Assessing willingness to pay for upgrading toilets in rural areas of Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Simei Wu ◽  
◽  
Huimin Li ◽  
Qin Li ◽  
Li Mi
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inner Mongolia

scholarly journals Public Willingness to Pay for and Participate in Sanitation Infrastructure Improvement in Western China's Rural Areas

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simei Wu ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Bao-Jie He
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Personal Interest ◽  
Infrastructure Improvement ◽  
Sanitation Infrastructure

The suitability and feasibility of public-private partnership (PPP) patterns in a rural context have not been well-documented and understood. To address this research gap and practical plight, this study aims to analyze the rural resident's willingness to pay for and participate in the improvement of rural sanitation facilities, and further explore the drivers and barriers affecting their decisions. This study was performed in rural areas of three western provinces, including Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Inner Mongolia, of western China's rural areas by conducting a survey on 1,248 rural residents. In Inner Mongolia, the proportion of respondents who were willing to pay was highest, while the proportion of respondents who may provide labor was lowest among the three provinces. Respondents from Ningxia had the least willing to pay, and respondents from Shaanxi had the highest willingness to participate. Overall, respondents' rural (living) duration time, personal interest in local government notice, and the latest time when the sanitation facilities were improved could significantly affect their willingness. In Inner Mongolia, occupation and water availability could significantly influence respondents' willingness, and both gender and health conditions had significant impacts. In Ningxia, respondents' personal interest in local government notice had a notable impact on willingness, and low-income respondents showed a more notable willingness to pay and participate. In Shaanxi, occupation and water availability could significantly influence respondents' willingness. Respondents' personal interest in local government notice had a notable impact on their willingness. This study is of significant importance to understand rural resident's participation in sanitation infrastructure improvement to support relevant PPP projects, and is important to solve poverty-caused dilemmas.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors for Pterygium in Han and Mongolian adults: across-sectional study in inner Mongolian, China

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wang ◽  
Guangliang Shan ◽  
Linyang Gan ◽  
Yonggang Qian ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: To investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with pterygium in Han and Mongolian adults at four survey sites in Inner Mongolia, China. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted. Using a stratified sampling method, we eventually included 2,651 participants of at least30 years of age from a total of 3,468 eligible residents. Factors associated with pterygium were analysed using univariate analysis and logistic regression models. Results: There were 1,910 Han adults and 741 Mongolian adults included in this study. The mean± standard deviation of age for individuals in the study cohort was 48.93±11.06 years. The overall prevalence of pterygium was 6.4% (n=169), and the prevalences of bilateral and unilateral pterygium were 1.4% (n=38) and 4.8% (n=128), respectively. The most common grade of pterygium was Grade 2. After univariate analysis, eleven factors were considered in a multivariate analysis. The results indicated that age (P<0.001), education level (P<0.001), outdoor occupation (P=0.026), and time spent in rural areas (P<0.001) were significantly associated with pterygium, whereas gender and ethnicity were not risk factors. In subgroup analysis, BMI≥28 was a protective factor for Han individuals (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21-0.81, P=0.01), but a risk factor for Mongolian individuals (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.02-5.58, P=0.044). The BF% in Han and Mongolian individuals had significant difference (P<0.001). Conclusions: Our results indicated that an outdoor occupation, old age and time spent in rural areas are risk factors for pterygium in Inner Mongolia. Living near an urban survey site (Hohhot and Tsining District) and having a higher education level are protective factors for pterygium. Ethnicity, gender, smoking, diabetes and high blood pressure are not associated with pterygium. Different dietary structures in Han and Mongolian adults may lead to different fat content of body and therefore contributes to the prevalence of pterygium. Keywords: Pterygium, prevalence, Han and Mongolian, risk factors, protective factors

scholarly journals Economic Valuation of Green Electricity Sources in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Muhammad-Jawad Iqbal ◽  
Abdul-Rahim Samad Abdul
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Green Electricity ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Bid Price ◽  
The Government

Green electricity, which comes from renewable sources such as wind, hydro and solar, are well appreciated for their being environment friendly. The advantage of these sources are apparent in part of already natural environment. Moreover, this modern form of electricity also contributes in the poverty alleviation in developing countries, which is one of the sustainable development goals (SDG). The objective of this study is to explore electricity consumers’ willingness to pay for the sustainable energy by employing the contingent valuation method (CVM). The respondents were divided into two broad categories of urban and rural consumers. A total of 400 respondents from urban and 405 respondents from rural areas were selected for this study. The CVM calculated the overall price of green electricity for the improvement of environment through increasing the share of electricity from renewable energy sources. The widely used WTP measure double-bounded dichotomous was utilised to elicit the appropriate value of green electricity from the bid price. The results from the logit regressions showed that the respondents with high income and a higher level of education are willing to pay more for green electricity in both urban and rural models. However, results also revealed that the willingness to pay for green electricity is high in younger people than older people. The mean willingness to pay has found 0.33 cents per kWh in the urban model, while is 0.24 in the rural model. The results provided a guideline to the government to charge an appropriate surcharge from the consumers in order to enhance the share of green electricity in energy mix.

