scholarly journals Measurement of Thermal Comfort in Urban Public Spaces Semarang, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Kurniati ◽  
Wakhidah Kurniawati ◽  
Diah Intan Kusumo Dewi ◽  
Mega Febrina Kusumo Astuti
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Road Geometry

Indonesia reported a maximum annual temperature rise of 0.3°C in urban regions. Semarang, the largest metropolitan city in the province of Central Java, is also experiencing an increase in temperature due to climate change therefore activities in urban public spaces are disrupted due to the absence of a comfortable temperature. Urban design elements, including land cover materials, road geometry, vegetation and traffic frequency expressed significant effects on micro-climate. Measurement of Thermal Comfort in Urban Public Spaces Semarang was carried out s at the micro level as an old historical district The Old Town and Chinatown. This increment indeed influences thermal comfort level in its outdoor environments which are important for comfortability of outdoor activity. This study aims to analyse surface temperature through Thermal Comfort Measurement. Data was obtained by measuring air temperature, wind speed and humidity in the morning, afternoon, and evening. Inverse distance weighted (IDW), thermal comfort calculations and micro-climate model were employed to evaluate existing physical conditions of these settlements. The results showed both Old Town and Chinatown observed thermal comfort value above 27°C and are categorized as uncomfortable for outdoor activities. This research is contributing to the need to further develop public spaces to potentially adapt to environmental changes.

scholarly journals Analysis of Micro-Climate and Thermal Comfort in Campus Area (A Case Study: Unissula Campus, Kaligawe Semarang)

2022 ◽  
Vol 955 (1) ◽  
pp. 012025
Author(s):  
E Yuliani ◽  
H Widyasamrati ◽  
N Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
North Coast ◽  
Campus Environment ◽  
The North ◽  
Central Java

Abstract The dynamics of air temperature cause thermal comfort to be unstable in the context of an urban micro-climate. One of the places affected by the urban micro-climate is the campus of Unissula. It lies on the main transportation route of the north coast of Central Java. To create a comfortable space in the campus environment, a local scale air temperature control method is required, one of which is the provision of green open spaces (GOS). Scenarios for providing green open space based on micro-climate dynamics must be developed to create thermal comfort. This study aimed to identify and analyze the correlation between micro-climate and thermal comfort based on the existing parameters. The research methodology employed a rationalistic quantitative deductive approach with micro-climate and thermal comfort variables, as well as rationalistic descriptive analysis technique. According to the findings of this study, the comfort of Unissula campus meets the criteria for morning air temperature of 25.42°C, daytime 31.35 °C, evening 29.92 °C. The morning humidity is relatively 73.92%, the daytime is 51.50%, and the evening is 60.57%. The thermal comfort level is moderately partly comfortable.

AHP Based Thermal Comfort Assessment through Passive Design Allocation in Tropical School Offices

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Siew Chong Chan
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Academic Staff ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Indoor Thermal Comfort ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Passive Design

Since global environmental issues are widely discussed nowadays, a number of studies are being carried out to resolve the challenges of reducing energy usage in buildings, especially related to energy use to sustain the indoor thermal comfort level. Among the methodologies used, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is commonly used to study the problems with multiple influencing factors which consist of different degree of implications. In this study, this model is used to investigate the effectiveness and consistency of respondents’ feedback onto the utility of passive design features in office buildings in order to sustain the indoor thermal comfort levels besides depending on artificial cooling equipment. A number of 122 academic staff from 5 units of primary schools within urban areas in Seremban District was involved in the study. All the schools were equipped with passive design elements, but different types of mechanical ventilation systems were installed in particular schools. Questionnaires with Likert scales were distributed to assist the respondents rank their subjective opinions with objective numerical values. The outputs of rankings generated through AHP by the respondents in different schools were studied, and their validities were further analyzed with ANOVA tests to justify the consistency of the findings. The results showed that there is not much significant difference among the evaluated batches, and thus, model is potential to be further developed into a more comprehensive evaluation tool to link with unidentified environmental and physical factors which generate important design data for future building designers.

scholarly journals Influence of Masks Protecting against SARS-CoV-2 on Thermal Comfort

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Ewa Zender-Świercz ◽  
Marek Telejko ◽  
Beata Galiszewska
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Protective Shield ◽  
Full Face ◽  
The Impact

Due to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, most countries have tightened their public health policies. One way to limit the spread of the virus is to make mouth and nose cover compulsory in public spaces. The article presents the impact of wearing masks on the perception of thermal comfort. The following masks were analysed: FFP2, cotton, medical, PM2.5, half-face protective shield plastic and full-face protective shield plastic. The research was carried out for two scenarios of an ambient temperature: −20 and 30 °C. A thermal manikin was used for the tests. In the case of when a temperature equals 20 °C, the dry masks increase comfort, both general and local, while wet masks reduce comfort. On the other hand, at 30 °C, only wet masks do not increase discomfort. In addition, moist masks require less heat flux to achieve a certain skin temperature. However, it should be remembered that it is not advisable to wet the masks from the health point of view.

