scholarly journals Semantic Primes of Perception from the Perspective of Word Formation

Linguaculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-68
Author(s):  
Anna Zaslonkina

The object of the present study is the domain of Greimassian semiotic theory. Several previous findings on supraindividual phenomena were summarized and theoretical underpinnings of the soi-disant thymic category were extended. Investigation of such an object discloses the relation between the experiential (which approximates sensational) and cognitive nature of perception. Whereas conceptual universals that bear the information on feelings, senses and emotions as those inherent in the corporal framework and correspond to the basic level of categorization have already been demonstrated, their iconic efficiency in terms of Piercian semiotics is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current analysis is to clarify structural-semantic links between derived and root words constituting the thymic lexical corpus of modern English. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how the motivational means conditioned by the classification of associative-figurative and evaluative features of the conceptual triad SENSE: FEELING: EMOTION are exteriorised within the thymic category. These characteristics can be developed and enhanced through the iconic reflection of the correlation between the native speakers’ evaluation of the sign acting as a motivator and expressive as well as gnoseological functions of perception.

Linguaculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-74
Author(s):  
Anna Zaslonkina

The object of the present study is the domain of Greimassian semiotic theory. Several previous findings on supraindividual phenomena have been summarized and theoretical underpinnings of the so-called thymic category have been extended. Investigation of such an object discloses the relation between the experiential (which approximates the sensational) and the cognitive nature of perception. Whereas conceptual universals that bear the information on feelings, senses and emotions such as those inherent in the corporal framework which correspond to the basic level of categorization have already been demonstrated, their iconic efficiency in terms of Peircian semiotics is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of the current analysis is to clarify structural-semantic links between derived and root words constituting the thymic lexical corpus of modern English. This paper emphasizes the importance of understanding how the motivational means conditioned by the classification of associative-figurative and evaluative features of the conceptual triad SENSE : FEELING : EMOTION are exteriorised within the thymic category. These characteristics can be developed and enhanced through the iconic reflection of the correlation between the native speakers’ evaluation of the sign acting as a motivator and the expressive as well as gnoseological functions of perception.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nieder ◽  
Ruben van de Vijver ◽  
Fabian Tomaschek

Grammatical knowledge of native speakers has often been investigated in so-called wug tests, in which participants have to inflect pseudo-word forms (wugs). Typically it has been argued that in inflecting these pseudo-words, speakers apply their knowledge of word formation processes. However, it remains unclear what exactly this knowledge is and how it is learned.According to one theory, the knowledge is best characterized as abstractions and rules that specify how units can be combined. Another theory maintains that it is best characterized by analogy. In both cases the knowledge is learned by association based on positive evidence alone.In this paper, we model the classification of pseudo-words to Maltese plural classes on the basis of phonetic input using a shallow neural network trained with an error-driven learning algorithm. We demonstrate that the classification patterns mirror those of Maltese native speakers in a wug test. Our results indicate that speakers rely on gradient knowledge of a relation between the phonetics of whole words and plural classes, which is learned in an error-driven way.


Author(s):  
Anna Zaslonkina

The literature on the unity of emotional, volitional, intellectual, and physical states within the holistic cognitive-semantic context of corporeality shows a variety of approaches. The originality of our solution lies in the fact that the object of the prеsеnt study is the domain of Grеimassian sеmiotic thеory (including the so-called thymic category) that has been further developed: Taking into consideration that people use basic-level concepts regularly, we hypothesised that thymic category members can be selected, given that these category members are yielding information on the semantics of perception in the elementary concepts of Modern English. The data obtained suggests that the information on the thymic category is conveyed by the conceptual triad SENSE : FEELING : EMOTION. Furthermore, cognitive and onomasiological features of the basic-level concepts have been analysed. Thus, the previous research has been extended by clarifying the semiotic structure of the thymic category in Modern English and presenting the results on the distribution of cognitive-onomasiological capability within the framework of derivatives of the verbalized conceptual triad SENSE : FEELING : EMOTION. The iconic character of this conceptual complex is one of the means of naïve worldview reconstruction in word-formation. Notably, the iconic aspect is marked by cognitive-semantic shift of the thymic-neuter indices of the conceptual thymic information to its thymic-extremal analogues. This could be a result of the fact that the shift of a given type is based on the correlation of evaluation of the sign-motivator and expressive-gnoseological functions of perception performed by the native speakers. The reconstruction of the thymic composites domain reveals that the motivators of sensory type prevail. Besides, the cognitive-semantic shift was detected: the motivators are represented by the derivatives of the verbalized concept SENSE, while the concept EMOTION is lacunary, a fortiori the composite words with feel and sensation constituents are semantically more mobile and expressive. Key words: concept, corporeality, iconicity, semiosis, sign.


