scholarly journals Traveling With the Greek Language through Time

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-61
Author(s):  
Evangelos Panagiotis Kaltsas
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Fundamental Characteristic ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Universe ◽  
South Europe

Introduction. A language is the fundamental characteristic of a nation’s identity. It can unite the members of an ethic team and set them apart from the members of other ethnic teams. Aim. In this current review, the study presents the evolution of the Greek language from the ancient times, all the way up to today. Methodology. The study’s material consists of articles related to the topic, found in Greek and International και databases, the Google Scholar, and the Hellenic Academic Libraries (HEAL-Link). Results. The Greek language has been used since the third millennia B.C.. During the ancient times, it was the most widely used language in the Mediterranean Sea and South Europe. Until the fifth century B.C., the Greek language was a total of dialects. The Attica Dialect stood out from this dialectical mosaic. Then came the Hellenistic Common, which became the hegemonic language, the lingua franca of the "universe". The Hellenistic Common evolved to the Middle Ages Greek, and later the New Greek (fifth century A.D. - today). Besides, the creation of the New Greek state resulted to the gradual formation of the New Common, which will become the modern New Greek Common, under the effect of the scholar language. Conclusion. The Greek language keeps borrowing and assimilating words from other languages today, just like it did in the past, remaining unbroken for forty centuries.

1. On the Philological Genius and Character of the Neo-Hellenic Dialect

1875 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
Blackie
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Present State ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Language ◽  
Modern Language ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Of Greece

The Author showed by a historical review of the fortunes of Greece, through the Middle Ages, and under the successive influences of Turkish conquest and Turkish oppression, how the Greek language had escaped corruption to the degree that would have caused the birth of a new language in the way that Italian and the other Roman languages grew out of Latin. He then analysed the modern language, as it existed in current popular literature before the time of Coraes, that is, from the time of Theodore Ptochoprodromus to nearly the end of the last century, and showed that the losses and curtailments which it had unquestionably suffered in the course of so many centuries, were not such as materially to impair the strength and beauty of the language, which in its present state was partly to be regarded as a living bridge betwixt the present and the past, and as an altogether unique phenomenon in the history of human speech.

The Dimensions of the Self: Buddhi in the Bhagavad-G¯tā and Psyché in Plotinus

1979 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Armstrong ◽  
R. Ravindra
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Bhagavad Gita ◽  
Third Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bhagavad Gītā ◽  
The Universe

The Bhagavad-Gītā is the most important text in the smrti (what is remembered) literature of India, as distinct from the śruti (what is heard) literature which is traditionally regarded as ultimately authoritative. The Bhagavad-Gītā has been assigned a date ranging from the fifth century B.C. to the second century B.C. The Indian religious tradition places the Gītā at the end of the third age of the present cycle of the universe and the beginning of the fourth, namely the Kali Yuga to which we belong.

Rome's Holy Mountain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Moralee
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Roman History ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Hill ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Remote Past

Rome’s Capitoline Hill was the smallest of the Seven Hills of Rome. Yet in the long history of the Roman state it was the empire’s holy mountain. The hill was the setting of many of Rome’s most beloved stories, involving Aeneas, Romulus, Tarpeia, and Manlius. It also held significant monuments, including the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, a location that marked the spot where Jupiter made the hill his earthly home in the age before humanity. This book follows the history of the Capitoline Hill into late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, asking what happened to a holy mountain as the empire that deemed it thus became a Christian republic. This is not a history of the hill’s tonnage of marble- and gold-bedecked monuments but, rather, an investigation into how the hill was used, imagined, and known from the third to the seventh century CE. During this time, the triumph and other processions to the top of the hill were no longer enacted. But the hill persisted as a densely populated urban zone and continued to supply a bridge to fragmented memories of an increasingly remote past through its toponyms. This book is also about a series of Christian engagements with the Capitoline Hill’s different registers of memory, the transmission and dissection of anecdotes, and the invention of alternate understandings of the hill’s role in Roman history. What lingered long after the state’s disintegration in the fifth century were the hill’s associations with the raw power of Rome’s empire.

Martianus Capella and the Cosmic System of the Etruscans

1946 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 101-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Weinstock
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Martianus Capella ◽  
The Universe

What the Roman tradition, literary and artistic, has to tell us of the heavenly spheres is of Greek and Oriental origin, and it would be futile to go behind hellenized Rome: early Roman religion, though it had an extensive worship of heavenly gods, ignored the universe entirely. An examination of the Etruscan tradition leads to different conclusions. It offers, roughly speaking, three larger complexes to such an examination. One is the bronze model of a liver from Piacenza, used for extispicy and divided into many sections. The second is the doctrine about lightning, mainly to be found in Pliny and Seneca. The third is a list of gods, distributed among the sixteen regions of the heavens, in Martianus Capella (fourth-fifth century A.D.). The aim of this paper in its first part is to analyse this third complex (with occasional reference to the other two).