scholarly journals An advanced scheme for wet scavenging and liquid-phase chemistry in a regional online-coupled chemistry transport model

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1177-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Knote ◽  
D. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Coupled System ◽  
Cloud Microphysics ◽  
Microphysics Scheme ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Wet Scavenging ◽  
Phase Chemistry

Abstract. Clouds are reaction chambers for atmospheric trace gases and aerosols, and the associated precipitation is a major sink for atmospheric constituents. The regional chemistry-climate model COSMO-ART has been lacking a description of wet scavenging of gases and aqueous-phase chemistry. In this work we present a coupling of COSMO-ART with a wet scavenging and aqueous-phase chemistry scheme. The coupling is made consistent with the cloud microphysics scheme of the underlying meteorological model COSMO. While the choice of the aqueous-chemistry mechanism is flexible, the effects of a simple sulfur oxidation scheme are shown in the application of the coupled system in this work. We give details explaining the coupling and extensions made, then present results from idealized flow-over-hill experiments in a 2-D model setup and finally results from a full 3-D simulation. Comparison against measurement data shows that the scheme efficiently reduces SO2 trace gas concentrations by 0.3 ppbv (−30%) on average, while leaving O3 and NOx unchanged. PM10 aerosol mass was increased by 10% on average. While total PM2.5 changes only little, chemical composition is improved notably. Overestimations of nitrate aerosols are reduced by typically 0.5–1 μg m−3 (up to −2 μg m−3 in the Po Valley) while sulfate mass is increased by 1–1.5 μg m−3 on average (up to 2.5 μg m−3 in Eastern Europe). The effect of cloud processing of aerosols on its size distribution, i.e. a shift towards larger diameters, is observed. Compared against wet deposition measurements the system tends to underestimate the total wet deposited mass for the simulated case study.

scholarly journals Climate-mediated changes to mixed-layer properties in the Southern Ocean: assessing the phytoplankton response

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 847-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Boyd ◽  
S. C. Doney ◽  
R. Strzepek ◽  
J. Dusenberry ◽  
K. Lindsay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Phytoplankton Functional Groups

Abstract. Concurrent changes in ocean chemical and physical properties influence phytoplankton dynamics via alterations in carbonate chemistry, nutrient and trace metal inventories and upper ocean light environment. Using a fully coupled, global carbon-climate model (Climate System Model 1.4-carbon), we quantify anthropogenic climate change relative to the background natural interannual variability for the Southern Ocean over the period 2000 and 2100. Model results are interpreted using our understanding of the environmental control of phytoplankton growth rates – leading to two major findings. Firstly, comparison with results from phytoplankton perturbation experiments, in which environmental properties have been altered for key species (e.g., bloom formers), indicates that the predicted rates of change in oceanic properties over the next few decades are too subtle to be represented experimentally at present. Secondly, the rate of secular climate change will not exceed background natural variability, on seasonal to interannual time-scales, for at least several decades – which may not provide the prevailing conditions of change, i.e. constancy, needed for phytoplankton adaptation. Taken together, the relatively subtle environmental changes, due to climate change, may result in adaptation by resident phytoplankton, but not for several decades due to the confounding effects of climate variability. This presents major challenges for the detection and attribution of climate change effects on Southern Ocean phytoplankton. We advocate the development of multi-faceted tests/metrics that will reflect the relative plasticity of different phytoplankton functional groups and/or species to respond to changing ocean conditions.

scholarly journals Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Munasik ◽  
AGUS SABDONO ◽  
AZELIA N. ASSYFA ◽  
DIAH PERMATA WIJAYANTI ◽  
SUGIYANTO SUGIYANTO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Patch Reef ◽  
Concrete Block ◽  
Coral Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Lower Survival Rate ◽  
Shallow Reef ◽  
Patch Reefs ◽  
Central Java

Abstract. Munasik, Sabdono A, Assyfa AN, Wijayanti DP, Sugiyanto, Irwani, Pribadi R. 2020. Coral transplantation on a multilevel substrate of Artificial Patch Reefs: effect of fixing methods on the growth rate of two Acropora species. Biodiversitas 21: 1816-1822. Branching Acropora is generally used in coral transplantation to rehabilitate coral reefs. However, these corals are sensitive to environmental changes. Artificial Patch Reef  (APR) is an artificial structure that provides a multilevel hard substrate. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the APR structure to facilitate the growth and survival of Acropora branching. Two species Acropora aspera and Acropora copiosa were transplanted vertically and horizontally on a modular concrete block in different levels of APR situated in the shallow reef of Panjang Island, Central Java. The results showed that the coral growth rate varied from 96.7 to 346.9 cm3/month, while survival ranged from 30 to 100% after 8 months. Lower survival rate mostly was found in the upper level of APR. The statistical analyses showed that the growth rate of A. copiosa fragment was significantly higher than that of A. aspera  (p<0.05). Moreover, there were also significant differences in the treatments of transplantation method  (p<0.05) to enhance coral growth. However, multilevel substrates were not significantly influenced by coral growth. This study suggested that A. copiosa which has high-level complexity in branching pattern will be selected to apply in shallow reef rehabilitation with transplanted vertically.

