PROTEÍNA NÃO-ESTRUTURAL (NS1) COMO FERRAMENTA DIAGNÓSTICA PRECOCE E ALVO TERAPÊUTICO NA DENGUE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Vitória Gomes Alves
Keyword(s):  

Introdução: A dengue é uma arbovirose tropical negligenciada mundialmente, transmitida pelo Aedes aegypti. A proteína não-estrutural 1 (NS1) está presente nos quatro sorotipos da dengue, e é um importante marcador de viremia na fase inicial da doença por ser secretada na circulação durante a replicação viral, está associada a doença clínica grave que se manifesta como febre hemorrágica da dengue (DHF) ou síndrome do choque da dengue pela indução de interleucina (IL) ‐10 e tem sido estudada além de biomarcador para diagnóstico, como alvo terapêutico. Objetivos: Descrever o uso da proteína não estrutural (NS1) para diagnóstico precoce da dengue e como potencial alvo terapêutico. Material e métodos: Foi realizado uma revisão da literatura, onde os artigos foram consultados nas bases de dados científicos: NCBI e Scielo, com os termos: “Dengue”, “NS1”, “Patogênese”, publicados entre 2014 e 2020. Resultados: Estudos mostram que a NS1 contribui na patogênese da doença, ao interagir com o endotélio e induzir vazamento vascular, uma característica clínica da dengue grave, também ativando o sistema complemento e induzindo citocinas imunossupressoras. Por isso, sua detecção precoce contribui para o diagnóstico/tratamento imediato, prevenindo a evolução para formas mais agressivas da doença. Essa proteína também pode ser utilizada para identificar quais pacientes tem chances de desenvolver febre hemorrágica, pois durante a fase inicial da doença os níveis de NS1 são mais altos. Tem sido recomendada a combinação da detecção do antígeno NS1 na circulação e dos anticorpos anti-NS1 para melhorar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do diagnóstico. Em estudos em camundongos, os anticorpos anti-NS1 podem reduzir a replicação viral de células infectadas, bloquear os efeitos patogênicos desencadeados por NS1 in vitro e em in vivo. Conclusão: É necessário o desenvolvimento de novos testes que aumentem a sensibilidade e especificidade do diagnóstico da NS1 e também tratamentos direcionados à NS1 que podem ser úteis na redução da gravidade da doença.

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.M. Clark ◽  
A. Koch ◽  
D.F. Moffett

The ‘stomach’ region of the larval mosquito midgut is divided into histologically distinct anterior and posterior regions. Anterior stomach perfused symmetrically with saline in vitro had an initial transepithelial potential (TEP) of −66 mV (lumen negative) that decayed within 10–15 min to a steady-state TEP near −10 mV that was maintained for at least 1 h. Lumen-positive TEPs were never observed in the anterior stomach. The initial TEP of the perfused posterior stomach was opposite in polarity, but similar in magnitude, to that of the anterior stomach, measuring +75 mV (lumen positive). This initial TEP of the posterior stomach decayed rapidly at first, then more slowly, eventually reversing the electrical polarity of the epithelium as lumen-negative TEPs were recorded in all preparations within 70 min. Nanomolar concentrations of the biogenic amine 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) stimulated both regions, causing a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach and a positive deflection of the TEP of the posterior stomach. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate also caused a negative deflection of the TEP of the anterior stomach, but had no effect on the TEP of the posterior stomach. These data demonstrate that 5-HT stimulates region-specific ion-transport mechanisms in the stomach of Aedes aegypti and suggest that 5-HT coordinates the actions of the Malpighian tubules and midgut in the maintenance of an appropriate hemolymph composition in vivo.