Estimating non-market environmental values for grassland protection in inner Mongolia

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 361-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bao Zhang ◽  
Jeff Bennett ◽  
Guanghua Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Random Parameter ◽  
Grassland Management ◽  
Mobile Phone Application ◽  
Conditional Logit ◽  
Market Values ◽  
Random Parameter Logit ◽  
Sample Representation ◽  
Financial Base

AbstractThe non-market values of changes in grassland management stimulated by changes in policies were estimated by choice modeling. Four-hundred twenty-seven residents of Hohhot city in Inner Mongolia were selected using the popular mobile phone application WeChat. Conditional logit (CL) and random parameter logit (RPL) models were estimated to analyze the preference of respondents for environmental and social attributes. Based on the preferred RPL model, the average per household willingness to pay over 10 years for the best policy outcome scenarios was estimated to be CNY892 (US$141). The total willingness to pay for this policy change, extrapolated to the population of Hohhot, was CNY208 million (US$33 million). The findings suggest that environmental and social outcomes are valuable to Chinese residents of a regional urban center. Such values should be viewed as a public financial base for market-based mechanisms for grassland protection both in China and internationally. WeChat proved to be convenient but required the application of extrapolation caveats relating to sample representation.

Farmers' preferences and willingness to pay for microcredit in Benin: results from in-the-field choice experiments in Benin

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 665-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tchekpo Fortune Ogouvide ◽  
Ygue Patrice Adegbola ◽  
Roch Cedrique Zossou ◽  
Afio Zannou ◽  
Gauthier Biaou
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Choice Modelling ◽  
Attribute Importance ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThis document analyses farmers' preferences and willingness to pay (CAP) for microcredit, in order to facilitate their access in rural areas.Design/methodology/approachData are based on a discrete choice experiment with 400 randomly selected farmers from 20 villages of the 7 Benin agricultural development hubs (ADHs). The preference choice modelling was performed using mixed logit (MXL) and latent class logit (LCL) models. Farmers' willingness to pay for each preferred attribute was estimated. The endogenous attribute attendance (EAA) model was also used to capture attribute non-attendance (ANA) phenomenon.FindingsThe results indicate that, on average, farmers prefer individual loans, low interest rates, in kind + cash loans, cash loans, disbursement before planting and loans with at least 10-month duration. These preferences vary according to farmers' classes. Farmers are willing to pay higher or lower interest rates depending on attribute importance. The estimate of the EAA model indicates that, when taking the ANA phenomenon into consideration, people will show stronger attitudes regarding WTP for important factors.Research limitations/implicationsBased on these results from Benin, microfinance institutions (MFIs) in developing countries can, based on the interest rates currently charged, attract more farmers as customers, reviewing the combination of the levels of the attributes associated with the nature of the loan, the type of loan (individual or collective), the disbursement period of funds, the waiting period of the loan and the loan duration. However, the study only considered production credit, ignoring equipment or investment credit.Practical implicationsThe document provides information on the key factors that can facilitate producers' access to MFI products and services.Social implicationsFacilitating small farmers' access to financial service will contribute to poverty reduction.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the knowledge of the attributes and attribute levels favoured by farmers when choosing financial products and the amounts they agree to pay for these attributes. The implementation of the results would facilitate small producers' access to financial services; thus contributing to poverty reduction.

scholarly journals Risk Perception on Haze Pollution and Willingness to Pay for Self-Protection and Haze Management in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 600
Author(s):  
Sukanya Sereenonchai ◽  
Noppol Arunrat ◽  
Duangporn Kamnoonwatana
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perception ◽  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Chiang Mai Province ◽  
Self Protection

Air pollution is an important environmental health risk that affects people worldwide, including those in the Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand. A questionnaire survey based on accidental sampling to explore risk perception and willingness to pay (WTP) for self-protection and haze management was conducted via face-to-face interview of 250 households, in one urban and four rural areas (covering one rural plain and three different levels of highland areas). Data were analyzed using the contingent valuation method, a one-way ANOVA, correlation, and stepwise multiple linear regression. Key findings on risk perception found that urban respondents living in the lowest areas were more familiar with and experienced more effects from serious haze, while having the least trust in the local authority’s management to cope with the situation. Influential factors determining familiarity and effect for people in most areas were their harm and severe haze experiences. Comparing WTP for a mask, an air purifier, and local authorities support, respondents in all areas were mainly willing to pay for a mask; this was influenced by various factors. The highest average price of willingness to pay was found in the urban area. The important significant factors that increased WTP for self-protection of urban respondents was severe haze experience, while rural respondents who had a longer stay duration, including married farmers in highland areas with less education, tended to have less WTP for self-protection but more WTP for haze management. Avoiding crop residue burning is the first strategy that should be used to deal with haze pollution. Early burning schedules of the highland people should be formally announced, and prompt risk communication should be implemented by local and central authorities and media practitioners.

