Biology, Management, and Conservation of Lampreys in North America

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Validation Experiment ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Swimming Mode ◽  
Low Head ◽  
Burst Swimming ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Vertical Height

<em>Abstract</em>.—Low-head barriers against invasive sea lampreys <em>Petromyzon marinus</em> in the Great Lakes are designed to maintain a minimum crest height of 30 cm and have a lip on the crest to prevent them from climbing over the barrier. We tested the ability of migratory-phase sea lampreys to scale inclined ramps with shallow (0.7–5 cm) water depth. We predicted that sea lampreys would jump the barrier and that their ability to attach would increase passage success. A recirculating flume and ramp with a vertical height of 10–30 cm and an inclination between 308 and 608 were used to evaluate lamprey climbing ability. Lampreys trying to scale the ramp were monitored by passive integrated transponder tag readers and low-light video cameras. No lampreys were observed jumping out of the water to scale a barrier. Independent of ramp angle, no fish passed over a 30-cm ramp. Lampreys often attached themselves to the ramp, but without a gain of vertical height between repeated attempts. The success rate at lower ramp heights varied between 0% (15 cm height, 308 angle) and 63% (10 cm height, 608 angle). Only ramps shorter than half the body length of the lampreys could be surmounted. Apparently, the lampreys had to have their dorso-ventral fins fully submerged in the downstream pool to create enough propulsion to scale a ramp in burst-swimming mode. An analysis of 1,300 passage attempts in a field-validation experiment showed a greater apparent motivation to move up a ramp but reconfirmed our laboratory findings on passage technique and maximum performance. We conclude that sea lamprey barrier height could be further reduced and that an overhanging lip is not necessary as sea lampreys neither climb nor jump over barriers. A ramp with a shallow inclination and moderate vertical height and water flow is a new design suggestion for a barrier that blocks sea lampreys and may allow other fish species to pass.

Red muscle activation patterns in yellowfin (Thunnus albacares) and skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) tunas during steady swimming

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (16) ◽  
pp. 2127-2138 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Knower ◽  
R.E. Shadwick ◽  
S.L. Katz ◽  
J.B. Graham ◽  
C.S. Wardle
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Force Transducer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thunnus Albacares ◽  
Katsuwonus Pelamis ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Muscle Activation Patterns ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Swimming Mode

To learn about muscle function in two species of tuna (yellowfin Thunnus albacares and skipjack Katsuwonus pelamis), a series of electromyogram (EMG) electrodes was implanted down the length of the body in the internal red (aerobic) muscle. Additionally, a buckle force transducer was fitted around the deep caudal tendons on the same side of the peduncle as the electrodes. Recordings of muscle activity and caudal tendon forces were made while the fish swam over a range of steady, sustainable cruising speeds in a large water tunnel treadmill. In both species, the onset of red muscle activation proceeds sequentially in a rostro-caudal direction, while the offset (or deactivation) is nearly simultaneous at all sites, so that EMG burst duration decreases towards the tail. Muscle duty cycle at each location remains a constant proportion of the tailbeat period (T), independent of swimming speed, and peak force is registered in the tail tendons just as all ipsilateral muscle deactivates. Mean duty cycles in skipjack are longer than those in yellowfin. In yellowfin red muscle, there is complete segregation of contralateral activity, while in skipjack there is slight overlap. In both species, all internal red muscle on one side is active simultaneously for part of each cycle, lasting 0.18T in yellowfin and 0.11T in skipjack. (Across the distance encompassing the majority of the red muscle mass, 0.35-0.65L, where L is fork length, the duration is 0.25T in both species.) When red muscle activation patterns were compared across a variety of fish species, it became apparent that the EMG patterns grade in a progression that parallels the kinematic spectrum of swimming modes from anguilliform to thunniform. The tuna EMG pattern, underlying the thunniform swimming mode, culminates this progression, exhibiting an activation pattern at the extreme opposite end of the spectrum from the anguilliform mode.