Author(s):  
В.Е. Замальдинов

Цель статьи - выявить особенности образования и функционирования графиксатов-эргонимов салонов красоты Нижнего Новгорода и Нижегородской области. Для достижения поставленной цели в работе использовались следующие методы и приёмы исследования: приём сплошной выборки, общенаучный метод с использованием приёмов обобщения, интерпретации и классификации материала, словообразовательный и прагматический виды анализов. Методологической базой исследования являются работы таких учёных, как И.В. Бугаева, В.А. Крыжановская, И.В. Крюкова, И.Н. Пономаренко, Т.В. Попова, Е.Н. Ремчукова, Т.П. Соколова и др. Отмечается, что для привлечения внимания адресата номинаторы выбирают креативное рекламное имя. Его разновидностью являются эргонимы - собственные наименования организаций различного функционального профиля. Анализируются только те названия, в которых адресанты используют графо-орфографическую игру. Подобные единицы мы называем графиксатами. Показано, что номинаторы активно используют такой вид графиксации, как монографиксация. Данный тип графического словообразования реализуется в капитализации, архаизации написания и апострофизации. При создании названий салонов красоты Нижегородского региона имядатели используют ещё такой вид графиксации, как полиграфиксация. Данный тип графико-орфографической игры реализуется в латинографиксации и кириллизации иноязычного слова. Кроме того, графиксация в нашем материале представлена кодографиксацией. Она реализуется в основном в нумерографиксации. Делается вывод о том, что графиксаты-эргонимы привлекают внимание потребителей, повышают эрудированность горожан, вызывают положительные ассоциации, актуализируют специфику заведения. Среди основных функций подобных номинаций отмечены аттрактивная, эстетическая, информативная и декоративная. Для оказания эффективного воздействия на носителей языка адресанты создают многофункциональные эргонимы. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the formation and functioning of graphsats-ergonyms of beauty salons in Nizhny Novgorod and the Nizhny Novgorod region. To achieve this goal, the following research methods and techniques were used: the method of continuous sampling, general scientific method using methods of generalization, interpretation and classification of material, word-formation and pragmatic types of analysis. The methodological basis of the research is the work of such scientists as I.V. Bugaeva, V.A. Kryzhanovskaya, I.V. Kryukova, I.N. Ponomarenko, T.V. Popova, E.N. Remchukova, T.P. Sokolova and others. It is noted that to attract the attention of the recipient, nominees choose a creative advertising name. Its variety is ergonyms-proper names of organizations of various functional profiles. Only those names in which the addressees use a graph-spelling game are analyzed. These units we call graphicsati. It is shown that nominator actively use this kind of graphically as monografiksaciya. This type of graphical derivation is implemented in capitalization, the archaism of writing and apostrophizes. When creating names of beauty salons in Nizhny Novgorod region imedately used this kind of graphically as poligrafiksaciya. This type of graph-spelling game is implemented in latin and cyrillization of a foreign language word. In addition, the graphization in our material is represented by kodografiksaciej. It is implemented mainly in numerografiksacii. It is concluded that graphsats-ergonyms attract the attention of consumers, increase the erudition of citizens, cause positive associations and actualize the specifics of the institution. Among the main functions of such categories are marked attractive, aesthetic, informative and decorative. To provide effective impact on native speakers, the sender creates a multifunctional ergonyms.


