The Relationship of Heat Treatment to the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Alloys

CORROSION ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 438-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. BROWN
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Inconel 600 ◽  
Incoloy 800 ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Acid Test ◽  
Incoloy 825 ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Information is presented on the response to sensitizing heat treatments of Incoloy 800, Incoloy 825, Carpenter 20 Cb-3, Inconel 600, Inconel 625, and Hastelloy G. None of the alloys investigated was found to be consistently immune to the development of susceptibility to intergranular corrosion as measured by nitric acid and ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid evaluation tests. In most cases the two test methods were in substantial agreement but the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test was less sensitive to thermal effects for Incoloy 825 and more sensitive for Hastelloy G. In general, variability in resistance to sensitization as a function of prior processing history appears to be more pronounced in the higher nickel alloys than in the 300 series stainless steels.

The Tensile Fracture Characteristics of Nickel, Monel, and Selected Superalloys Broken in Liquid Mercury

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Price ◽  
J. K. Good
Keyword(s):  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Tensile Fracture ◽  
Test Technique ◽  
Surface Cracking ◽  
Inconel 600 ◽  
Liquid Mercury ◽  
Incoloy 800 ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Nickel 200 ◽  
Incoloy 825

An investigation was performed, using the slow strain-rate tensile test technique, to determine whether nickel and typical nickel base alloys were susceptible to embrittlement by liquid mercury at room temperature. The alloys Monel 400, Monel R405, Monel K500, Inconel 625, Inconel 718, and Inconel X750 displayed intergranular embrittlement to different degrees. Nickel 200 and Inconel 600 had transgranular breaks. The alloys Incoloy 800 and Incoloy 825 were not embrittled under these test conditions, giving cup and cone fractures, but some surface cracking did arise in the necked region. The fracture mode was governed by the strain at which cracking initiated with lower values favoring integranular separations. Some alloys showed a progression from intergranular to transgranular to microvoid coalescence fractures across the cross section, the latter failures occurring at higher strain levels. The relative embrittlement of the alloys did not correlate with the mechanical properties or the stacking fault energies, but is perhaps related to composition, for the alloys higher in iron content were affected less.

General Corrosion of Stainless Steels and Nickel Base Alloys Exposed Isothermally in Superheated Steam

CORROSION ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 355-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. WOZALDO ◽  
W. L. PEARL
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Rate ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Inconel 625 ◽  
Hastelloy X ◽  
Inconel 600 ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Incoloy 800 ◽  
Incoloy 825 ◽  
Time Linear

Abstract Results are reported for a comprehensive corrosion study sponsored by the Atomic Energy Commission on commercially available materials that might be suitable for nuclear superheat fuel cladding application. Several nickel alloys (Inconel 600, Inconel 625, Incoloy 800, Incoloy 825 and Hastelloy X) and two stainless steels (Types 304 and 406) were exposed isothermally to 1050 and 1150 F (656–621 C) superheated steam in a dynamic corrosion facility. Hydrogen and oxygen content of the steam was controlled to simulate that found in boiling-water reactor steam. Generally an initially high corrosion rate decreased to a lower constant rate. Initial corrosion rate period appeared to vary in time for different materials although most seemed to reach a linear rate in the first 1000 hours. Hastelloy X, Incoloy 825, Inconel 625 and Incoloy 800 had low initial and long-time linear corrosion rates and formed good protective and tenacious oxides up to 1150 F. Type 406 stainless steel (SS) had a high initial but low long-time linear corrosion rate and formed a protective and tenacious oxide up to 1150 F. Inconel 600 had adequate corrosion resistance to 1050 F but formed a nonprotective oxide film, a significant portion of which was lost to the system at 1150 F. Type 304 SS had significant corrosion rates at 1050 and 1150 F but formed a relatively tenacious oxide at both temperatures that eventually reached a limiting thickness with subsequent spalling.