A Cross-Sectional Study to Compare Differences on Clinical and Laboratory Findings in Children with Seropositive and Seronegative Lupus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shima Salehi ◽  
Rozita Hosseini Shamsabadi ◽  
Hassan Otukesh ◽  
Reza Shiari ◽  
Monir Sharafi
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Rapid Identification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Musculoskeletal Symptoms ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background: Lupus is an inflammatory and autoimmune disease that involves various tissues and organs of the body. Identification of diagnostic elements to rapid identification of seronegative lupus cases is very important in order to prevent morbidity and progression of disease. This study aimed to compare clinical and laboratory findings of seropositive cases with seronegative lupus patients. Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study was performed on 43 children (17 seronegative and 26 seropositive) with lupus who were admitted to Ali Asghar Hospital during 2007-2017. Seropositive patients had anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) titration >1/80, while seronegative patients had ANA titration <1/80 (at the time of disease diagnosis). Clinical and laboratory findings were compared between two groups.Results: Serositis in patients with ANA- was significantly higher than ANA+ (41.17% vs. 23.07%; p = 0.042). ANA- group had higher autoimmune disease history than ANA+ group (42.85% vs. 15.0%; p = 0.041). The family history of the disease in the ANA- group was greater than ANA+ group (50% vs. 23.52%). The percentage of hypertensive patients in ANA- group was higher than ANA+ group (52.94% vs. 26.92%; p = 0.037). Neurologic symptoms in ANA+ and ANA- groups were 38.46% and 17.64%, respectively (p = 0.043). The frequency of patients with thrombocytopenia in ANA+ group was significantly greater than ANA- group (32% vs. 12.5%; p=0.041). There was no significant difference in other clinical and laboratory findings between two groups. Conclusion: Seronegative lupus patients had higher percentage of musculoskeletal symptoms, autoimmune disease history, familial history of disease, and hypertension, while neurological and thrombocytopenia symptoms were higher in seropositive patients compared to seronegative cases. Therefore, evaluation of these factors can be helpful to diagnosis of seronegative patients.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Estimating the Effects of Trait Knowledge on Social Perception

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110474
Author(s):  
Andrew Wildman ◽  
Richard Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Social Information Processing ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Processing System ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Initial Stimulus ◽  
Validation Experiment

Research in social cognition has predominantly investigated perceptual and inferential processes separately, however real-world social interactions usually involve integration between person inferences (e.g., generous, selfish) and the perception of physical appearance (e.g., thin, tall). Therefore, in the current work, we investigated the integration of different person-relevant signals, by estimating the extent to which bias in one social information processing system influences another. Following an initial stimulus-validation experiment (Experiment 1, N=55), two further pre-registered experiments (Experiments 2, N=55 & 3; N=123) employed a priming paradigm to measure the effects of extraversion-diagnostic information on subsequent health and body-size judgements of a target body. The results were consistent across both priming experiments and supported our predictions: compared to trait-neutral control statements, extraversion-diagnostic statements increased judgements of health and decreased those of body size. As such, we show that trait-based knowledge does not only influence mappings towards similar types of person judgments, such as health judgments. Rather, even a brief re-configuration of trait-space alters mappings towards non-trait judgments, which are based on body size and shape. The results complement prior neuroimaging findings that showed functional interactions between the body-selective brain regions in the ventral visual stream and the theory of mind network when forming impressions of others. Therefore, we provide a functional signature of how distinct information processing units exchange signals and integrate information in order to form impressions. Overall, the current study underscores the value of behavioural work in complementing neuroscience when investigating the role and properties of functional integration during impression formation. Additionally, it stresses the potential limitations of an over-reliance on studying separate systems in isolation.

HOW THE BODY CONTRIBUTES TO THE WAKE IN UNDULATORY FISH SWIMMING

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (16) ◽  
pp. 2751-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
ULRIKE K. MÜLLER ◽  
JORIS SMIT ◽  
EIZE J. STAMHUIS ◽  
JOHN J. VIDELER
Keyword(s):  
Body Wave ◽  
Vortex Pair ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Swimming Efficiency ◽  
Swimming Mode ◽  
Thrust Production ◽  
Tail Beat

SUMMARY Undulatory swimmers generate thrust by passing a transverse wave down their body. Thrust is generated not just at the tail, but also to a varying degree by the body, depending on the fish's morphology and swimming movements. To examine the mechanisms by which the body in particular contributes to thrust production, we chose eels, which have no pronounced tail fin and hence are thought to generate all their thrust with their body. We investigated the interaction between body movements and the flow around swimming eels using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry. Maximum flow velocities adjacent to the eel's body increase almost linearly from head to tail, suggesting that eels generate thrust continuously along their body. The wake behind eels swimming at 1.5Ls-1, where L is body length,consisted of a double row of double vortices with little backward momentum. The eel sheds two vortices per half tail-beat, which can be identified by their shedding dynamics as a start—stop vortex of the tail and a vortex shed when the body-generated flows reach the `trailing edge' and cause separation. Two consecutively shed ipsilateral body and tail vortices combine to form a vortex pair that moves away from the mean path of motion. This wake shape resembles flow patterns described previously for a propulsive mode in which neither swimming efficiency nor thrust is maximised but sideways forces are high. This swimming mode is suited to high manoeuvrability. Earlier recordings show that eels also generate a wake reflective of maximum swimming efficiency. The combined findings suggest that eels can modify their body wave to generate wakes that reflect their propulsive mode.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis

2013 ◽  
pp. 1447-1450
Author(s):  
Hermann Einsele ◽  
Peter J. Maddison
Keyword(s):  
White Women ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Giant Cells ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis ◽  
Recommended Treatment ◽  
Underlying Malignancy

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MRH) is a rare systemic disease characterized by the combination of typical papular and nodular skin lesions and a severe and destructive polyarthritis, although virtually any organ system of the body can be involved. MRH most commonly affects middle-aged white women; it is about three times more common in women with a mean age at onset in the fifth decade. MRH is a rare histiocytic proliferative disease of unknown aetiology, characterized by tissue infiltration by histiocytes and multinuclear giant cells. The stimulus for the histiocytic proliferation has not been fully elucidated, although there is an association with internal malignancies and abnormal immunological laboratory findings. The diagnosis is confirmed by skin or synovial biopsy. The disease often runs a waxing and waning course and sometimes stabilizes. Work-up for underlying malignancy cannot be overemphasized. The recommended treatment for MRH is oral methrotrexate plus prednisone tapered gradually over 3–4 months.

Eco-evolutionary adaptations of ochotonids (Mammalia: Lagomorpha) to islands: new insights into Late Miocene pikas from the Gargano palaeo-archipelago (Italy)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blanca Moncunill-Solé
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Management And Conservation

Abstract Climate change strongly affects the range of ochotonids (Order Lagomorpha), fragmenting their habitats and restricting them to ecological islands. The present paper discusses the adaptations of extinct ochotonids to insular stressors, providing baseline data for the management and conservation of extant species. For this purpose, the body mass (BM) and locomotion of the endemic Prolagus apricenicus and Prolagus imperialis from the Gargano palaeo archipelago (Late Miocene) were assessed. P. apricenicus was a small-sized ochotonid (BM 150–250 g) and P. imperialis was probably the largest Prolagus that ever lived (BM 500–750 g). The eco-evolutionary BM dynamics suggest a targeted ecological niche for P. apricenicus, whereas the BM of P. imperialis rose abruptly as a result of growth-rate increase. In both species, the locomotion was stable and less cursorial, with leaping skills, resembling extant rocky ochotonids. Convergent eco-evolutionary patterns are observed in extinct insular ochotonids, concerning an increase of BM (giants), more efficient chewing, less cursorial and more stable locomotion, leaping skills, as well as a slower life history (longer lifespan). Such adaptations are triggered by the specific selective pressures of insular regimes. The present results point to the long-lasting insular Prolagus species as reference taxa for addressing the management of extant rocky ochotonids.

Metamorphosis in the anadromous sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus L.

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. Potter ◽  
G. M. Wright ◽  
J. H. Youson
Keyword(s):  
Petromyzon Marinus ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Sea Lampreys ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Increased Activity

A study has been made of metamorphosis in anadromous sea lampreys in New Brunswick between 1973 and 1976. The stages (1–7) commence with the recently described 'prometamorphic ammocoete' (Youson, J. H., G. M. Wright, and E. C. Ooi. 1977. The timing of changes in several internal organs during metamorphosis of anadromous larval lamprey Petromyzon marinus L. Can. J. Zool. 55: 469–473.) and conclude with one similar to the newly metamorphosed landlocked sea lamprey (Manion, P. J., and T. M. Stauffer. 1970. Metamorphosis of the landlocked sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 1735–1746.). Most of the marked quantitative changes exhibited by certain regions of the body can be directly related to adaptations for suctorial feeding, increased activity, and a predaceous mode of life. Reductions in the prebranchial length are almost certainly associated with changes in the pharyngeal basket which facilitate alterations in the direction of the respiratory water flow. The timing of metamorphosis was remarkably synchronous both within and between years, representatives of the earliest stages (1–2) being found only between July 7 and 28 while after September 14 only stage 7 animals were caught. During metamorphosis the lengths of the animals changed little whereas their weights declined significantly. The weights and condition factors of stage 1–2 animals were significantly greater than those of larvae of comparable length. This feature, presumably related to lipid accumulation at the end of larval life, is discussed in the context of factors influencing the onset of metamorphosis.

