376 Incomplete functional revascularization is associated with adverse clinical outcomes after TAVI

Aims Whether incomplete functional revascularization has an impact on the clinical outcome of patients treated with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is still unknown. We aim to assess the prognostic value of residual functional Syntax score (rFSS) in a cohort of patients undergoing TAVI. Methods and results One-hundred-twenty-four patients (229 lesions) with severe aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided revascularization. The primary endpoint of the study was the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and revascularization at last available follow-up after TAVI. Median Syntax score (SS) and Functional Syntax score (FSS) at baseline were 7 (range 5–12) and 0 (range 0–7) respectively. After revascularization or deferral according to FFR, residual SS (rSS) and rFSS were 5 (range 0–8) and 0 (range 0–0), respectively. At COX regression analysis, angiographic incomplete revascularization (rSS = 0) was not associated with the primary endpoint (HR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.40; 3.95; P-value 0.698), whereas functional incomplete revascularization was associated with worse event-free survival at Follow-up after adjusting for clinical confounders (HR: 3.74, 95% CI: 1.02–13.75, P = 0.047). Conclusions Incomplete functional revascularization is associated with adverse clinical outcome after TAVI. rFSS may be regarded as a treatment goal for patients with CAD undergoing TAVI. Further studies are warranted to confirm our hypothesis. 376 Central FigureMACEs free survival analysis of patients stratified according to complete revascularization vs. incomplete revascularization assessed according to anatomy (residual SYNTAX score) (A) or physiology (residual functional SYNTAX score) (B).

Russian Literary Translation in the View of Communicative Grammar

The monograph concerns semantics and syntax of numerous Russian translations of Edgar Poe and Oscar Wilde’s tales. Comparative analysis of different variants of translation employs principles of Discourse analysis, Functional syntax and Communicative Grammar. Language use, composition and style of Russian translations of such tales as “The Oval Portrait”, “MS. Found in a Bottle”, “Berenice”, “The Happy Prince”, “The Devoted Friend”, “The Nightingale and the Rose” et al is described in the book. The monograph can be of interest for scholars studying Russian and English language, doing research in poetics or translation studies.

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH: FUNCTIONAL SYNTAX APPROACH

Many approaches in syntax give a deeper chance to analyze the sentence beyond its formal structure even though those approaches focus on the issues of words category, function and role in a sentence construction. The approach of functional syntax emphasizes the sentence structure on the ‘role’ of each function in each category of words that construct the sentence. This paper analyzes simple sentence in English especially declarative sentence to describe the constituent units and the function structure of simple sentence with active voice. The analysis employs Morley’s Functional Syntax Approach to identify the function of each english active sentence element and describe the structure of a simple sentence in English. The results of analysis show that simple sentence can have a syntactic function structure ofS-P-O, S-P-C, or S-P-ACIRC with a functional role structure which is principally composed of semantic roles of the filler elements of each function in the form of participant-process-entity/thing; participant-process-quality or participant-process-feature/quality. The semantic role of the verbs in a sentence determine the elements of filler before and after the verb given in a sentence. Keywords: Functional syntax, verbs, semantic role, syntactic function.

Overview on Functional Syntax in World Linguistics

This article reflects the innovations in the functional syntax of scholars who have contributed to the history of linguistics around the world. Noam Chomsky’s philosophical and psychological views on the innate nature of language in the human mind are included in the article. The various primitive ideas of the ancient Greeks about the origin of speech were the basis of logical, morphological, and lexical approaches in modern linguistics. According to book Syntax of the Russian Language by A. Shakhmatov, people first created sentences and then determined their composition. The research of ancient Arabic linguists played an important role in the development of such modem languages. The original research brought to the structural syntax by a number of Azerbaijani linguists are of great importance in the linguistics of the Turkic-speaking peoples. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that syntax is the most interesting and complex discussion of linguistics.

Staropolski imiesłów czynny jako predykatywny atrybut

Old Polish Present Participle as a Predicative Attribute The author of the article shows that Old Polish (present) participles are transitional categories – they combine the syntactic features of an attribute and a predicate. She also tries to answer the question of how to recognize their nature. Is one of the functions dominant or are they equal? It is also important to reflect on how the choice of terminology used for syntactic description affects the way of perceiving and interpreting linguistic phenomena. The author considers the functionality of terms which already exist in the research tradition and are designed to name the double function of a participle. She also proposes the term: “predicative attribute” (in Polish: “predykatywny atrybut”) referring to the functional syntax of Stanisław Karolak. She shows that an entire separation, in a syntactic description, of the two syntactic functions performed by a participle, is ahistorical and incorrect as it suggests the existence of something which was unclear and only emerging.

