scholarly journals Oral Biofilm: Development Mechanism, Multidrug Resistance, and Their Effective Management with Novel Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e0004
Author(s):  
Shakti Rath ◽  
◽  
Sourav Chandra Bidyasagar Bal ◽  
Debasmita Dubey ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Normal Microbial Flora

Biofilms are formed by the congregation of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on a firm surface. Dental plaque is one of the most commonly forming biofilms in the oral cavity and appears as a slimy layer on the surface of the teeth. In general, the formation is slow, but biofilms are very adaptive to the changing environment, and a mature biofilm can cause many health-related problems in humans. These biofilms remain unaffected by antibiotics as they do not allow the penetration of antibiotics. Moreover, the increased level of virulence and antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in the oral biofilm or dental plaque has made its clinical management a serious clinical challenge worldwide. Chlorhexidine-like antimicrobial drugs have been partially effective in removing such organisms; however, the precise and continuous elimination of these microorganisms without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the oral cavity is still a challenge. This paper focuses on the process of oral biofilm formation, related complications, development of drug-resistant bacteria in these biofilms, and their effective management by the use of different novel techniques.

scholarly journals Screening for Quorum-Sensing Inhibitors (QSI) by Use of a Novel Genetic System, the QSI Selector

2005 ◽  
Vol 187 (5) ◽  
pp. 1799-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Bovbjerg Rasmussen ◽  
Thomas Bjarnsholt ◽  
Mette Elena Skindersoe ◽  
Morten Hentzer ◽  
Peter Kristoffersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quorum Sensing ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Synthetic Compound ◽  
Compound Libraries ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Biofilm Development

ABSTRACT With the widespread appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, there is an increasing demand for novel strategies to control infectious diseases. Furthermore, it has become apparent that the bacterial life style also contributes significantly to this problem. Bacteria living in the biofilm mode of growth tolerate conventional antimicrobial treatments. The discovery that many bacteria use quorum-sensing (QS) systems to coordinate virulence and biofilm development has pointed out a new, promising target for antimicrobial drugs. We constructed a collection of screening systems, QS inhibitor (QSI) selectors, which enabled us to identify a number of novel QSIs among natural and synthetic compound libraries. The two most active were garlic extract and 4-nitro-pyridine-N-oxide (4-NPO). GeneChip-based transcriptome analysis revealed that garlic extract and 4-NPO had specificity for QS-controlled virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These two QSIs also significantly reduced P. aeruginosa biofilm tolerance to tobramycin treatment as well as virulence in a Caenorhabditis elegans pathogenesis model.

scholarly journals Discovery of Novel DNA Gyrase Inhibitors by High-Throughput Virtual Screening

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 3688-3698 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ostrov ◽  
José A. Hernández Prada ◽  
Patrick E. Corsino ◽  
Kathryn A. Finton ◽  
Nhan Le ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Dna Gyrase ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Small Region ◽  
Dna Supercoiling ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Gyrase Inhibitors

ABSTRACT The bacterial type II topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are validated targets for clinically useful quinolone antimicrobial drugs. A significant limitation to widely utilized quinolone inhibitors is the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria due to an altered DNA gyrase. To address this problem, we have used structure-based molecular docking to identify novel drug-like small molecules that target sites distinct from those targeted by quinolone inhibitors. A chemical ligand database containing approximately 140,000 small molecules (molecular weight, <500) was molecularly docked onto two sites of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase targeting (i) a previously unexplored structural pocket formed at the dimer interface of subunit A and (ii) a small region of the ATP binding pocket on subunit B overlapping the site targeted by coumarin and cyclothialidine drugs. This approach identified several small-molecule compounds that inhibited the DNA supercoiling activity of purified E. coli DNA gyrase. These compounds are structurally unrelated to previously identified gyrase inhibitors and represent potential scaffolds for the optimization of novel antibacterial agents that act on fluoroquinolone-resistant strains.

scholarly journals Awareness on Mechanical and Chemical Plaque Control in Children- A Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 1605-1610
Author(s):  
Sneha Kannan ◽  
Lakshmi T ◽  
Ganesh Lakshmanan
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plaque Control ◽  
Plaque Biofilm ◽  
Day By Day ◽  
Gum Disease ◽  
Hazard Factor