scholarly journals Willingness to pay for a telemedicine-delivered healthy lifestyle programme

2020 ◽  
pp. 1357633X2094333
Author(s):  
Vanessa K Rauch ◽  
Meredith Roderka ◽  
Auden C McClure ◽  
Aaron B Weintraub ◽  
Kevin Curtis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Behavioural Change ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Randomised Study ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Lifestyle Programme

Introduction Effective weight-management interventions require frequent interactions with specialised multidisciplinary teams of medical, nutritional and behavioural experts to enact behavioural change. However, barriers that exist in rural areas, such as transportation and a lack of specialised services, can prevent patients from receiving quality care. Methods We recruited patients from the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Weight & Wellness Center into a single-arm, non-randomised study of a remotely delivered 16-week evidence-based healthy lifestyle programme. Every 4 weeks, participants completed surveys that included their willingness to pay for services like those experienced in the intervention. A two-item Willingness-to-Pay survey was administered to participants asking about their willingness to trade their face-to-face visits for videoconference visits based on commute and copay. Results Overall, those with a travel duration of 31–45 min had a greater willingness to trade in-person visits for telehealth than any other group. Participants who had a travel duration less than 15 min, 16–30 min and 46–60 min experienced a positive trend in willingness to have telehealth visits until Week 8, where there was a general negative trend in willingness to trade in-person visits for virtual. Participants believed that telemedicine was useful and helpful. Conclusions In rural areas where patients travel 30–45 min a telemedicine-delivered, intensive weight-loss intervention may be a well-received and cost-effective way for both patients and the clinical care team to connect.

scholarly journals ​Farmer’s Willingness-to-Pay for Animal Health and Livestock Insurance Services in Milking State of India: Empirical Findings from Rural Areas of Gujarat

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpa Yadav ◽  
B.S. Chandel ◽  
Punit Agarwal ◽  
Smita Sirohi ◽  
Prem Chand
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Livestock Sector ◽  
Contingent Valuation Survey ◽  
Paper Work ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Government

This paper presents the results of a referendum-style contingent valuation survey conducted in one of the richest milking states of India. 200 households were surveyed to study the farmer’s preferences and choices for the health, breeding and insurance services. The objective of the survey was to assess the preference structure and the willingness of poor farmers to pay for veterinary health and insurance services. It is a comparative study between the existing situation and improved situation, that how the willingness to pay (WTP) will change if the quality of the health, breeding and insurance services will improve. The results show that farmers are willing to pay for assured access to veterinary services. Majority of the households value these services tremendously and are not looking for subsidies provided by the government institutions. It was noticed that farmer’s willingness to pay was much higher than the amount government institutions were presently charging for improved livestock support services, e.g. health and AI services. Though the coverage of Livestock insurance was low but it was found that farmers were ready to pay high amount of premium charges if the insurance services are easily available to the farmer’s door step with very less paper work and other formalities. Combining the findings of this survey with other closely related studies and the changing structure the input and output markets for livestock sector, the paper suggests specific policy measures to more effectively meet the expanding livestock services needs of poor livestock farmers.

scholarly journals Making Use of Sustainable Local Plant Genetic Resources: Would Consumers Support the Recovery of a Traditional Purple Carrot?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 6549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azucena Gracia ◽  
Ana María Sánchez ◽  
Francesc Jurado ◽  
Cristina Mallor
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Local Plant

Local plant genetic resources are of vital importance for the resilience of the agroecosystems, especially under conditions of global climate change. The diversification of production using these resources is postulated as an alternative for the development of rural areas with non-optimal farming conditions and/or disadvantaged by depopulation. However, in order to sustainably utilize local genetic resources, their use has also to provide products accepted by consumers. The aim of this study was to evaluate consumer acceptance of a local purple carrot that is a Spanish landrace at risk of genetic erosion from Teruel, a province in the Aragón region seriously affected by depopulation and extreme weather conditions, to contribute to its sustainable recovery. Consumer preferences for carrots with different characteristics (color, price, variety, and production system) were studied, and their willingness to pay (WTP) for the local purple carrots was assessed. Data from a survey conducted in this Spanish region was used. We identified two segments of consumers with different willingness to pay, hedonic liking, and intention to purchase the purple local carrots. These traditional purple carrots would be accepted by the segment of consumers more willing to pay for and more likely to purchase these carrots. The traditional purple carrots should be promoted, emphasizing that they are produced by a local landrace whose purple color is due to anthocyanic pigments with known antioxidant properties.

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