scholarly journals Physical properties of commercial infant milk formula products

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin G Murphy ◽  
Nicolas E Regost ◽  
Yrjo H Roos ◽  
Mark A Fenelon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Structural Evaluation ◽  
Infant Milk Formula ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Dairy Powders

The physical properties of 12 commercially available infant milk formula (IMF) and follow-on (FO) powders were assessed. Polarised light micrographs of powders revealed that two types of powders existed: Type I - homogenous mixtures of milk powder particles and Type II – heterogeneous mixtures of milk powder particles and tomahawk-shaped a-lactose monohydrate crystals. Conventionally employed correlations between particle size, flowability and compressibility were found to be highly dependent on the presence of crystalline lactose in powders. Overall, results showed the importance of micro-structural evaluation during analysis of physical properties of dairy powders and, in particular, IMF/FO powders. Keywords: max. Infant formula;  microstructure; physical properties

scholarly journals Powder and Reconstituted Properties of Commercial Infant and Follow-On Formulas

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eoin G. Murphy ◽  
Nicolas E. Regost ◽  
Yrjö H. Roos ◽  
Mark A. Fenelon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Powder Particles ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The physical properties of 15 commercially available infant formulas (IF) and follow-on (FO) formulas were analysed. Powders made with intact milk proteins were classified into two groups; Type I—homogenous mixtures of milk powder particles (n = 6); and Type II—heterogeneous mixtures of milk powder particles and tomahawk-shaped α-lactose monohydrate crystals (n = 6). Powders made using hydrolysed proteins were classified as Type III powders (n = 3). Type II powders exhibited similar flow characteristics to Type I powders despite having significantly (p < 0.05) smaller particle size, lower circularity, and greater elongation. Type III powders exhibited lowest particles size, highest surface free fat, and poorest flow properties (p < 0.05 for all). Upon reconstitution of powders (12.5% w/w), no significant difference (p < 0.05) in apparent viscosity was observed between Type I and II powders. Reconstituted Type III powders had relatively poor stability to separation compared to Type I and II powders, caused by large starch granules and/or poor emulsification by hydrolysed proteins. Overall, this study illustrated the range of physical behaviour and structures present in commercial IF powders. In particular, the effect of dry addition of lactose and the hydrolysis of protein were found to have major effects on physical properties.

scholarly journals Impact assessment of interlayers on geological storage of carbon dioxide in Songliao Basin

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deping Zhang ◽  
Chengkai Fan ◽  
Dongqin Kuang
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Songliao Basin ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Geological Storage ◽  
Storage Efficiency ◽  
Reservoir Prediction ◽  
Injection Volume ◽  
Sand Body ◽  
Cap Rock

Reservoirs in the Songliao Basin are characterized by strong heterogeneity, which increases the difficulty of exact reservoir prediction. The clay interlayer developed in the reservoir is an important factor affecting the heterogeneity of the reservoir. Using the reservoir numerical simulation technology, an attempt has been made to investigate the storage efficiency during CO2 sequestration in Songliao Basin considering different types of interlayer in underground formations. Results indicate that type I interlayer, with a large thickness embedded between the two sand bodies has function of shunting and blocking to alleviate the impacts on cap rock. The type II interlayer has a small thickness and locates inside a single sand body, with poor physical properties and continuity, which has the same blocking effect on CO2 distribution and moderating influence on the cap rock. The physical properties of type III interlayer are same as the type II interlayer, but it has uneven distribution and poor continuity. In addition, three schemes of perforated zone were designed and their effects on CO2 storage efficiency and stability were studied. For a single reservoir, the scheme I is to perforate a whole reservoir, which is more conducive to maintain the reservoir’s stability. For multiple sets of “single-reservoir”, the scheme II can be preferentially selected to perforate the reservoir section below the interlayer when the injection volume is small. However, the scheme III can be used to perforate the interlayer and the reservoir below that when the injection volume is large. The study is beneficial to provide guidance and advice for selecting a suitable CO2 geological storage and reduce the risk of CO2 leakage.

scholarly journals Structural studies on the microfibrillar proteins of wool. Interaction between α-helical segments and reassembly of a four-chain structure

1983 ◽  
Vol 209 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
L C Gruen ◽  
E F Woods
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chain Complex ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Difference Spectra ◽  
Alpha Keratin