Periodontal infections (gum disease and periodontitis) are viewed as incendiary maladies of microbiological starting points. Their most significant hazard factor is the amassing of a plaque biofilm at and beneath the gingival edge, which is then connected with an improper and ruinous host fiery insusceptible reaction Plaque control is the day by day expulsion of dental plaque, oral biofilm and furthermore counteraction of their collection on the teeth and different pieces of the oral pit. Mechanical plaque control is a viable strategy to dispose of gathering in the oral cavity. With opportunity a few changes came in toothbrushes to make mechanical plaque control progressively viable in everyday oral cleanliness practice. Cross sectional poll study was led. A sum of 104 individuals were made to respond to all the inquiries. The outcome will be examined utilizing factual investigation. In the examination, it was discovered that 72% of the population brush their teeth two times per day. 32% of the respondents feel stores in their teeth much in the wake of brushing. 72% of the individuals accept that brushing can forestall dental plaque. The point of the examination is to make mindfulness on the control of mechanical and substance dental plaque. The control of dental plaque is fundamental for developing kids with expansion of fluoride to mechanical plaque control before it solidifies to become dental tartar.

scholarly journals Effect of Amoxicillin Use on Oral Microbiota in Young Children

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2883-2887 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ready ◽  
H. Lancaster ◽  
F. Qureshi ◽  
R. Bedi ◽  
P. Mullany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Dental plaque samples from 40 children were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to amoxicillin. Fifteen children had used amoxicillin and 25 had not used any antibiotic in the 3 months prior to sample collection. All (100%) of the children harbored amoxicillin-resistant oral bacteria. The median percentage of the total cultivable oral microbiota resistant to amoxicillin was 2.4% (range, 0.1 to 14.3%) in children without amoxicillin use and 10.9% (range, 0.8 to 97.3%) in children with amoxicillin use, with the latter value being significantly higher (P < 0.01). A total of 224 amoxicillin-resistant bacteria were isolated and comprised three main genera: Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. The biodiversity of the amoxicillin-resistant microbiota was similar among the isolates from children with and without previous antibiotic use. The amoxicillin MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited for isolates from children who had used amoxicillin in the previous 3 months was higher (64 mg liter−1) than that obtained for the isolates from subjects who had not used antibiotics (16 mg liter−1). The majority of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates (65%) were also resistant to at least one of the three antibiotics tested (penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline), with resistance to penicillin (51% of isolates) being the most frequently encountered. However, significantly more (P < 0.05) of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates from subjects with previous amoxicillin use were also resistant to erythromycin. This study has demonstrated that a diverse collection of amoxicillin-resistant bacteria is present in the oral cavity and that the number, proportions, MICs, and resistance to erythromycin can significantly increase with amoxicillin use.

scholarly journals Detection of Drug Susceptible and Resistant Viridans Streptococci spp., Staphylococcus Aureus, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and E.coli in Complete Denture Patients and Visualisation using Scanning Electron Microscopy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leoney Andonissamy ◽  
Suma Karthigeyan ◽  
Seyed Asharaf Ali
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Complete Denture ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Sensitivity Tests

Introduction: The bacteria colonising the oral cavity and the dentures acquire drug resistance due to frequent usage of antibiotics systemically and application of mouth rinses and denture disinfectants locally. These multidrug resistant bacteria pose potential threat to the health of the patient as infections caused by them do not respond to conventional antibiotics. Aim: The present study aims at detecting the drug resistant bacteria in patients who wear complete dentures. Materials and Methods: The study is a descriptive study and follows laboratory invitro study design involving 30 complete denture patients. Swabs were collected from their oral cavity as well as complete denture surfaces. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed for the following bacteriae namely Viridans streptococci species, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E.coli. Isolation of the bacteria were done by means of selective media and subjected to biochemical tests. The 16S rRNA sequencing was done to ascertain the microorganisms by which 20 isolates of each of the selective bacteria were obtained. The bacteria were classified as sensitive, intermediate sensitive and resistant based on antibiotic sensitivity tests. Those isolates which exhibited Multi-Drug Resistance (MDR) were visualised using SEM. Results:Viridans streptococci spp. (40%) and Staphylococcus aureus (25%) isolates were resistant to Amoxiclavulinic acid and Methicilin, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae (30%) and (30%) E.coli isolates were most resistant to Cefotaxime and Doxicilin. Conclusion: Drug resistant bacteria have been identified from complete dentures and oral cavity in the present study. Antibiotic sensitivity tests, 16S rRNA sequencing and SEM are vital investigative tools to detect and to visualise drug resistant bacteria. Cell density, Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) and capsule could be important factors for providing drug resistance.

