◽  
Palwasha Kakar ◽  
Abdul Salam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Uterine Atony ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Inform Consent ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients

Objective: This study was designed to determine the frequency of uterine atony in cases of primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and to point out risk factors for it and observe different ways of management for control of atonic primary (PPH). Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This prospective cross sectional study was conducted in Obstetrics & Gynecology Department unit-I, Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from 1st January to 31st December 2002 (one year). The study was conducted on 80 patients. Subjects and Methods: The study included all the pregnant women either booked or non-booked, who gave the inform consent. The sampling technique was convenience non probability. The patients were admitted through out-patient department and emergency, irrespective of age, place and mode of delivery, developing atonic primary PPH within twenty four hours and diagnosed as a case of uterine atony. All the cases of primary PPH other than due to uterine atony were excluded. Complete history, general physical examination, abdominal examination and pelvic examination was done.All the data was analyzed by SPSS version 10. Results: Total number of deliveries during study period was 1438. Total number of patients with PPH were 155 out of which, the cases with primary PPH were 139, contributing about 89.7%. The incidence of primary PPH was 9.6 %. Out of 139 patients, the leading cause of primary PPH was uterine atony, contributing to 57.6%. The incidence of atonic uterus was 5.6 %. The highest incidence of uterine atony (37.5%) was found in women aged 26-30 years, followed by (27.5%) women aged 21-25 years.The highest incidence of primary PPH due to uterine atony was found in para 5-8 (56.3%), 6.3 % were primigravidas, 8.7% in para 1-4 and 28.7% in patients having more than eight children. Simple management included inj. Syntometrine, Oxytocin, uterine massage controlled bleeding in 53.7% cases. Prostaglandins (PGF2-alpha & PGE2) were administered in 32 cases & successful in 22 (68.7%) cases. Uterine packing was done in 8 cases, out of it, in 5 patients bleeding controlled (62.5%). Ligation of uterine arteries was performed in 5 cases, it proved successful in 4(80%) & hysterectomy was done in 7.5% cases. Conclusions: Uterine atony is a major cause of primary PPH and major threat to the life of women in reproductive age. Uterine atony is more common in grand multipara, young women and in home delivery. Major risk factor for atony are previous history of primary PPH, grand multiparity, baby weight > 3.5kg & prolonged labour.

scholarly journals Low birthweight, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction: results from the baseline data of the first indigenous birth cohort in Brazil (Guarani Birth Cohort)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Tatiana Garcia Barreto ◽  
Felipe Guimarães Tavares ◽  
Mariza Theme-Filha ◽  
Yasmin Nascimento Farias ◽  
Lídia de Nazaré Pantoja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Baseline Data ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Abstract Background Low birthweight (LBW) remains an important global health problem, associated with a range of adverse life-course health outcomes. Evidence suggests that LBW is a relevant determinant of morbidity and mortality in indigenous groups, who generally have limited access to public policies on health and nutrition. Knowledge of the prevalence of LBW and its underlying causes can contribute essential steps to the prevention of its health effects. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence rates of LBW, prematurity, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and to investigate their determinants in the first indigenous birth cohort in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional study used baseline data collected from the first indigenous birth cohort in Brazil, the Guarani Birth Cohort. Brazil is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, with 305 indigenous peoples and 274 native languages. The Guarani are one of the five largest ethnic groups, with villages located mostly in the southern region. All singleton births from June 1, 2014, to May 31, 2016, were selected in 63 Guarani indigenous villages in the South and Southeast regions. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression was performed. Results Prevalence rates for LBW, prematurity, and IUGR were 15.5, 15.6, and 5.7%, respectively. The odds of LBW were lower in newborns of mothers living in brick and mortar housing (OR: 0.25; 95%CI: 0.07–0.84) and were higher in children of mothers ≤20 years of age (OR: 2.4; 95%CI: 1.29–4.44) and with chronic anemia before pregnancy (OR: 6.41; 95% CI: 1.70–24.16). Prematurity was statistically associated with the type of energy source for cooking (wood-burning stove – OR: 3.87; 95%CI: 1.71–8.78 and bonfires – OR: 2.57; 95%CI: 1.31–5.01). IUGR was associated with primiparity (OR: 4.66; 95%CI: 1.68–12.95) and chronic maternal anemia before pregnancy (OR: 7.21; 95%CI: 1.29–40.38). Conclusions Maternal age, nutritional status, and parity, housing conditions, and exposure to indoor pollution were associated with perinatal outcomes in the Guarani indigenous population. These results indicate the need to invest in access to, and improvement of, prenatal care; also in strengthening the Indigenous Healthcare Subsystem, and in inter-sector actions for the development of housing policies and sanitation and environmental improvements adjusted to needs and knowledge of the indigenous people.