scholarly journals Speculations on Possible Physical and Cosmical Phenomena in Reference to the Past Conditions of Our Earth

The Geologist ◽  
1863 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Author(s):  
S. J. Mackie
Keyword(s):  
Planetary System ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Planetary Orbits ◽  
The World ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Past Conditions

Whenever we begin to think about the formation of the universe we get at once into the realms of speculation, and the only value of our thoughts rests in their probability. In everything unknown we must first form an idea—that is, speculate; then, by partial gatherings of facts, or by positive reasoning, we may theorize. Ultimately, by the accumulation of evidence, we may prove that which, in the first place, we only imagined. When first men observed the sun, they regarded the earth as a flat plain, over which the sun passed in his heavenly course, and below which, at eve, he retired to rest. It was not until many ages had elapsed that the world came to be regarded as round, and even then it was long before the sun was considered as a fixed centre of the planetary system revolving round him.By no nation of ancient times has astronomy been more advanced than the Greeks. Not that the Greeks ever worked out much to a proved result, but they were an imaginative people, and they invented notions. If one theory or speculation was disproved, they invented another; and, hit or miss, they always seemed to have fresh ideas in reserve. In some things astronomical, as in many other things that the world believes in, we may be heretics, and we admit we do not adhere to all the cosmical, physical, geological, and spiritual tenets of the popular faiths. We may not entirely believe in the perfect stability of the universe; we may doubt the eternal endurance of the sun's bright rays; and we may not quite acquiesce in the unchangeable permanence of tne planetary orbits: in short, we do not believe in the permanence of anything whatever in creation. All ever has been change, and changeful all things ever will be. Diversity and change are visible in the first created things of which any relics have been left us.

scholarly journals Rhythms of the past, rhythms of the future

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-35
Author(s):  
Irina Alekseevna Gerasimova
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Evolutionary Epistemology ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Natural Philosophers ◽  
The Universe

The subject of this research is rhythm as the cultural and fundamental philosophical principle of time organization of systems of various rank. The goal consists in the analysis of possibilities of creating the general theory of rhythm. The author set the following tasks: analyze ethnocultural traditions, which in the cognitive aspect lean on the maturity of rhythm-sensible  way of thinking; analyze the reflections of Ancient Greek natural philosophers on the meaning of rhythm; trace the theme of rhythm in art, science and practices of the XIX – XXI centuries.; problematize the question on the meaning of rhythmology in interpretation of the new vectors of cognitive evolution at the present time. Articulation of the problem of rhythm as the universal requires consideration of cosmic-nature, planetary, social, cultural, and personal realities (worlds). In examination of historical artifacts and ethnographic material, the author takes into account the principles of evolutionary epistemology. The analysis of natural philosophical and ancient Greek worldview is completed with analysis of the language. The novelty consists in articulation and analysis of the problem of rhythm as a cultural universality as the ultimate basis, covering natural, sociocultural and creatively-personal rhythms. The transformations of mentality and way of thinking in cognitive evolution stemmed from matured sensibility in the archaic towards the development of intellect. Rhythmically sensible way of thinking that empathically connects human with nature was developed until the Early Middle Ages. Culture and natural philosophical reflections on the concept of harmony are of essential for comprehension of sensible worldview. Beauty as a formative principle of the universe was conveyed through the set of concepts adopted in the language of modern science. Rhythm as an aesthetic category in natural sciences attracts the attention of researchers dealing with correlations of biosphere, social and cosmic processes. Reflections on the universality of rhythm in the complex evolutionary systems allow reassessing the discord of rhythms (desynchronosis) of the modern global crisis.

The Main Results of the Excavations at Olbia in the Past Three Decades

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. KRYZHITSKIY
Keyword(s):  
Archaic Period ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Made In

In the 1790s, the location of Olbia was established, and since 1901 systematic excavations have been made by three successive generations of scholars. The first of these scholars was Pharmakovskiy and his school in 1901–1926. The second scholars to make excavations in Olbia were under the leadership of Slavin, Levi and Karasev. The third generation who took over the excavations from 1972 was headed by Kryzhitskiy from 1972–1995 and Krapivina from 1995. This chapter focuses on the contributions made by the third generation of scholars that made excavations in the Olbia region. The excavations made in this period were governed by three aims: the study of the historico-archaelogical stratigraphy and topography of cultural levels in the various parts of the city including the underwater area beneath the Bug estuary; an emphasis on the least-studied phases of the city's existence, particularly the cultural levels of the archaic period and the early centuries AD; and the rescue and conservation of the coastal portion of the city. The excavations generated important results such as the discovery of the temenos wall, altars, the temple of Apollo Ietros, Hellenistic period citadels and dwellings, and defensive walls belonging to the fifth century. In addition to these excavations and discoveries, the teams headed by Kryzhitskiy and Krapivina made extensive studies on the lower Bug estuary and Olbia's chora.