scholarly journals The Strategies of Pathogen-Oriented Therapy on Circumventing Antimicrobial Resistance

Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Zifang Shang ◽  
Siew Yin Chan ◽  
Qing Song ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Wei Huang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies

The emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious threats to the global public health. Conventional antibiotics have been eclipsed in combating with drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the developing and deploying of novel antimicrobial drugs have trudged, as few new antibiotics are being developed over time and even fewer of them can hit the market. Alternative therapeutic strategies to resolve the AMR crisis are urgently required. Pathogen-oriented therapy (POT) springs up as a promising approach in circumventing antibiotic resistance. The tactic underling POT is applying antibacterial compounds or materials directly to infected regions to treat specific bacteria species or strains with goals of improving the drug efficacy and reducing nontargeting and the development of drug resistance. This review exemplifies recent trends in the development of POTs for circumventing AMR, including the adoption of antibiotic-antibiotic conjugates, antimicrobial peptides, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnologies, CRISPR-Cas systems, and microbiota modulations. Employing these alternative approaches alone or in combination shows promising advantages for addressing the growing clinical embarrassment of antibiotics in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.

scholarly journals The presence of honey triggers inhibition of pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Goudarzi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Siderophore Production ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Naturopathic Medicine ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biofilm Development

Honey is an ancient remedy with a high potency against drug-resistant bacteria, which has gained renewed interest in naturopathic medicine for its beneficial effect in treatment and prevention of wound infections. The exact antibacterial property and mode of action of honey is still unknown, however in recent years, there has been various studies focusing on the effect of honey on bacterial gene regulation. With the focus of current literature being at the molecular level, the first aim of this study was to examine the effect of honey at the cell level and its influence on the metabolism of P. aeruginosa biofilm. The second objective of this study was to test the influence of the combination of the iron chelating agent (EDTA) and honey on biofilm metabolism. P. aeruginosa metabolism in this study was analyzed through (i) siderophore excretion and (ii) monitoring of the biofilm CO2 respiration rate with a Carbon dioxide Evolution Measurement System (CEMS). The results obtained indicate that honey reduces biofilm metabolism and inhibits siderophore production, while the combination of honey and EDTA has a greater impact on biofilm metabolism, which influences P. aeruginosa iron homeostasis, inhibits siderophore production, and increases bacterial recovery time after exposure. However, when provided at concentrations lower than its inhibitory concentration, honey is used as a nutrient source for biofilm development. The results obtained illustrated the importance of the environmental conditions on biofilm metabolism, as the biofilm response varied with minor changes in the composition of their media. In summary, this study showed that biofilm cells shut down their metabolism in the presence of honey, which also inhibits bacterial siderophore production and can play an importance role on the virulence of P. aeruginosa.

HAMP: A Knowledgebase of Antimicrobial Peptides from Human Microbiome.

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viswajit Mulpuru ◽  
Rahul Semwal ◽  
Pritish Kumar Varadwaj ◽  
Nidhi Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Candidate Peptide ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Query Engine ◽  
Extended Analysis ◽  
Drug Resistant Strains

Background: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can defend the hosts against various pathogens and are found in almost every life form from microorganisms to humans. As the rapid increase of drug-resistant strains in recent years is presenting a serious challenge to healthcare, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) can revolutionize the antimicrobial development against the drug-resistant microbes. Objective: The objective was to encourage the study on the human microbiome towards inhibition of drug-resistant bacteria by the development of a database containing antimicrobial peptides from the human microbiome. Method: This database is an outcome of an extended analysis of Human metagenome, involving the prediction of coding regions, extraction of peptides, prediction of antimicrobial peptides, and modeling their structure utilizing different in silico tools. Further, an intelligent hash function-based query engine was designed to validate the novelty of specific candidate peptide over the reported knowledgebase. Result and Discussion: This knowledgebase currently focuses on antimicrobial peptide sequences (AMPs) predicted from the human microbiome along with 3D their structures modeled using various modeling and molecular dynamics approaches. It includes a total of 1087 unique AMPs from various body sites, with 454 AMPs from the oral cavity, 180 AMPs from the gastrointestinal tract, 42 AMPs from the skin, 12 AMPs from the airway, 6 AMPs from the urogenital tract and 393 AMPs from undefined body locations. A scoring matrix has been generated based on the similarity scores of the sequences that have been incorporated into the knowledgebase. Further, a Jmol applet is included in the website to help users visualize the 3D structures. Conclusion: The information and functions of the knowledgebase can offer great help in finding novel antimicrobial drugs, especially towards finding inhibitors for drug-resistant bacteria. The HAMP is freely available at https://bioserver.iiita.ac.in/amp/index.html.

