scholarly journals Effect of Amoxicillin Use on Oral Microbiota in Young Children

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 2883-2887 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ready ◽  
H. Lancaster ◽  
F. Qureshi ◽  
R. Bedi ◽  
P. Mullany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Median Percentage ◽  
Resistance To Penicillin

ABSTRACT Dental plaque samples from 40 children were screened for the presence of bacteria resistant to amoxicillin. Fifteen children had used amoxicillin and 25 had not used any antibiotic in the 3 months prior to sample collection. All (100%) of the children harbored amoxicillin-resistant oral bacteria. The median percentage of the total cultivable oral microbiota resistant to amoxicillin was 2.4% (range, 0.1 to 14.3%) in children without amoxicillin use and 10.9% (range, 0.8 to 97.3%) in children with amoxicillin use, with the latter value being significantly higher (P < 0.01). A total of 224 amoxicillin-resistant bacteria were isolated and comprised three main genera: Haemophilus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Veillonella spp. The biodiversity of the amoxicillin-resistant microbiota was similar among the isolates from children with and without previous antibiotic use. The amoxicillin MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited for isolates from children who had used amoxicillin in the previous 3 months was higher (64 mg liter−1) than that obtained for the isolates from subjects who had not used antibiotics (16 mg liter−1). The majority of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates (65%) were also resistant to at least one of the three antibiotics tested (penicillin, erythromycin, and tetracycline), with resistance to penicillin (51% of isolates) being the most frequently encountered. However, significantly more (P < 0.05) of the amoxicillin-resistant isolates from subjects with previous amoxicillin use were also resistant to erythromycin. This study has demonstrated that a diverse collection of amoxicillin-resistant bacteria is present in the oral cavity and that the number, proportions, MICs, and resistance to erythromycin can significantly increase with amoxicillin use.

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of the Effect of Oral Rinsing with H2O2 on Clinical and Microbiological Parameters Related to Plaque, Gingivitis, and Microbes

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Francisco Wilker Mustafa Gomes Muniz ◽  
Juliano Cavagni ◽  
Gerson Pedro José Langa ◽  
Bernal Stewart ◽  
Zilson Malheiros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Gingival Inflammation ◽  
Mouth Rinses ◽  
Microbiological Parameters

Background. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been used for more than a century clinically to control plaque and gingival inflammation, with unclear supporting evidence. Aim. The aim of the present systematic review of the literature is to assess the effect of mouth rinses with H2O2 on dental plaque, gingival inflammation, and oral microorganisms. Methods. Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) were searched with the following focused question: what is the effect of hydrogen peroxide, in comparison to chlorhexidine or to a placebo solution, in oral microbiota control, dental plaque, and gingival inflammatory outcomes? Two independent examiners retrieved the articles and evaluated the evidence. Results. The majority of included studies were performed with 1.5% H2O2. Results related to plaque accumulation generally demonstrate a slightly better effect of H2O2 as compared to placebo mouth rinses, however with a lower performance as compared to chlorhexidine. In terms of gingival inflammation, H2O2 performs better than placebo and more clearly demonstrates an anti-inflammation effect. No studies evaluated the effect of H2O2 against viruses or fungi. In terms of bacteria, H2O2 demonstrates an antibacterial effect. Conclusion. Rinsing with H2O2 has the potential to affect plaque, gingivitis, and oral bacteria, as compared to placebo. However, the antibacterial results are not comparable to the performance of chlorhexidine.