Father Iakinf Bičurin’s theory of mental inflection in Chinese

Summary The article deals with the highly original idea of mental inflection [умственное словоизменение] in Chinese put forward by the prominent nineteenth-century Russian sinologist Nikita (比丘林, Father Iakinf or Hyacinthus) Bičurin (1777–1853) in his Kitajskaja Grammatika (1835) and other language-related works. The concept refers to the internal features of Chinese morphology which compensate for the absence of common grammatical inflection. Fostered in an Humboldtian spirit, the theory established a link between covert categories and their surface representations a century before functional syntax appeared on the linguistic stage.

Achievements of the academic grammar school

This study aims at investigating the development of grammatical theory at the Institute of the Ukrainian Language for the last 30 years. The paper summarizes achievements in grammar theory from applying the functional, i.e., semantic and grammatical, approach developed by I.R. Vykhovanetsʹ to differentiating units into word and nonword classes and distinguishing morphological categories of major word classes. This facilitated the establishment of the theoretical basis of functional and categorical morphology. The author analyses studies in formal grammatical, semantic, functional, categorical, deri vational, and anthropocentric syntax that attest to the multidimensional growth of a syntactic theory and main aspects of the Ukrainian word formation on the basis of semantic and categorical syntax and a formant- and stem-based derivatology. Some of the latest multi-pronged processes in word formation reflect dynamics of word formation rules, the replenishment of word formation resources, and the development of the word-formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The solving of a complex set of theoretical issues in the modern Ukrainian word-formation introduced the methodological foundations for the recent normative description of the word formation system of Standard Ukrainian. The article addresses issues in studies on applied grammar determined by the process of glo balization and democratization of the Ukrainian society and the needs of Modern Ukrainian language practice to be met. Particular importance is attached to the grammatical prescriptive norms in the professional use, the actualization of case forms appearing in the passive vocabulary, and the dynamics of morphological and syntactic norms in various functional and stylistic dimensions of Standard Ukrainian. Keywords: functional grammar, functional morphology, functional syntax, categorical grammar, categorical syntax, categorical word formation, classification of parts of speech, morphological categories.

Prognostic implication of CT-FFR based functional SYNTAX score in patients with de novo three-vessel disease

Aims This study was aimed at investigating whether a machine learning (ML)-based coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) SYNTAX score (SS), ‘Functional SYNTAX score’ (FSSCTA), would predict clinical outcome in patients with three-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results The SS based on CCTA (SSCTA) and ICA (SSICA) were retrospectively collected in 227 consecutive patients with three-vessel CAD. FSSCTA was calculated by combining the anatomical data with functional data derived from a ML-based CT-FFR assessment. The ability of each score system to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) was compared. The difference between revascularization strategies directed by the anatomical SS and FSSCTA was also assessed. Two hundred and twenty-seven patients were divided into two groups according to the SSCTA cut-off value of 22. After determining FSSCTA for each patient, 22.9% of patients (52/227) were reclassified to a low-risk group (FSSCTA ≤ 22). In the low- vs. intermediate-to-high (>22) FSSCTA group, MACE occurred in 3.2% (4/125) vs. 34.3% (35/102), respectively (P < 0.001). The independent predictors of MACE were FSSCTA (OR = 1.21, P = 0.001) and diabetes (OR = 2.35, P = 0.048). FSSCTA demonstrated a better predictive accuracy for MACE compared with SSCTA (AUC: 0.81 vs. 0.75, P = 0.01) and SSICA (0.81 vs. 0.75, P < 0.001). After FSSCTA was revealed, 52 patients initially referred for CABG based on SSCTA would have been changed to PCI. Conclusion Recalculating SS by incorporating lesion-specific ischaemia as determined by ML-based CT-FFR is a better predictor of MACE in patients with three-vessel CAD. Additionally, the use of FSSCTA may alter selected revascularization strategies in these patients.