Author(s):  
Е.Ю. Долгова

Статья посвящена описанию глагола «погрязнуть» по лексикографическим источникам, фиксирующим словарный состав русского языка X - XVII вв. В работе используется метод лингвистического портретирования, позволяющий объединить данные этимологических и исторических словарей и увидеть динамику развития семантического, словообразовательного, сочетаемостного и стилистического потенциала языковой единицы в диахронии. В статье подробно изложены материалы этимологических и исторических словарей русского языка, приведены и описаны многочисленные варианты употребления имперфектива грязнуть и перфектива погрязнуть, зафиксированные в словарях, содержащих лексику древнерусского и старорусского периодов: гр#зъти, гр#зhти, гр#зити, гр#знqти, погрязати - погр#зти, погр#зити, погр#знqти. Установлено, что в древнерусском языке глагол гр#зноути (гр`t#знuти) имел прямое номинативное значение «погружаться, тонуть» и редко употреблялся в памятниках письменности. Многозначным и наиболее частотным был положительный, результативный член глагольной видовой пары перфектив погрязнуть (погр#зноути). В статье приведены все лексико-семантические варианты глагола и примеры словоупотреблений, зафиксированные в словарях, отражающих лексику X - XVII веков. В статье приведены синонимы и многочисленные дериваты глагола погрязнуть , в том числе рассмотрена семантика абстрактных существительных, образованных от глагола погрязнуть ( погрязение, погрязнение, погрязновение ) и отражающих влияние церковнославянского языка на книжно-письменный литературный язык древнерусского и старорусского периодов. Лексикографический портрет лексемы погрязнуть проявляет неоднозначность в трактовке некоторых значений в разные исторические периоды. Проведенный анализ позволяет сравнить значения лексемы, увидеть их отличительные особенности и сделать вывод о существовании самостоятельных стереотипных образов, существующих в сознании носителей языка в X - XVII веках. The article is devoted to the description of the verb "to wallow" from lexicographic sources that fix the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. The method of linguistic portraiture is used to combine data from etymological and historical dictionaries and see the dynamics of the development of the semantic, word-formation and stylistic potential of the language unit in the diachrony. The article details the materials of etymological and historical dictionaries of the Russian language, presents and describes numerous variants of the use of an imperfective “gryaznut’” and a perfective “pogryaznut’”, recorded in dictionaries containing the vocabulary of the Russian language of the X - XVII centuries. It has been established that in the ancient Russian language, the imperfective “gryaznut’” had a direct nominative meaning of "dive, sink" and was rarely used in monuments of writing. The multi-valued and most frequency used was the positive, effective perfective “pogryaznut’”. The article presents all lexical and semantic variants of the verb and examples of word usage recorded in dictionaries that reflect the vocabulary of the X - XVII centuries. The article presents synonyms and numerous derivatives of the verb, including the semantics of abstract nouns formed from the verb “pogryaznut’” and reflecting the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the book-written literary language of the old Russian period. The lexicographic portrait of the lexeme “pogryaznut’” shows ambiguity in the interpretation of certain meanings in different historical periods. The analysis allows us to compare the meanings of the lexeme, see their distinctive features and conclude that there are independent stereotypical images that exist in the minds of native speakers in the X - XVII centuries.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-29
Author(s):  
Kateryna Horodensʹka ◽  

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.