Drug Resistance and Gene Transfer Mechanisms in Respiratory/Oral Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (10) ◽  
pp. 1092-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jiang ◽  
J. Zeng ◽  
X. Zhou ◽  
Y. Li
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Innate Defense

Growing evidence suggests the existence of new antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Recent studies have revealed that quorum-quenching enzymes, such as MacQ, are involved in both antibiotic resistance and cell-cell communication. Furthermore, some small bacterial regulatory RNAs, classified into RNA attenuators and small RNAs, modulate the expression of resistance genes. For example, small RNA sprX, can shape bacterial resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics via specific downregulation of protein SpoVG. Moreover, some bacterial lipocalins capture antibiotics in the extracellular space, contributing to severe multidrug resistance. But this defense mechanism may be influenced by Agr-regulated toxins and liposoluble vitamins. Outer membrane porin proteins and efflux pumps can influence intracellular concentrations of antibiotics. Alterations in target enzymes or antibiotics prevent binding to targets, which act to confer high levels of resistance in respiratory/oral bacteria. As described recently, horizontal gene transfer, including conjugation, transduction and transformation, is common in respiratory/oral microflora. Many conjugative transposons and plasmids discovered to date encode antibiotic resistance proteins and can be transferred from donor bacteria to transient recipient bacteria. New classes of mobile genetic elements are also being identified. For example, nucleic acids that circulate in the bloodstream (circulating nucleic acids) can integrate into the host cell genome by up-regulation of DNA damage and repair pathways. With multidrug resistant bacteria on the rise, new drugs have been developed to combate bacterial antibiotic resistance, such as innate defense regulators, reactive oxygen species and microbial volatile compounds. This review summaries various aspects and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the respiratory/oral microbiota. A better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate minimization of the emergence of antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Sample Adequacy Controls for Infectious Disease Diagnosis by Oral Swabbing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meagan Deviaene ◽  
Kris M. Weigel ◽  
Rachel C Wood ◽  
Angelique K Luabeya ◽  
Lisa Jones-Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Disease Diagnosis ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Total N ◽  
Oral Swab ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Negative Controls

Oral swabs are emerging as a non-invasive sample type for diagnosing infectious diseases including Ebola, tuberculosis (TB), and COVID-19. To assure proper sample collection, sample adequacy controls (SACs) are needed that detect substances indicative of samples collected within the oral cavity. This study evaluated two candidate SACs for this purpose. One detected representative oral microbiota (Streptococcus species DNA) and the other, human cells (human mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays for the two target cell types were applied to buccal swabs (representing samples collected within the oral cavity) and hand swabs (representing improperly collected samples) obtained from 51 healthy U.S. volunteers. Quantification cycle (Cq) cutoffs that maximized Youdens index were established for each assay. The streptococcal target at a Cq cutoff of 34.9 had 99.0% sensitivity and specificity for oral swab samples, whereas human mtDNA perfectly distinguished between hand and mouth swabs with a Cq cutoff of 31.3. The human mtDNA test was then applied to buccal, tongue, and gum swabs that had previously been collected from TB patients and controls in South Africa, along with air swabs collected as negative controls (total N = 292 swabs from 71 subjects). Of these swabs, 287/292 (98%) exhibited the expected Cq values. In a paired analysis the three oral sites yielded indistinguishable amounts of human mtDNA, however PurFlockTM swabs collected slightly more human mtDNA than did OmniSwabsTM (p = 0.012). The results indicate that quantification of human mtDNA cannot distinguish swabs collected from different sites within the mouth. However, it can reliably distinguish oral swabs from swabs that were not used orally., which makes it a useful SAC for oral swab-based diagnosis.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiota Changes in Elderly Patients, an Indicator of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4211
Author(s):  
Yi-Fan Wu ◽  
Wei-Fang Lee ◽  
Eisner Salamanca ◽  
Wan-Ling Yao ◽  
Jo-Ning Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Missing Teeth ◽  
Elderly Individuals