Frequency of Achieving Target INR in Patient on Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3173-3177
Author(s):  
Rizwan Khan ◽  
Imran Ellahi Soomro ◽  
Khalid Naseeb ◽  
Muhammad Aslam ◽  
Ayesha Masood
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
International Normalized Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Target Range ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Cardio Vascular Disease ◽  
Cardio Vascular

Background: Warfarin has long been established as the oral anticoagulant of choice. The benefits of warfarin depend on maintaining the International Normalized Ratio (INR). It has been shown that the optimal INR target range is 2-3 for AF patients. Very less number of patients had been reported to achieve and remain in that target INR range. The prevalence of AF in the general population is about 1.6% in women and 2.4% in men and is generally lower in Asian countries Aim: To determine the frequency of achieving target INR in patient on warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Methodology: This is cross sectional study conducted at national institute of cardio vascular disease, Karachi from 31st May 2016 30th November 2016.The sample size of the study were 111, and nonprobability convenience sampling technique was used. Results: Among study population 61 (54.9%) were male and 50(45%) female patients. Mean duration of atrial fibrillation was 3.44±0.97 years. The mean duration of warfarin taken was 11.34±3.96 months. INR (2-3) target achieved in 72(64.9%) patients. Significant association of achieved INR target was observed with duration of atrial fibrillation, duration of warfarin, hypertension, stroke, and Left ventricular dysfunction. Conclusion: Target of INR was achieved in 64.9% patients when these patients were given warfarin doses of 5.0 to 7.5 mg/day. Keywords: Achieving Target INR, Warfarin, Atrial Fibrillation.

scholarly journals Comparison of WHO growth standard and national Indonesian growth reference in determining prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight in children under five: a cross-sectional study from Musi sub-district

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 324
Author(s):  
Jeannie Flynn ◽  
Firas Farisi Alkaff ◽  
William Putera Sukmajaya ◽  
Sovia Salamah
Keyword(s):  
Intrauterine Growth Restriction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
National Reference ◽  
Growth Standard ◽  
Growth Reference

Background: Determination of stunting and wasting always uses the WHO growth standard in Indonesia. However, it is believed that Indonesian children are “below” the global standard, thus the WHO standard is not reliable to present the actual prevalence. This study aims to compare the prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight using WHO growth standard and national Indonesian growth reference. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Musi sub-district, East Nusa Tenggara province in July 2019. East Nusa Tenggara province had the highest prevalence of stunting and underweight in Indonesia. The study population were children under five, and total sampling method was used for this study. Length/height-for-age and weight-for-age were plotted using WHO standard and national Indonesian reference. Univariate and multivariate binomial logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of stunting and underweight were higher for the WHO standard than the national reference (53.9% vs 10.7% and 29.17% vs 17.7%; all p < 0.001). After adjusted for confounding factors, when the WHO standard was used, determinants of stunting were maternal mid-upper arm circumference below 23.5cm and maternal height below 150cm; determinants of underweight were intrauterine growth restriction, young maternal age during pregnancy, and multiple parities. When the national reference was used, no determinants was found for stunting; the determinants of underweight were intrauterine growth restriction and maternal education. Conclusions: The WHO standard is not suitable for representing child growth in Musi sub-district. Future studies should be done to re-evaluate the prevalence and determinants of stunting and underweight nationwide using the national Indonesian reference.

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