The alpha-helix-rich particle of Mr 50 200, derived by limited alpha-chymotryptic digestion of the solubilized microfibrillar proteins from wool alpha-keratin, consists mainly of polypeptide-chain segments of Mr 12 500 (fraction ChC) and 25 000 (fraction ChB). The 12 500-Mr segments are of two types (I and II), which are derived from different polypeptide chains of the microfibrillar complex. Each of these type-I and type-II segments partially self-associates in benign solvents to form either dimers or tetramers. When mixed, the two segments show changes in physical properties (alpha-helix content, difference spectra and molecular weight) indicative of complex-formation. The maximum changes occur when the two segments are mixed in an equimolar ratio. Complexes isolated after rapid dialysis of mixtures from 8 M-urea solution were examined by various methods. A tetrameric structure is the main product formed in all cases, and the maximum amount of tetramer is obtained from equimolar mixtures of the type-I and type-II polypeptides. When urea is removed by dialysis from the unfractionated 12 500-Mr segments (fraction ChC) or from the alpha-helix-rich particle itself, a similar complex of Mr 50 000 is formed. The physical properties of these reconstituted entities (alpha-helix content, molecular weight, thermal stability and exposure of tyrosine residues) are similar to those of the original alpha-helix-rich particle. Cross-linking experiments with dimethyl suberimidate are in agreement with a four-chain complex for the reassembled structures. A pair of double-stranded alpha-helices is proposed for the particle, and is considered to be an integral part of the microfibrillar complex in wool alpha-keratin.

scholarly journals Classifying pole-skipping points

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong jun Ahn ◽  
Viktor Jahnke ◽  
Hyun-Sik Jeong ◽  
Kyung-Sun Lee ◽  
Mitsuhiro Nishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Condition ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Limiting Behavior ◽  
Scalar And Vector Fields ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Abstract We clarify general mathematical and physical properties of pole-skipping points. For this purpose, we analyse scalar and vector fields in hyperbolic space. This setup is chosen because it is simple enough to allow us to obtain analytical expressions for the Green’s function and check everything explicitly, while it contains all the essential features of pole-skipping points. We classify pole-skipping points in three types (type-I, II, III). Type-I and Type-II are distinguished by the (limiting) behavior of the Green’s function near the pole-skipping points. Type-III can arise at non-integer iω values, which is due to a specific UV condition, contrary to the types I and II, which are related to a non-unique near horizon boundary condition. We also clarify the relation between the pole-skipping structure of the Green’s function and the near horizon analysis. We point out that there are subtle cases where the near horizon analysis alone may not be able to capture the existence and properties of the pole-skipping points.

scholarly journals Correlating Volatile Lipid Oxidation Compounds with Consumer Sensory Data in Dairy Based Powders during Storage

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly J. Clarke ◽  
Maurice G. O’Sullivan ◽  
Joseph P. Kerry ◽  
Kieran N. Kilcawley
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Sensory Perception ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Dairy Powders ◽  
The Imf

Lipid oxidation (LO) is a recognised problem in dairy powders due to the formation of volatile odour compounds that can negatively impact sensory perception. Three commercial dairy powders, fat-filled whole milk powder (FFWMP), skim milk powder (SMP), and infant milk formula (IMF), stored under different conditions (21 °C, 37 °C, or 25 °C with 50% humidity), were evaluated by consumer acceptance studies, ranked descriptive sensory analysis, and LO volatile profiling using headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME GCMS) over 16 weeks. Significant (p = 0.001) differences in the concentration of LO compounds and sensory perception were evident between sample types in the different storage conditions. The sensory acceptance scores for FFWMP and SMP remained stable throughout storage in all conditions, despite the increased perception of some LO products. The IMF sample was perceived negatively in each storage condition and at each time point. Overall increases in hexanal, heptanal, and pentanal correlated with “painty”, “oxidised”, “cooked”, and “caramelised” attributes in all samples. The concentration of some LO volatiles in the IMF was far in excess of those in FFWMP and SMP. High levels of LO volatiles in IMF were presumably due to the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the formulation.

scholarly journals Microbial Contamination of Infant Milk Formula in Local Markets

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Local Markets ◽  
Total Plate Count ◽  
Infant Milk Formula ◽  
Infant Milk Powder ◽  
Yeasts And Molds