Residual functional SYNTAX score by quantitative flow ratio and improvement of exercise capacity after revascularization in patients with stable ischemic heart disease

Background In patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD), the efficacy of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in improving exercise capacity has been under debate and the differential effect of PCI for exercise capacity, according to functional completeness of revascularization, has not been evaluated. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the association between improvement in exercise capacity and functional completeness of revascularization, determined by residual functional SYNTAX score (rFSS), which is the sum of residual SYNTAX score of the vessels with post-PCI quantitative flow ratio (QFR)≤0.80. Methods Among patients enrolled in the QFR multicenter registry, 110 patients who underwent prespecified routine exercise treadmill tests before and after PCI were analyzed. Patients were classified into functional complete revascularization (CR) group (rFSS=0) and functional incomplete revascularization (IR) group (rFSS≥1). Increase of exercise time after PCI was compared between the 2 groups. Improvement of exercise capacity was defined as ≥10% increase of exercise time after PCI. Results Functional CR was achieved in 79 patients (71.8%), otherwise classified as functional IR in 31 patients (18.2%). There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics including medication profiles. Increase of exercise time was significantly associated with increase of 3-vessel QFR (r=0.198, P=0.038) and rFSS (r=−0.312, P<0.001), but not with decrease of SYNTAX score (r=0.097, P=0.313). The rFSS showed significantly higher c-index to predict the improvement of exercise capacity after PCI than increase of 3-vessel QFR or decrease of SYNTAX score (0.722 vs. 0.627 vs. 0.492, respectively, P<0.001). Patients with functional CR, defined by rFSS, showed significantly higher increase of exercise time than those with functional IR (97.7 sec vs. 12.5 sec, P<0.001). Functional CR was an independent predictor of the improvement of exercise capacity after PCI (adjusted odds ratio 4.656, 95% CI 1.678–12.920, P=0.002). Conclusions Integrated anatomic and functional scoring system (rFSS) was significantly associated with improvement of exercise capacity after PCI. SIHD patients with functional CR, defined by rFSS, showed significantly higher exercise capacity after PCI than those with functional IR. Summarizing Figure Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): SaeHan NK & D and Medis Corporation

MANIFESTATION OF EVIDENTIALITY IN KARACHAY-BALKAR LANGUAGE

В статье изложены промежуточные результаты исследования средств выражения эвиденциальности и миративности в одном из тюркских языков Северного Кавказа (в карачаево-балкарском языке). В центре нашего внимания - одна из объемных языковых универсалий и ее воплощение в формах глагольных наклонений. Цель исследования - выявление и описание грамматических средств репрезентации эвиденциальных значений в исследуемом языке. Актуальность обусловлена отсутствием специальных исследований категории эвиденциальности в карачаево-балкарском языке. Категория эвиденциальности в исследуемом языке впервые описывается как языковое явление с использованием современных теоретических подходов. Основными методами являются описательный метод, метод контекстуального анализа и традиционный семасиологический подход «от формы к содержанию». В качестве источников фактического материала были использованы произведения карачаево-балкарской художественной прозы, частично фольклорные тексты и разговорная речь. Анализ практического материала позволил выделить в исследуемом языке несколько разновидностей эвиденциальных высказываний, среди которых наиболее типичными эвиденциальными значениями являются ‘очевидность / неочевидность’, ‘неожиданное обнаружение / изумление’, ‘пересказ / цитирование’. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для создания функционального синтаксиса исследуемого языка, а также при исследовании эвиденциальности в родственных языках. The article presents the intermediate results of the study of the means of manifestation of evidentiality and mirativity in one of the Turkic languages of the North Caucasus (in the Karachay-Balkar language). We focus on one of the voluminous linguistic universals and its embodiment in the forms of verbal moods. The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the grammatical means of manifestation of evidential meanings in the studied language. The relevance is due to the lack of special studies of the category of evidentiality in the Karachay-Balkar language. The category of evidentiality in the studied language is described for the first time as a linguistic phenomenon using modern theoretical approaches. The main methods are the descriptive method, the method of contextual analysis and the traditional semasiological approach «from the form to the content». The sources of factual material were the works of Karachay-Balkar fiction, partly folklore texts and colloquial speech. The analysis of the practical material made it possible to single out several types of evidential statements in the studied language, among which the most typical evidential meanings are ‘obvious / non-obvious’, ‘unexpected discovery / amazement’, ’retelling / citation’. The study results can be used to create a functional syntax of the studied language, as well as in the study of evidentiality in related languages.