scholarly journals The presence of honey triggers inhibition of pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Goudarzi
Keyword(s):  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Chelating Agent ◽  
Siderophore Production ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Cell Level ◽  
Bacterial Gene ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Naturopathic Medicine ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biofilm Development

Honey is an ancient remedy with a high potency against drug-resistant bacteria, which has gained renewed interest in naturopathic medicine for its beneficial effect in treatment and prevention of wound infections. The exact antibacterial property and mode of action of honey is still unknown, however in recent years, there has been various studies focusing on the effect of honey on bacterial gene regulation. With the focus of current literature being at the molecular level, the first aim of this study was to examine the effect of honey at the cell level and its influence on the metabolism of P. aeruginosa biofilm. The second objective of this study was to test the influence of the combination of the iron chelating agent (EDTA) and honey on biofilm metabolism. P. aeruginosa metabolism in this study was analyzed through (i) siderophore excretion and (ii) monitoring of the biofilm CO2 respiration rate with a Carbon dioxide Evolution Measurement System (CEMS). The results obtained indicate that honey reduces biofilm metabolism and inhibits siderophore production, while the combination of honey and EDTA has a greater impact on biofilm metabolism, which influences P. aeruginosa iron homeostasis, inhibits siderophore production, and increases bacterial recovery time after exposure. However, when provided at concentrations lower than its inhibitory concentration, honey is used as a nutrient source for biofilm development. The results obtained illustrated the importance of the environmental conditions on biofilm metabolism, as the biofilm response varied with minor changes in the composition of their media. In summary, this study showed that biofilm cells shut down their metabolism in the presence of honey, which also inhibits bacterial siderophore production and can play an importance role on the virulence of P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Non-Antimicrobial Drugs: Etodolac as a Possible Antimicrobial or Adjuvant Agent Against ESKAPE Pathogens

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-296
Author(s):  
Sónia G. Pereira ◽  
Vanessa S. Domingues ◽  
João Theriága ◽  
Maria de Jesus Chasqueira ◽  
Paulo Paixão
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Similar Work ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Introduction:Multiple-drug resistant bacteria are emerging exponentially in healthcare units, threatening public health and requiring novel therapeutic approaches. In 2017, World Health Organization published a list that frames antimicrobial resistant bacteria into priority levels for research of novel drugs to fight them.Methods & Materials:Antimicrobial resistant ESKAPE (Enterococcus faecium,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Acinetobacter baumannii,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Enterobactersp.) andEnterococcus faecalisandEscherichia colipathogens are present in this list. Representative isolates of each species were used to test the Antibacterial and anti-biofilm formation activities of Etodolac (a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug, NSAID) at 10 and 1 mM using a broth microdilution technique.Results & Discussion:Statistically significant (p< 0,05) results were observed against all tested gram-positives, particularly anti-biofilm activity againstE. faecium. Etodolac had an almost null influence on tested gram-negatives, with the exception of oneA. baumanniiclinical isolate regarding biofilm formation inhibition. Observed differences deserve further analysis and prospection of the involved mechanisms, to unravel possible novel bacterial targets for drug development. Similar work with other NSAID’s may also be worth exploring to ascertain novel therapeutic applications for these drugs, particularly regarding biofilm formation inhibition,per sior as adjuvants of current antibiotherapy, mainly against gram-positives, as suggested by present work.Conclusion:Already approved drugs in terms of pharmacokinetics and safety may deploy faster solutions for antimicrobial therapy against priority pathogens. Current work intends to bring attention to that possibility, particularly regarding NSAIDs, anti-biofilm formation and top priority pathogens.

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