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
CORY JAY WILSON ◽  
BENJAMIN FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

scholarly journals Career Satisfaction Based on Trust and Proactive Personality

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Iwan Sunardi ◽  
Vini Wiratno Putri
Keyword(s):  
Career Satisfaction ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Career Needs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the trust of co-workers and proactive personalities on career satisfaction by exchanging leader-members as mediation on employees of bus assembly companies in the city of Semarang. Career satisfaction is the phase in which employees’ long-term career needs are aligned with what they get while working. Employees will always look for opportunities and trust in the organization and people who will help them in achieving career satisfaction. The sampling method uses a purposive sampling technique in the category of staff and foreman employees who have worked for more than five years with a sample of 160 employees. The analytical data in this study uses descriptive statistical test methods, instinctual tests include validity and reliability, and hypothesis testing. The tool used to test in this study uses SmartPLS 3.0. The results of this study, colleague trust cannot directly influence career satisfaction. However, it can be mediated by the exchange of leader members and produce significant influence. For further researchers, they can re-examine the relationship of coworkers’ trust with career satisfaction. And can expand the object of research or respondents under study.

The Fatigue Behavior of Nickel, Monel, and Selected Superalloys, Tested in Liquid Mercury and Air; A Comparison

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Price ◽  
J. K. Good
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Testing ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Intergranular Cracking ◽  
Inconel 600 ◽  
Liquid Mercury ◽  
Incoloy 800 ◽  
Nickel Base ◽  
Nickel 200 ◽  
Incoloy 825

The fatigue lifetimes and fractography were compared for nickel and typical nickel base alloys of the Monel, Inconel, and Incoloy series, tested at room temperature in alternating tension in the environments of air and liquid mercury. It was found that the fatigue life was always less in mercury and that a different fracture mode resulted. The alloys Nickel 200, Inconel 600, Incoloy 800, and Incoloy 825 that did not show intergranular fractures in the slow strain-rate tensile tests, did so under fatigue testing. A generalized crack propagation sequence in mercury was identified beginning with intergranular cracking but transferring eventually to transgranular modes.

Analysis of the Influence of Water Content on Shanxi Loess CBR and Rebound Module

2014 ◽  
Vol 919-921 ◽  
pp. 820-823
Author(s):  
Xi Rong Wu ◽  
Li Li Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
The Times ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Selection of five typical loess in Shanxi Province, the paper adopt the indoor test methods to prepares the different compaction and different moisture content specimens which were used to test CBR value and rebound module, analyzes the impact of compactness and moisture content on the CBR value and resilient modulus and establishes the relationship of CBR and moisture content. The result shows that the level of moisture content has great impact on CBR value and rebound module. The CBR value is maximal under optimum moisture content and maximum degree of compaction condition. The times of compaction have little effect on the improvement of CBR with increasing water content. The relationship of the soaking CBR,resilient modulus and the moisture content shows a certain regularity.Key words: Loess filler;the CBR;resilient modulus;compactness;moisture content;relationship

Potentiodynamic Reactivation Method for Detecting Sensitization in AISI 304 and 304L Stainless Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 393-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azar P. Majidi ◽  
Michael A. Streicher
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Aisi 304 ◽  
Acid Etch ◽  
Epr Test ◽  
Acid Test

Abstract Electrochemical methods have been proposed as a nondestructive, quantitative means for determining the degree of sensitization associated with the chromium-depleted zones surrounding precipitates of chromium carbides in stainless steels. The use of one such method, the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test, has been investigated on AISI 304 and 304L stainless steels. Its reproducibility, the effects of scan rate, solution temperature, surface finish, and nonmetallic inclusions were examined. Measurements made with the EPR method were compared with those obtained with the oxalic acid etch test, the ferric sulfate - 50% sulfuric acid test, and the copper sulfate -16% sulfuric acid test of ASTM A 262. Both the EPR and the oxalic acid etch test are nondestructive and can therefore be applied to equipment in the field. It was found that the reproducibility of the EPR test is good and that comparable results can be obtained with a variety of instruments. Results obtained from a round robin ASTM test program are included. The EPR test provides a sensitive, nondestructive, quantitative measure of relatively small degrees of sensitization to intergranular attack. However, when at least some of the grains are completely surrounded by carbide precipitates, the EPR test is less sensitive (it “saturates”) in differentiating between a range of degrees of sensitization than are the ferric sulfate or copper sulfate tests. Even though it is not a quantitative test, the oxalic acid etch test can also be used as a nondestructive method for identifying material which is free of carbide precipitates, i.e., completely free of sensitization.