2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Artem Baidaliuk ◽  
Elliott F. Miot ◽  
Sebastian Lequime ◽  
Isabelle Moltini-Conclois ◽  
Fanny Delaigue ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are the main vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of public health significance, such as the flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Mosquitoes are also the natural hosts of a wide range of viruses that are insect specific, raising the question of their influence on arbovirus transmission in nature. Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) was the first described insect-specific flavivirus, initially discovered in an A. aegypti cell line and subsequently detected in natural A. aegypti populations. It was recently shown that DENV and the CFAV strain isolated from the A. aegypti cell line have mutually beneficial interactions in mosquito cells in culture. However, whether natural strains of CFAV and DENV interact in live mosquitoes is unknown. Using a wild-type CFAV isolate recently derived from Thai A. aegypti mosquitoes, we found that CFAV negatively interferes with both DENV type 1 and ZIKV in vitro and in vivo. For both arboviruses, prior infection by CFAV reduced the dissemination titer in mosquito head tissues. Our results indicate that the interactions observed between arboviruses and the CFAV strain derived from the cell line might not be a relevant model of the viral interference that we observed in vivo. Overall, our study supports the hypothesis that insect-specific flaviviruses may contribute to reduce the transmission of human-pathogenic flaviviruses. IMPORTANCE The mosquito Aedes aegypti carries several arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that are pathogenic to humans, including dengue and Zika viruses. Interestingly, A. aegypti is also naturally infected with insect-only viruses, such as cell-fusing agent virus. Although interactions between cell-fusing agent virus and dengue virus have been documented in mosquito cells in culture, whether wild strains of cell-fusing agent virus interfere with arbovirus transmission by live mosquitoes was unknown. We used an experimental approach to demonstrate that cell-fusing agent virus infection reduces the propagation of dengue and Zika viruses in A. aegypti mosquitoes. These results support the idea that insect-only viruses in nature can modulate the ability of mosquitoes to carry arboviruses of medical significance and that they could possibly be manipulated to reduce arbovirus transmission.


2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (07) ◽  
pp. 876-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Carolina Quintero-Gil ◽  
Marta Ospina ◽  
Jorge Emilio Osorio-Benitez ◽  
Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez

Introduction: Different dengue virus (DENV) serotypes have been associated with greater epidemic potential. In turn, the increased frequency in cases of severe forms of dengue has been associated with the cocirculation of several serotypes. Because Colombia is a country with an endemic presence of all four DENV serotypes, the aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro replication of the DENV-2 and DENV-3 strains under individual infection and coinfection conditions. Methodology: C6/36HT cells were infected with the two strains individually or simultaneously (coinfection). Replication capacity was evaluated by RT-qPCR, and the effects on cell viability were assessed with an MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Additionally, Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were artificially fed the two strains of each serotype individually or simultaneously. The viral genomes were quantified by RT-qPCR and the survival of the infected mosquitoes was compared to that of uninfected controls. Results: In single infections, three strains significantly affected C6/36HT cell viability, but no significant differences were found in the replication capacities of the strains of the same serotype. In the in vivo infections, mosquito survival was not affected, and no significant differences in replication between strains of the same serotype were found. Finally, in coinfections, serotype 2 replicated with a thousandfold greater efficiency than serotype 3 did both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions: Due to the cocirculation of serotypes in endemic regions, further studies of coinfections in a natural environment would further an understanding of the transmission dynamics that affect DENV infection epidemiology.


2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Miura ◽  
J Zhu ◽  
NT Dittmer ◽  
L Chen ◽  
AS Raikhel

In the mosquito Aedes aegypti, vitellogenesis is activated via an ecdysteroid hormonal cascade initiated by a blood meal. The functional ecdysone receptor is a heterodimer composed of the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle, the homolog of the retinoid X receptor. The precise tuning of this hormonal response requires participation of both positive and negative transcriptional regulators. In Drosophila, Svp, a homolog of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), inhibits ecdysone receptor complex-mediated transactivation in vitro and in vivo. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the Svp homolog in mosquito Aedes aegypti, AaSvp. It possesses a high degree of amino acid sequence similarity to the members of the COUP-TF/Svp subfamily. AaSvp transcripts and protein are present in the fat body at high levels from the state of arrest to about 60 h post blood meal. AaSvp binds strongly to a variety of direct repeats of the sequence AGGTCA, but weakly to inverted repeats such as hsp27 EcRE. Transient transfection assays in Drosophila S2 cells showed that AaSvp was able to repress 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E)-dependent transactivation mediated by the mosquito ecdysteroid receptor complex. These data suggest that AaSvp negatively regulates the 20E signaling in the fat body during mosquito vitellogenesis.