Author(s):  
Guzel Faizullina ◽  
Elena Ermakova

В статье рассматриваются словообразовательные возможности антропонимики русского и татарского языков. Наименования человека (личные имена, отчества, фамилии, прозвища) являются частью лексической системы языка, а значит, появляются, формируются и развиваются в соответствии с общеязыковыми законами. В дальнейшем эти наименования становятся деривационной базой для появления новых антропонимов и отантропонимных топонимов. Анализ и сопоставление аналогичных и уникальных наименований человека и их производных, способов и средств словотворчества в разных языках позволяют определить особенности менталитета, выявить межэтнические контакты, результаты взаимодействия и взаимовлияния разных наций и народов. Материалом для наблюдения послужили данные толковых и этимологических словарей разносистемных языков, словарей русских и татарских имен и фамилий. В качестве иллюстративного материала представлены данные архивных документов, хранящиеся в ГБУТО «Государственный архив в г. Тобольске»; полевой материал, который был собран во время диалектологических экспедиций в сельские населенные пункты Тюменской области (2014–2018 гг.). Несмотря на то, что вторичные наименования рассматриваются в разносистемных языках, наблюдения над материалом позволяют сделать выводы о наличии универсальных концептов, об общих культурных ценностях. В силу культурно-исторических связей формирование татарских фамилий проходило позднее по тем словообразовательным моделям, которые сложились в русском языке, и с помощью таких же формантов, как и в русском языке, от одной мотивирующей основы (имени собственного) могут образовываться дериваты – две и более фамилий; в обоих языках деривационной базой служат не только имена, но и их квалитативы; широко распространены фонетические варианты фамилий. Нередко трудно, а порой практически невозможно определить происхождение фамилий разных народов в силу их фонетического созвучия. Производные единицы сами становятся базой для появления новообразований – антропонимных топонимов. Для анализа ономастикона, представленного в статье, использовался описательный метод с применением его основных приемов: наблюдения, обобщения и классификации материала. Для семантической реконструкции был использован метод этимологического анализа с учетом фонетического и словообразовательного аспектов. Анализ формирования и становления топонимов в регионе позднего заселения, каким является Западная Сибирь, представляется актуальным, поскольку в научный оборот вводятся новые антропонимические данные, которые подтверждают общие закономерности формирования русской и татарской ономастики. Тождественность лексических и деривационных процессов формирования ономастикона в разносистемных языках обусловлена общностью территории, на которой в тесном взаимодействии проживают разные народы.The article considers derivational possibilities of anthroponymy of Russian and Tatar languages. Names person (personal names, middle names, surnames, nicknames) are part of the lexical system of the language, and therefore appear, are formed and developed in accordance with the common language laws. In the future, these names become a derivation base for the emergence of new anthroponyms and from the antroponimnykh of toponyms… Analysis comparison of similar and unique names of the person and their derivatives, ways and means word creation in different languages allow you to determine the features mentality, identify enter-ethnic contacts. The results of the interaction and mutual influence of different Nations and peoples. Material for observation based on data from sensible and etymological dictionaries of different languages, dictionaries Russian and Tatar names, names. As illustrative material presented archival documents stored in the GUTO «State archive in Tobolsk»; field material that was collected during the dialectological expeditions in rural settlements of the Tyumen regions (2014–2018). Despite the fact that the secondary names are considered in multi-system languages, observations on the material allow you to make conclusions on the existence of universal concepts and General cultural values: due to cultural and historical ties, later formation Tatar surnames passed on those word- formation models, which have developed in the Russian language, and with the help of the same formants; Russian language, from one motivating basis (own name ) can to form the derivatives two and further the names in both languages the derivation base is not only the names, and their qualitative; widely common phonetic variants of the names. Often difficult, and sometimes it is almost impossible to determine the origin of the names of different peoples because of their phonetic harmony. Derived units themselves become the basis for the emergence of tumors – the phenomenon affected not only the surname of different peoples, but also atastrophic names. For the analysis of onomasticon presented in the article, we used descriptive method: observation, generalization and classification of the material. In semantic reconstruction the etymological method was used analysis taking into account phonetic and word-formative aspects. Identity lexical derivation processes formations the onomasticon dissimilar languages is due to community territory. On which they live in close cooperation Russians and Tatars.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giusy CIRILLO ◽  
Elin Runnqvist ◽  
Kristof Strijkers ◽  
Noel Nguyen ◽  
Cristina Baus

Conversation entails a tight coordination between the interlocutors in terms of co-representation and linguistic alignment (e.g., word choices). In this study we investigated whether people conceptually align in a language task with a robot. 24 French native speakers alternated with an artificial partner in naming images of objects belonging to different semantic categories (e.g., mammals, clothes…). For five out of fifteen categories the robot produced the item’s category instead of the preferred basic-level name. Logistic regression models on participants' errors revealed that they adapted to the robot’s conceptual choices, and produced more category names over the course of the experiment. This pattern was most prominent for the semantic categories for which the robot had used a category name, and importantly, it applied to novel items. These results provide strong evidence for conceptual alignment affecting word choices, indicating that prototypical concepts can be overwritten in conversation to adapt to the interlocutor.