This study is conducted to identify the microbial content of some types of infant milk formula available in the local markets of the city of Baghdad and their conformity microbial limits sited by the Iraqi standard. Seventy samples were collected from trademarks of imported infant milk formula included of five samples of infant milk formula No (1) and five samples of follow-up formula No (2). These samples were collected randomly from shops in the local markets of Baghdad city on both sides of Karkh and Rusafa included the following kinds: Dialac 1, Dialac 2 ,Celia 1, Celia 2 ,Biomil 1, Biomil 2 , Nactalia 1, Nactalia 2, Novalac 1 , Novalac 2 , Similac 1 , imilac 2 , Guigos 1, Guigos 2. Some microbial tests were done which included estimating the number of Total Plate Count bacteria, Coliform bacteria, Salmonella bacteria, Staphylococcus bacteria and Molds,Yeasts . The results show there is no any type of Coliform and Salmonella bacteria in infant milk; While high number of total plate count bacteria, Staphylococcus bacteria,Yeasts and Molds are showed in all kinds of formula, therefore do not exceed the microbiological limits of Iraqi standards(IQS) for good quality infant milk powder, with except the trademark Dialac1, Dialac 2 .

Consumer preference and willingness to pay for the traceability information attribute of infant milk formula

2017 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1276-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shijiu Yin ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Yingjun Xu ◽  
Mo Chen ◽  
Yiqin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Infant Milk Formula ◽  
Domestic Products ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a basis for government decision makers regarding the gradual popularisation of traceable infant milk formula (IMF) and the construction of a safe food market system. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected from 1,225 randomly selected consumers in Shandong Province, China using a choice experiment. The authors used the mixed logit model to determine consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for IMF profiles with different levels of five attributes: traceability information, brand, country of origin, place of sale and price. Findings Results indicated that traceability information was more important than brand or country of origin for Chinese consumers. In terms of WTP for different levels of traceability information, grazing information was the most preferred by the respondents. The order of preference with regards to country of origin and brand attributes suggests that consumers prefer “foreign milk powder” to domestic products. The difference in consumer WTP between IMF sold in drugstores and in supermarkets is minimal. The higher the food safety risk perception, the higher the WTP for traceability information and the higher the WTP for “foreign milk powder (brand or country of origin)” compared with domestic products. In addition, the differences in the WTP of various risk perception groups between IMF sold in drugstores and in supermarkets are minimal. Originality/value This study subdivides traceability information into three levels (i.e. cow grazing, IMF producing and IMF selling) based on supply chain processes. It then compares consumer preference for the traceability information attribute with those of other attributes, such as brand, country of origin and place of sale. This research is valuable to members of the academe, policy makers and food suppliers.

scholarly journals Analysis of Microscopic Main Controlling Factors for Occurrence of Movable Fluid in Tight Sandstone Gas Reservoirs Based on Improved Grey Correlation Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xuefei Lu ◽  
Fengjuan Dong ◽  
Xiaolong Wei ◽  
PengTao Wang ◽  
Na Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Tight Sandstone ◽  
Throat Radius ◽  
Gas Field ◽  
Correlation Theory ◽  
Gray Correlation

Tight sandstone reservoirs have the characteristics of poor physical properties, fine pore throats, and strong microheterogeneity compared with conventional reservoirs, which results in complicated movable fluid occurrence laws and difficult mining. Taking the tight sandstone gas reservoir of He 8 formation in Sulige gas field as an example, based on physical property test analysis, constant velocity mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, an optimized gray correlation calculation model is established by improved gray correlation theory, which quantitatively characterizes the influence of microscopic pore structure parameters of different types of tight sandstone gas reservoirs on the occurrence of movable fluids, and the main controlling microgeological factors for the occurrence of movable fluid in tight sandstone gas reservoirs with close/similar physical properties are selected. The results show that the occurrence of movable fluid in Type I reservoirs is mainly affected by the effective pore-throat radius ratio, the saturation of mercury in the total throat, and the effective pore radius, and the occurrence of movable fluid in Type II reservoirs is mainly affected by the effective throat radius per unit volume and total throat mercury saturation and mainstream throat radius. Moreover, the occurrence state of movable fluids in Type II reservoirs is controlled by the throat radius stronger than that of Type I reservoirs. It has important guiding significance for the efficient development of tight sandstone gas reservoirs.

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