2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaojun Zheng ◽  
Nagendran Tharmalingam ◽  
Qingzhong Liu ◽  
Elamparithi Jayamani ◽  
Wooseong Kim ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has created an urgent need for alternative drugs with new mechanisms of action. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising candidates that could address the spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria, either alone or in combination with conventional antibiotics. We studied the antimicrobial efficacy and bactericidal mechanism of cecropin A2, a 36-residue α-helical cationic peptide derived from Aedes aegypti cecropin A, focusing on the common pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The peptide showed little hemolytic activity and toxicity toward mammalian cells, and the MICs against most clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were 32 to 64 μg/ml, and its MICs versus other Gram-negative bacteria were 2 to 32 μg/ml. Importantly, cecropin A2 demonstrated synergistic activity against P. aeruginosa when combined with tetracycline, reducing the MICs of both agents by 8-fold. The combination was also effective in vivo in the P. aeruginosa/Galleria mellonella model (P < 0.001). We found that cecropin A2 bound to P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharides, permeabilized the membrane, and interacted with the bacterial genomic DNA, thus facilitating the translocation of tetracycline into the cytoplasm. In summary, the combination of cecropin A2 and tetracycline demonstrated synergistic antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in vitro and in vivo, offering an alternative approach for the treatment of P. aeruginosa infections.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. e1009110
Author(s):  
Laura I. Levi ◽  
Veronica V. Rezelj ◽  
Annabelle Henrion-Lacritick ◽  
Diana Erazo ◽  
J Boussier ◽  
...  

Defective viral genomes (DVGs) are truncated and/or rearranged viral genomes produced during virus replication. Described in many RNA virus families, some of them have interfering activity on their parental virus and/or strong immunostimulatory potential, and are being considered in antiviral approaches. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus transmitted by Aedes spp. that infected millions of humans in the last 15 years. Here, we describe the DVGs arising during CHIKV infection in vitro in mammalian and mosquito cells, and in vivo in experimentally infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. We combined experimental and computational approaches to select DVG candidates most likely to have inhibitory activity and showed that, indeed, they strongly interfere with CHIKV replication both in mammalian and mosquito cells. We further demonstrated that some DVGs present broad-spectrum activity, inhibiting several CHIKV strains and other alphaviruses. Finally, we showed that pre-treating Aedes aegypti with DVGs prevented viral dissemination in vivo.


1976 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary Rogers ◽  
D. A. Denham

AbstractThe effects of levamisole on adults, third stage infective larvae, and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi were studied in in vitro culture and in vivo against developing stages in the vector mosquito and in infected cats. In vitro the drug was effective only at dose levels much higher than can be tolerated by mammals. It was active against the developmental stages of the worm in the vector Aedes aegypti.The drug was strongly microfilaricidal in cats but less effective against adult worms.


1964 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 100-101
Author(s):  
A. W. A. Brown ◽  
W. Klassen ◽  
M. K. K. Pillai ◽  
G. S. H. Hooper

This exhibit represents part of the work of the Department of Zoology in the past 5 years, and others who have contributed to it are F. Matsumura, Z. H. Abedi, T. Kimura, P. G. Fast, J. G. Towgood, J. N. Telford and N. H. Khan.The work with the mosquito Aedes aegypti has involved study of 8 susceptible strains. The mechanism of DDT-resistance has been found to be associated with its detoxication by an enzymic process of dehydrochlorination to DDE; the amount of DDE produced has been found to be directly proportional to the resistance level, both by experiments with larvae in vivo and with larval homogenates incubated with DDT and glutathione in vitro. A secondary resistance mechanism in American strains has been a very pronounced secretion and excretion of peritrophic membrane by the larvae.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Marin-Lopez ◽  
Junjun Jiang ◽  
Yuchen Wang ◽  
Yongguo Cao ◽  
Tyler MacNeil ◽  
...  

AbstractDengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus that causes marked human morbidity and mortality worldwide, being transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Habitat expansion of Aedes, mainly due to climate change and increasing overlap between urban and wild habitats, places nearly half of the world’s population at risk for DENV infection. After a bloodmeal from a DENV-infected host, the virus enters the mosquito midgut. Next, the virus migrates to, and replicates in, other tissues, like salivary glands. Successful viral transmission occurs when the infected mosquito takes another blood meal on a susceptible host and DENV is released from the salivary gland via saliva into the skin. During viral dissemination in the mosquito and transmission to a new mammalian host, DENV interacts with a variety of vector proteins, which are uniquely important during each phase of the viral cycle. Our study focuses on the interaction between DENV particles and protein components in the A. aegypti vector. We performed a mass spectrometry assay where we identified a set of A aegypti salivary gland proteins which potentially interact with the DENV virion. Using dsRNA to silence gene expression, we analyzed the role of these proteins in viral infectivity. Two of these candidates, a synaptosomal-associated protein (AeSNAP) and a calcium transporter ATPase (ATPase) appear to play a role in viral replication both in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that AeSNAP plays a protective role during DENV infection of mosquitoes and that ATPase protein is required for DENV during amplification within the vector.ImportanceAedes aegypti mosquitoes are the major vector of different flaviviruses that cause human diseases, including dengue virus. There is a great need for better therapeutics and preventive vaccines against flaviviruses. Flaviviruses create complex virus-host and virus-vector interactions. The interactions between viral particles and protein components in the vector is not completely understood. In this work we characterize how two mosquito proteins, “AeSNAP” and “ATPase”, influence DENV viral dissemination within A. aegypti, using both in vitro and in vivo models. These results elucidate anti-vector measures that may be potentially be used to control dengue virus spread in the mosquito vector.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Laura Marcela Saavedra Reyes