scholarly journals Prediction human skin temperature in comfort level

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Zaina Norhallis Zainol ◽  
Masine Md. Tap ◽  
Haslinda Mohamed Kamar
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Human Skin ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Bioheat Equation ◽  
Acceptable Error ◽  
Human Arm

Thermal comfort is the human subject perceive satisfaction to the work environment. The thermal comfort need to be achieve towards productive working environment. The comfort level of the subject is affected by the human skin temperature. To assess the skin temperature with the sorrounding by conducting human experiment in the climatic chamber. It is rigorous and complex experiment.This study was developed to predict human skin temperature in comfort level with the finite element method and the bioheat equation. The bioheat equation is a consideration of metabolic heat generation and the blood perfusion to solve heat transfer of the living tissue. It is to determine the skin temperature focussing at the human arm. From the study, it is found that the predicted skin temperature value were in well agreement with the experimental results. The percentage error insignificant with acceptable error of 1.05%.

scholarly journals Extremal Dependence between Temperature and Ozone over the Continental U.S.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pakawat Phalitnonkiat ◽  
Wenxiu Sun ◽  
Mircea D. Grigoriu ◽  
Peter G. M. Hess ◽  
Gennady Samorodnitsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Value Theory ◽  
Temperature Extremes ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Extremal Dependence ◽  
Year 2000

Abstract. The co-occurrence of heat waves and pollution events and the resulting high mortality rates emphasizes the importance of the co-occurrence of pollution and temperature extremes. Through the use of extreme value theory and other statistical methods ozone and temperature extremes and their joint occurrence are analyzed over the United States during the summer months (JJA) using Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET) measurement data and simulations of the present and future climate and chemistry in the Community Earth System Model (CESM1) CAM4-chem. Three simulations using CAM4-chem were analyzed: the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) reference experiment using specified dynamics (REFC1SD) between 1992–2010, a 25-year present-day simulation branched off the CCMI REFC2 simulation in the year 2000 and a 25-year future simulation branched off the CCMI REFC2 simulation in 2100. The latter two simulations differed in their concentration of carbon dioxide (representative of the years 2000 and 2100) but were otherwise identical. A new metric is developed to measure the joint extremal dependence of ozone and temperature by evaluating the spectral dependence of their extremes. Two regions of the U.S. give the strongest measured extreme dependence of ozone and temperature: the northeast and the southeast. The simulations do not capture the relationship between temperature and ozone over the northeast but do simulate a strong dependence of ozone on extreme temperatures over the southeast. In general, the simulations of ozone and temperature do not capture the width of the measured temperature and ozone distributions. While on average the future increase in the 90th percentile temperature and the 90th percentile ozone slightly exceed the mean increase over the continental U.S., in many regions the width of the temperature and ozone distributions decrease. The location of future increases in the tails of the ozone distribution are weakly related to those of temperature with a correlation of 0.3.

scholarly journals Determination of Optimum Envelope of Religious Buildings in Terms of Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption: Mosque Cases

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (20) ◽  
pp. 6597
Author(s):  
Ahmet Bircan Atmaca ◽  
Gülay Zorer Gedik ◽  
Andreas Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Gain Factor ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Comfort Level ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Savings Rate

Mosques are quite different from other building types in terms of occupant type and usage schedule. For this reason, they should be evaluated differently from other building types in terms of thermal comfort and energy consumption. It is difficult and probably not even necessary to create homogeneous thermal comfort in mosques’ entire usage area, which has large volumes and various areas for different activities. Nevertheless, energy consumption should be at a minimum level. In order to ensure that mosques are minimally affected by outdoor climatic changes, the improvement of the properties of the building envelope should have the highest priority. These optimal properties of the building envelope have to be in line with thermal comfort in mosques. The proposed method will be a guide for designers and occupants in the design process of new mosques or the use of existing mosques. The effect of the thermal properties of the building envelope on energy consumption was investigated to ensure optimum energy consumption together with an acceptable thermal comfort level. For this purpose, a parametric simulation study of the mosques was conducted by varying optical and thermal properties of the building envelope for a temperature humid climate zone. The simulation results were analyzed and evaluated according to current standards, and an appropriate envelope was determined. The results show that thermal insulation improvements in the roof dome of buildings with a large volume contributed more to energy savings than in walls and foundations. The use of double or triple glazing in transparent areas is an issue that should be considered together with the solar energy gain factor. Additionally, an increasing thickness of thermal insulation in the building envelope contributed positively to energy savings. However, the energy savings rate decreased after a certain thickness. The proposed building envelope achieved a 33% energy savings compared to the base scenario.

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