Lyuboslovie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 293-310
Author(s):  
Teodora G. Ilieva ◽  

In this article the neo-semanticisms are presented by real neologisms and occasionalisms, excerpted in recent years from Bulgarian media texts with different thematic orientation and stylistic expression. Commens are also made on the lexicon that has emerged through tracing and borrowing, which builds formal relations of homonymy with words that already exist in our language. Each of the 44 lexical items is presented in a dictionary article, including its morphological and semantic characteristics; word formation parameters; the motivating foreign word (if any); distribution of the palette of semes registered in the lexicographic arrays; the new sememe – the result of semantic transformation, in a minimal context; classification of the free and/or stable word combination it forms; the formal and semantic relations in which it enters and its stylistic affiliation. The study finds that the enrichment of the vocabulary of the Bulgarian language is achieved as a result of democratization, colloquialization and internationalization of the language. Semantic modifications are realized mainly through: metaphorization, metonymization, personification and comparison.


2021 ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Galina V. Fedyuneva ◽  

The article presents an analysis of the lexical composition of the newly discovered Zyryan-Russian dictionary of the 17th century and clarifies its place in the history of Komi lexicography. The article solves the problems of classification of lexicographic monuments and systematization of approaches to their description, and reveals gaps in research that has not been conducted since the mid-20th century. The currently known lexicographic monuments of the Komi language are limited to the dictionary materials of D.G. Messerschmidt, F.I. Stralenberg, G.F. Miller, P.S. Pallas and I.I. Lepekhin; the materials were collected during their expeditions in the 1720s–1770s. Unlike the church monuments of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th and 18th centuries, the materials have not yet received a thorough archaeographic description, textual analysis and cultural and historical interpretation. The new Zyryan-Russian dictionary, discovered as part of the manuscript collection of the monk Prokhor Kolomnyatin and accurately dated (1668), is the earliest monument in the history of Komi lexicography today. The dictionary is interesting because it belongs to the period almost undocumented by written evidence and differs from all existing monuments in its dialect basis. The article describes the structure of the dictionary, thoroughly analyzes the lexical composition and presents most of its content, and reveals parallels with the dictionary materials of other monuments. The Russian-Komi dictionary-phrasebook that I.I. Lepekhin found and published in his Diary Notes is considered in more detail. Later V.I. Lytkin reprinted and deciphered the phrasebook, as well as made commentaries on it in his Old Permic Language (1952); thus, it became an auxiliary material for the reconstruction of the Old Komi language of the 14th–17th centuries. The dictionary dates back to the 18th century, although it has not been subjected to serious cultural-historical and chronological attribution. The newly discovered monument, unlike Lepekhin’s dictionary created by the type of translated old Russian dictionaries-phrasebooks based on the Russian questionnaire, reflects the live Komi-Zyryan language of the second half of the 17th century. It does not contain typical phrases, phrases from dialogues and connected texts that are typical of translated phrasebooks. There is only a certain tendency towards a thematic presentation of the material, although not always consistent. Like the dictionary materials contained in the draft papers of Russian and foreign travellers of the 18th century, the vocabulary of the new dictionary was written by the author of the collection directly from the words of a native speaker (or native speakers) of the Komi language in order to fix it and, apparently, was not intended for communicative use. Unlike the existing dictionary materials, which often contain short lists of Komi numerals, the new dictionary contains a consistent detailed money vocabulary list, from “denga” to “thousand rubles”. Numerical values are given in the Cyrillic numeral system using letters, which is undoubtedly of interest for ethnohistorical research and Russian paleography.


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