Los continuos avances en biología, química y computación han contribuido al desarrollo acelerado de los estudios de simulación por computadora o también conocidos como estudios in silico; los cuales fueron propuestos inicialmente para orientar la búsqueda de nuevos fármacos o identificar los agentes contaminantes presentes en el ambiente, mediante el ajuste de un modelo. Entre los diferentes métodos in silico existentes, la teoría de las Relaciones Cuantitativas Estructura-Actividad (QSAR) propuesta por Corwin Hansch y Toshio Fujita en el año 1964, se ha destacado por ofrecer elementos útiles para abordar diferentes cuestiones químicas involucradas en los complejos procesos y mecanismos de los sistemas bióticos y abióticos. El fundamento de teoría QSAR reside en elucidar la respuesta química de un compuesto en términos de sus características estructurales. Por ello, los modelos matemáticos QSAR proponen un paralelismo racional entre la estructura molecular de una sustancia, que es representada por diversos descriptores moleculares y el efecto final que dicha sustancia produce sobre un determinado organismo o entorno. Es así como el formalismo QSAR permite estimar diferentes parámetros de respuesta como la actividad, toxicidad o propiedad de nuevas moléculas, a partir del conocimiento de la estructura molecular involucrada. Por más de 55 años el crecimiento exponencial del número de publicaciones científicas basadas en la teoría QSAR ha sido muestra de su constante evolución, atribuida principalmente al aumento de las bases de datos químicas de acceso público y a la inclusión de múltiples técnicas estadísticas sencillas y complejas, capaces de establecer correlaciones entre numerosas características estructurales de las moléculas y diversas propiedades fisicoquímicas, organolépticas, biológicas o toxicológicas. A raíz de esto, los estudios QSAR han sido ampliamente utilizados en la academia, la industria y las agencias gubernamentales como una herramienta computacional que permite realizar predicciones de los posibles efectos que los productos químicos, los materiales y los nanomateriales provocan sobre la salud humana y los ecosistemas. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que la hipótesis principal de la teoría QSAR no consiste en explicar el mecanismo de acción, la toxico-cinética o toxico-dinámica de las sustancias químicas; por el contrario, se enfoca en calcular el efecto final que una estructura química produce sobre un individuo o ambiente definido. Aunque, si el modelo logra una cuantificación acertada de la actividad del compuesto, puede brindar información del fenómeno involucrado; tal como especificar si una molécula es activa o inactiva, tóxica o no tóxica; esto según los límites de detección propuestos a nivel experimental. Por otra parte, en aquellos casos que se cuenta con información de la conformación molecular del compuesto, dada por las técnicas de cristalografía de rayos X o Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN), es posible establecer modelos de regresión QSAR basados en descriptores geométricos, que interpretan la actividad involucrada con base en la disposición tridimensional de la molécula; a este enfoque se le conoce como QSAR-3D. A partir de numerosas aplicaciones de los modelos QSAR, se logró evidenciar su eficacia para tratar grandes conjuntos moleculares y predecir cuantiosos efectos finales definidos por protocolos de ensayo de difícil medición. Estas condiciones permitieron a los investigadores discernir tendencias en los datos existentes más relevantes para la salud pública o el ambiente, y luego extrapolar tendencia a compuestos no sintetizados o carentes de información química, física o biológica. Es así como el enfoque QSAR ha contribuido en novedosas investigaciones orientadas en los compuestos químicos provenientes o inspirados en la naturaleza, reconocidos por presentar distintas propiedades biológicas plausibles como: antioxidante, antibacterial, anticonvulsiva, anticancerígena, inhibición enzimática, larvicida, repelente, entre otras propiedades de gran importancia para el diseño de nuevos productos químicos de interés comercial, medicinal, agrícola y sanitario. No obstante, el paradigma de la teoría QSAR no solo proporciona modelos que cuantifican propiedades fisicoquímicas o biológicas. También se enfatiza en orientar la síntesis de nuevas moléculas conforme a los 12 principios de la química verde, reducir el tiempo y los gastos que implican los ensayos in vivo e in vitro, y minimizar los experimentos en animales. Por lo anterior, la presente Tesis Doctoral se fundamenta en el estudio, diseño y aplicación de modelos de la teoría QSAR que proporcionen una guía computacional en el diseño sustentable, racional y selectivo de nuevos compuestos con actividad específica, inocuos en mamíferos y de alta eficiencia en el control de enfermedades neurológicas e infecciosas que afectan la salud pública mundial. Actualmente, entre los compuestos químicos más utilizados en el tratamiento de diversos trastornos neurodegenerativos, como la enfermedad de Alzheimer (AD), se destacan los inhibidores de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (IsAChE). Este tipo de compuestos químicos actúan en el Sistema Nervioso Central (CNS), incrementado la actividad colinérgica cerebral. Este modo de acción también se encuentra en los pesticidas más novedosos y eficientes para controlar las plagas y los vectores de enfermedades. Conforme a lo anterior, se examinó la capacidad inhibitoria in vitro de la enzima acetilcolinesterasa (AChE) de diferentes conjuntos moleculares basados en derivados de Tacrina, los cuales representan una alternativa en el diseño de nuevos fármacos de bajo costo para tratar las enfermedades neurológicas y reducir los efectos secundarios producidos por los medicamentos actuales. Asimismo, estas moléculas proveen información estructural relevante en el desarrollo de fitosanitario selectivos y eficaces contra los vectores de enfermedades. Ante las múltiples ventajas que tienen los productos de origen natural y sus derivados semi-sintéticos sobre la salud y el cuidado de los ecosistemas; se evaluó la actividad antifúngica medida a través de la Inhibición del Crecimiento (IG) de un conjunto molecular conformado por derivados de cinamato; los cuales representan una novedosa librería molecular bioactiva e inocua para la salud humana, obtenida a través de procedimientos ecocompatibles Por último, se abordó a través del modelado QSAR el estudio de diferentes conjuntos moleculares constituidos por diversas moléculas naturales o semi-sintéticas con prominente actividad larvicida sobre el mosquito Aedes aegypti L., el principal vector de diversas enfermedades endémicas, como el dengue, la fiebre amarilla, la fiebre de chikungunya y el zika.


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