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually affects older individuals. Owing to the higher incidence of root caries and missing teeth in elderly individuals, the bacteria involved in these dental concerns might potentially deteriorate their cognitive function. Altered microbiota in the oral cavity may induce neuroinflammation through migration from the oral cavity to the brain. However, the correlation between the composition of the oral microbiota and neurodegenerative disease remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated sequence to determine the relative abundance and diversity of bacterial taxa in the dental plaque of elderly patients with AD and controls. Oral samples; the DMFT index; and other clinical examination data were collected from 17 patients with AD and 18 normal elderly individuals as the control group. Patients with AD had significantly more missing teeth and higher dental plaque weight but lower microbial diversity than controls. Significantly increased numbers of Lactobacillales, Streptococcaceae, and Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and a significantly decreased number of Fusobacterium were observed in patients with AD. In conclusion, using the PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing platform to survey the microbiota dysbiosis biomarkers in the oral cavity of elderly individuals could serve as a tool to identify patients with AD.

scholarly journals Oral Biofilm: Development Mechanism, Multidrug Resistance, and Their Effective Management with Novel Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. e0004
Author(s):  
Shakti Rath ◽  
◽  
Sourav Chandra Bidyasagar Bal ◽  
Debasmita Dubey ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Oral Biofilm ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Normal Microbial Flora

Biofilms are formed by the congregation of one or more types of microorganisms that can grow on a firm surface. Dental plaque is one of the most commonly forming biofilms in the oral cavity and appears as a slimy layer on the surface of the teeth. In general, the formation is slow, but biofilms are very adaptive to the changing environment, and a mature biofilm can cause many health-related problems in humans. These biofilms remain unaffected by antibiotics as they do not allow the penetration of antibiotics. Moreover, the increased level of virulence and antibiotic resistance of microorganisms in the oral biofilm or dental plaque has made its clinical management a serious clinical challenge worldwide. Chlorhexidine-like antimicrobial drugs have been partially effective in removing such organisms; however, the precise and continuous elimination of these microorganisms without disturbing the normal microbial flora of the oral cavity is still a challenge. This paper focuses on the process of oral biofilm formation, related complications, development of drug-resistant bacteria in these biofilms, and their effective management by the use of different novel techniques.

Beneficial microbes for the oral cavity: time to harness the oral streptococci?

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Burton ◽  
P. Wescombe ◽  
P. Cadieux ◽  
J. Tagg
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Bioactive Molecules ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Oral Streptococci ◽  
Streptococcus Salivarius ◽  
Oral Diseases ◽  
Considerable Potential ◽  
Streptococcal Species

Indigenous microbes are known to influence human health outcomes and various approaches are now being made to positively modulate these microbe-induced outcomes via the administration of probiotics. The application of probiotics that are specific to the oral cavity is a relatively undeveloped field, and their emergence has largely occurred as a reasoned follow-up to initial studies in which probiotics that had already been developed and obtained regulatory approval for intestinal applications were then also evaluated for their putative influence on oral microbiota functionality. These attempts to extend the application of existing probiotics were probably at least in part motivated by recognition of the substantial safety and regulatory hurdles that must be overcome prior to the introduction of a novel probiotic agent. Nevertheless, from an efficacy perspective it appears more logical to develop microbes of oral origin as the specific providers of probiotic solutions for oral diseases, rather than attempting to adapt intestinally-derived strains for this role. Oral bacteria and their bioactive molecules have evolved to operate optimally in this environment and in some cases are known to persist only in oral sites. Amongst the bacteria of more than 700 species now identified within the human oral microbiota, it is the streptococci that are numerically predominant. Although this review highlights the development of the oral cavity bacterium Streptococcus salivarius as an oral probiotic, a number of other streptococcal species have also been shown to have considerable potential as probiotic candidates.

scholarly journals Bacteria Residing at Root Canals Can Induce Cell Proliferation and Alter the Mechanical Properties of Gingival and Cancer Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7914
Author(s):  
Łukasz Suprewicz ◽  
Grażyna Tokajuk ◽  
Mateusz Cieśluk ◽  
Piotr Deptuła ◽  
Teresa Sierpińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
A549 Cells ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiota

Understanding the importance of oral microbiota in human health and disease also leads to an expansion of the knowledge on functional, metabolic, and molecular alterations directly contributing to oral and systemic pathologies. To date, a compelling number of studies have documented the crucial role of some oral cavity-occurring microbes in the initiation and progression of cancers. Although this effect was noted primarily for Fusobacterium spp., the potential impact of other oral microbes is also worthy of investigation. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of Enterococcus faecalis, Actinomyces odontolyticus, and Propionibacterium acnes on the proliferation capability and mechanical features of gingival cells and cell lines derived from lung, breast, and ovarian cancers. For this purpose, we incubated selected cell lines with heat-inactivated bacteria and supernatants collected from biofilms, cultured in both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, in the presence of surgically removed teeth and human saliva. The effect of oral bacteria on cell population growth is variable, with the highest growth-promoting abilities observed for E. faecalis in relation to human primary gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and lung cancer A549 cells, and P. acnes in relation to breast cancer MCF-7 and ovarian cancer SKOV-3 cells. Notably, this effect seems to depend on a delicate balance between the pro-stimulatory and toxic effects of bacterial-derived products. Regardless of the diverse effect of bacterial products on cellular proliferation capability, we observed significant alterations in stiffness of gingival and lung cancer cells stimulated with E. faecalis bacteria and corresponding biofilm supernatants, suggesting a novel molecular mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of diseases in oral cavities and tooth tissues. Accordingly, it is proposed that analysis of cancerogenic features of oral cavity bacteria should be multivariable and should include investigation of potential alterations in cell mechanical properties. These findings corroborate the important role of oral hygiene and root canal treatment to assure the healthy stage of oral microbiota.

scholarly journals Cariogenic and Pro Health Taxa in the Oral Cavity Among Children and Adults A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deesha Bhaumik ◽  
Divya Manikandan ◽  
Betsy Foxman
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Single Organism

Abstract Introduction: Dental caries are not due to a single organism, but to complex interactions among multiple microbes found in the oral cavity. Microbiome studies have identified multiple organisms associated with dental caries in both the saliva and dental plaque, but taxa identified vary largely by study. Our scoping review aims to create a comprehensive list of cariogenic and prohealth taxa found in saliva and dental plaque among healthy children and adults that compare caries-active and caries-free populations. Methods: We searched published studies querying the PUBMED and EMBASE databases using the following keywords: (plaque OR saliva) AND caries AND (next generation sequencing OR checkerboard OR 16s rRNA or qPCR). Studies were limited to human studies published in English between January 1, 2010 and June 24, 2020.Results: Our search strategy identified 298 identified articles. After applying the exclusion criteria, 22 articles were included (Figure 1, Table 1 and 2). Taxa associated with caries or health varied widely among the studies reviewed, with notable differences by age and biologic sample type. While no single taxa was associated with caries in all studies, Streptococcus mutans was significantly associated with caries in 12/24 studies (50%) and Fusobacterium periodonticum was significantly associated with prohealth in 4/24 studies (16.7%). Conclusion: No taxa in plaque and salivary microbiomes were consistently associated with caries or prohealth across all studies. This may be due to the inconsistency of timing of sample collection during the caries process, differing sequencing methods, lack of correction for multiple testing or possibly indicate that there are multiple ways that the oral microbiome can be cariogenic or prohealth.

scholarly journals Genetic Basis of Erythromycin Resistance in Oral Bacteria

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 2298-2301 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Villedieu ◽  
M. L. Diaz-Torres ◽  
A. P. Roberts ◽  
N. Hunt ◽  
R. McNab ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Erythromycin Resistance ◽  
Conjugative Transposons ◽  
Resistance Determinants

ABSTRACT We determined the prevalence of erythromycin-resistant bacteria in the oral cavity and identified mef and erm(B) as the most common resistance determinants. In addition, we demonstrate the genetic linkage, on various Tn1545-like conjugative transposons, between erythromycin and tetracycline resistance in a number of isolates.

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