In situ examination of the behaviour of fish in response to demersal trawl nets in an Australian trawl fishery

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 825 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Piasente ◽  
I. A. Knuckey ◽  
S. Eayrs ◽  
P. E. McShane
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Escape Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Trawl Fishery ◽  
Underwater Cameras ◽  
Swimming Mode ◽  
Towing Speed ◽  
Carangiform Swimming ◽  
In Situ Examination

In situ examination of the behaviour of fish was undertaken with underwater cameras positioned on demersal trawl gear used by Australia’s South East Trawl Fishery. Blue grenadier (Macruronus novaezelandiae), pink ling (Genypterus blacodes) and whiptails (Coelorinchus spp.) swam in an anguilliform mode whereas other species displayed a carangiform swimming mode. Tiger flathead (Neoplatycephalus richardsoni) and ocean perch (Heliocolenus spp.) were active in response to the approaching trawl net compared with the generally passive activity of whiptails, New Zealand dory (Cyttus novaezelandiae), and jackass morwong (Nemadactylus macropterus). However, when in the body of the trawl, gemfish were active while ocean perch, whiptails and New Zealand dory were generally passive. Some blue grenadier, ocean perch and whiptails escaped capture by passing through open meshes in the trawl mouth, whereas tiger flathead passed under the ground gear. In the trawl body, small numbers of blue grenadier passed through open meshes in the top panel whereas numerous spotted warehou swam faster than the towing speed, presumably escaping capture by swimming forwards and out of the trawl. Interspecific behavioural variation in escape response could be utilised to design more efficient trawl gears.

scholarly journals Death caused by heat stroke: Case report

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 360-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Savic ◽  
Snezana Pavlekic ◽  
Djordje Alempijevic ◽  
Dragan Jecmenica
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hemorrhagic Diathesis ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Stroke Case

Introduction. Heat stroke is the most dangerous among numerous disorders caused by elevated environmental temperature. It is characterized by an increased body temperature of over 40?C, the dysfunction of the central nervous system and the development of multiple organ failure. The aim of this paper was to highlight problems in the clinical and post-mortal diagnosis of fatal heat stroke. Case Outline. A 20-year-old male was found unconscious on the street; on admission at the Emergency Center, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, he was in a coma. The body temperature of 40?C was maintained despite the applied therapy, meningeal signs were negative, tachycardia with gallop rhythm, hypotension, bleeding from the nose and mouth, and presence of skin bruises. Laboratory findings: highly elevated LDH and creatine kinase, elevated serum creatinine, AST, and signs of DIC. Lethal outcome occurred 6 hours after admission, and the case remained clinically unsolved. Autopsy showed signs of hemorrhagic diathesis, brain and pulmonary edema, and microscopic examination revealed general congestion, internal bleeding in various organs, cerebral edema, massive blood aspiration and pulmonary edema. Toxicological and bacteriological examinations were negative. Based on these findings and subsequently obtained data on the conditions at the workplace where the young man had a part-time job, it was concluded that the violent death was caused by heat stroke. Conclusion. Since heat stroke is associated with a high mortality rate and high incidence of serious and permanent organ damage in survivors, it is important to make the diagnosis of heat stroke as quickly as possible and apply appropriate treatment. Misdiagnosis of heat stroke, and consequently inadequate treatment, with a potential fatal outcome for the patient, can be the reason for blaming doctors for the legal offense of medical malpractice in failing to administer first aid.

Hydroplaning by ducklings: overcoming limitations to swimming at the water surface

1995 ◽  
Vol 198 (7) ◽  
pp. 1567-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Aigeldinger ◽  
F Fish
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Kinematic Analysis ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Escape Behavior ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
The Body ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Stroke Frequency ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Burst Swimming

Rapid escape behavior by mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings is restricted to burst swimming at the water surface. Maximum speed may be limited because of the pattern of waves created as the duckling's body moves through the water (hull speed). Burst speeds for 9-day-old ducklings were compared with predicted hull speeds, based on the waterline length of ducklings either resting in water or actively swimming. Kinematic analysis of video tapes showed a mean maximum burst speed of 1.73 m s-1, which was four times greater than the predicted hull speed. At burst velocities, stroke frequency was 1.9 times higher than the stroke frequency measured during steady low-speed paddling. Transition to burst speeds from steady paddling occurred near predicted hull speed. The paddling motions of the webbed feet were used to generate both thrust and lift. By using lift to raise the body above the water surface, the influence of waves in restricting maximum swimming speed is negated. The duckling's body becomes a planing type of hull and skims on the water surface.

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