Effect of Heat Treatment, Composition and Microstructure on Corrosion of 18Cr-8Ni-Ti Stainless Steels in Acids

CORROSION ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 57t-72t ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL A. STREICHER
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Sigma Phase ◽  
Ferric Sulfate ◽  
Intergranular Attack ◽  
Chromium Carbides ◽  
Aisi 321 ◽  
Acid Test

Abstract Titanium additions to 18Cr-8Ni steels can effectively eliminate susceptibility to intergranular attack associated with the precipitation of chromium carbides. However, these additions also drastically reduce the grain size of these steels and promote the formation of sigma phase. Both of these factors modify the behavior of titanium-stabilized steels in corrosive environments. A detailed investigation of the influence of heat treatment and microstructure on the corrosion resistance of four titanium-stabilized, AISI 321, heats is described. Incomplete stabilization of carbon by titanium leads to precipitation of chromium carbides on heating in the range of 800 F to 1600 F. This type of susceptibility is readily detected in the oxalic acid etch test, the nitric-hydrofluoric acid test, the copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test, the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test, and in the nitric acid test. A second type of susceptibility to intergranular attack is associated with the formation of sigma phase, which may precipitate in a sub-microscopic form during heating in the range of 1150 to 1550 F. It is detected only in the nitric acid test and, to a lesser extent, in the ferric sulfate-sulfuric acid test. The action of various acid solutions on titanium-stabilized stainless steels are compared by means of metallographic studies of microstructures and of progressive corrosion, and by measurements of weight loss and change in electrical resistance of corroding specimens. The data obtained are used to explain the action of acids on these steels and to recommend procedures for evaluation testing.

scholarly journals A SENSE OF COHERENCE AS A FACTOR IN AN INDIVIDUAL’S WELL-BEING

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Mathematical Methods ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the study of well-being, which is considered as a multi-factorial construct and is described by most scientists in three terms: «subjective well-being», «life satisfaction» and «psychological well-being». The article covers the theoretical analysis of the concepts of «psychological well-being» and «subjective well-being», and also the concept of «coherence». Psychological well-being is considered as a basic dynamic characteristic of a personality, which reflects a subjective assessment by a person of his functioning and potential capabilities. Subjective well-being is considered as an integral system, which consists of the personality's ideas about himself, his life, his relations, capabilities. The concept of «sense of coherence» is considered as an orientation of a person to what extent a person perceives life as conscious and amenable to control. The empirical study involved 251 people, of whom 197 were women and 54 men, the average age was 27-41. Four test methods and two statistical-mathematical methods were used. The results of the study of the correlation between the sense of coherence and the level of psychological and subjective well-being among students are presented. The specificity of correlation between the components of coherence (comprehensibility, manageability, meaningfulness) and indicators of well-being is considered. A correlation analysis was performed to detect the relationships between the components of a sense of coherence and psychological well-being. For a visual representation, the results obtained are presented in the form of diagrams. Regression analysis was used to study the effect of sense of coherence on psychological well-being. It was revealed that sense of coherence is a factor of ensuring the psychological well-being. Further perspectives for psychological well-being research have been identified. Further perspectives are in clarification of the concept of psychological well-being and the study of the characteristics of the relationship of psychological and subjective well-being with various dispositions of an individual.

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