scholarly journals Man in Time: Russia — the Last Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-218
Author(s):  
A.E. Razumov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Technological Development ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Science Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Singularity Point ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Origin Of Man ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The last century is filled with victories and failures, passions, and interests. World wars and revolutions, the change of political regimes, ideologies, and ideological orientations — all this provoked a formation of social and political chaos, which sometimes had to be overcome in a totalitarian way through sole commanding and by one-party dictatorship. At the same time, one can observe the successes of cognition, culture, scientific and technological development, which, however, can hardly be called “progress”. Because the mass destruction weapons of certain “partners” in globalism have also been increased. Ready for self-destruction, “man in time” did not become yet the master of his destiny in the last century, but in many ways remained a mystery to himself. Despite the fact that over the past century man has learned a lot about his own psychology, consciousness and subconscious, he still needs further self-knowledge no less than in those times when the Oracle of Delphi called for it. Today, as ancient times, one needs to know better what motivates his sometimes rational, and sometimes, mildly speaking, very strange behavior. Who is man in time? To understand this, one must go beyond the limits of itself being to other times and spaces. Even to times and spaces of a cosmic scale, to the spaces and to the depths of our Universe, where a man was born and will disappear, perhaps preserved in its cosmic memory. The memory of the Universe is symbolized by world constants that arose as a result of the Big Bang and the birth of the Universe from a singularity point. Memory of man inherits this property of the Cosmos. The memory is a system-forming factor that creates man and its world. This is what rigorous science can offer to explain the cosmic origin of man and his memory. Artistic imagery can continue the efforts of science. Culture, literature, first of all, can create imageries that will tell about man and his time more than abstract theory. The imageries will tell that man has not yet lost his freedom of creativity. He must remember the past, live in the present, look and go to the future.

scholarly journals VIOLENCE IN LITERATURE: PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT

Doxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Nataliia Borodina
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Ancient World ◽  
General Level ◽  
Main Question ◽  
The Past ◽  
Violence In Literature ◽  
Philosophical Aspect ◽  
Ancient Times

Does art justify cruelty? If the story is realistic, should it contain a description of the brutal events for the mimesis criterion? Or is violence and cruelty unacceptable because they give rise to new violence? Should the meeting with violence be a catharsis for us that make us better? This question has many interpretations and the purpose of this paper is to clarify the model of solution. The study found that the ancient aestheticization of «useful cruelty» in order to make the reader / viewer suffer had an ambiguous impact on culture, transforming into «cruelty for correction» in the New Age. The perception of cruelty as a means of distinguishing between «one’s own and another’s» (his toriography of the Ancient World and the Early Middle Ages) remained a political device (like fables about a crucified boy as a means of propaganda in the DNR). The legitimating of cruelty as the government’s right to torture (from 1484 to the present) leads us to the totalitarian empires of its century. Cruelty in relationships and cruel revenge, in contrast to the literature of ancient times, is marginalized and is no longer an example for the environment, but a sign of «tabloid literature» - which is a good indicator for society. The main question is: is narrative in literature really a trigger that increases violence? Or does the experience of violence in the literature reduce the level of violence? The study suggests that there is no stable correlation, and recent empirical studies confirm this. Hypothesis of Feschbach’s about the usefulness of cruelty in art has now been refuted by scientists. But we did not find sufficient confirmation of the alternative hypothesis about the pattern of copying cruelty: if a person reads about cruelty, he will not become more cruel. Very useful in this regard is the emergence in the literature of a discourse on the «circle of violence», which removed from the cruel characters a halo of «steepness» - they are now mostly depicted as unhappy people who have suffered in the past. It is no longer cool to be cruel - this is exactly the form of discourse in the future that should give another impetus to reduce the general level of cruelty. Discussing cruelty in literature gives us an opportunity to overcome it. But excessive emphasis on cruelty - aestheticization and admiration for cruel details will only hurt our feelings and will not bring any harm or benefit.

"Marketocentric" Economics Is Obsolete

2004 ◽  
pp. 36-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Buzgalin ◽  
A. Kolganov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Post Market ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
Post Industrial ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Universe

The "marketocentric" economic theory is now dominating in modern science (similar to Ptolemeus geocentric model of the Universe in the Middle Ages). But market economy is only one of different types of economic systems which became the main mode of resources allocation and motivation only in the end of the 19th century. Authors point to the necessity of the analysis of both pre-market and post-market relations. Transition towards the post-industrial neoeconomy requires "Copernical revolution" in economic theory, rejection of marketocentric orientation, which has become now not only less fruitful, but also dogmatically dangerous, leading to the conservation and reproduction of "market fundamentalism".

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