Hmong (Forever) on the Margins

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phill Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Clear Delineation ◽  
The Creation

Ethnic minorities in Laos form a key part of narratives of the Lao population as the ‘Lao multi-ethnic people’. This involves the creation and clear delineation of ethnic difference in which ethnic difference is celebrated within a framework of lowland Lao hegemony. With specific reference to the Hmong, I argue that the Hmong can never really escape assumptions from the lowland Lao that, were they able to choose, that they would choose to live in an independent state. By making use of Scott’s ideas of Zomia I argue further that the idea of Zomia as an alternative to living in the Lao state may exist in the minds of some Hmong, an idea widely assumed by the Lao state and many lowland Lao to be held by all Hmong. Ethnic minorities continue to have an ambiguous relationship vis-à-vis the Lao state to which they belong, but at the same time, are considered outsiders.

scholarly journals An order of crime the criminal law of the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) 1941-1945

Balcanica ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 289-342
Author(s):  
Igor Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Legal Character ◽  
Kingdom Of Yugoslavia ◽  
Collective Punishment

The system of criminal law norms passed in the so-called Independent State of Croatia (NDH) from its inception in 1941 was aimed at creating and maintaining an atmosphere of terror implemented by the Ustasha government. Although the framework of substantive and procedural rules of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was formally retained, immediately after the establishment of the NDH regulations introducing many new crimes punishable by death were enacted. Defining the ?honour and vital interests of the Croatian people? as an appropriate object of criminal law protection enabled the creation of a regime of legalized repression against non-Croat populations, with an extensive jurisdiction of martial criminal justice. In addition to abuse of the court martial mechanism, the criminal character of government was also manifested in the wide application of administrative and punitive measures of sending to concentration camps as well as collective punishment. In line with Radbruch?s thought, the author denies the legal character of the system of criminal law formally established in the territory of the NDH in the circumstances of genocide.

Development of Commercial Law in the Slovak Republic - Outline of problems

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Mojmír Mamojka ◽  
Jacek Dworzecki
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Legal Regulations ◽  
Independent State ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

The article concerns the issue of trade law in the context of its evolution and the current realities of its being in force in Republic of Slovakia. In the paper the authors present an historical view of the creation of legal regulations about trade from ancient times to present days. In the first part of the paper the political system and its components are discussed. The reader will be able to acquaint themselves with the functioning of the apparatus of executive power (the government and ministries), legislative power (the parliament consisting of 150 members) and judiciary (independent courts and prosecutors) in the Republic of Slovakia. Moreover, this part of the article provides information about practical aspects of the creation of selected components of the constitutional legal order (e.g. parliamentary elections). In the second part, the paper covers the evolution of trade law over the centuries, approaches to regulations in Mesopotamia, based on, inter alia, the Code of Hammurabi, and also in ancient Egypt and Greece. Tracing the development of trade law over the centuries, the authors also present the evolution of legal regulations in this field in the XIX century, with particular reference to France, Germany and Austria-Hungary (especially the territory which today forms the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic). In the last part of the article, the forming of regulations of trade law in Czechoslovakia from 1918 and during subsequent periods which created the history of that country, to the overthrow communism and the peaceful division of the state in 1993 into two separate, independent state organisms – the Czech Republic and Slovakia - is approached.

scholarly journals The Paradox of Ethnic Minority Development in Beijing

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 464-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Hasmath
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Ethnic Difference ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
High Wage ◽  
Ethnic Minority Population ◽  
Educational Attainments ◽  
Employment Sectors

AbstractThe educational attainments of Beijing's permanent ethnic minority population out perform or are on par with the dominant, local Hans. Yet, the Han demographic disproportionately dominates the high-wage, education-intensive employment sectors. What accounts for this paradox? What does this signify regarding the management of ethnic difference in the capital city? And how do we improve this situation? Drawing upon recent research, this paper will offer sociological explanations to answer these questions. Moreover, it will further suggest strategies for enhancing the development of ethnic minorities in Beijing.

scholarly journals PRESERVATION OF THE ICONOGRAPHIC CANON AMONG UKRAINIAN DIASPORA

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
Vitalii Kozinchuk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ethnic Minorities ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scientific Intelligence ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Sacred Art ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Byzantine Art ◽  
The Creation

Iconography of the Ukrainian diaspora is an important component of Ukrainian (Western Ukrainian) canonical sacred art. Genetically, the iconography of the Ukrainian diaspora is based on the principles of Byzantine iconography, which included the color canon, the compositional canon and the canon of proportions, which performed important functions in Byzantine art. Ukrainian artists of the diaspora, adhering to the Byzantine iconographic canon, believed that it brings to the art information of utilitarian, historical and narrative plan. Scientific intelligence is devoted to these issues. The purpose of the section is to analyze the preservation of the iconographic canon in the sacred art of artists of the Ukrainian diaspora in the United States, Canada and Western Europe. It is necessary to consider the Byzantine iconographic rules, which serve as an artistic scheme for the creation of Christological, Mariological and festive themes in the iconography presented in the temples of ethnic minorities. Using the principles of Byzantine aesthetics, the diaspora artists of Ukrainian origin (Petro Kholodny Jr, Sviatoslav Hordynsky, Juvenal Mokrytsky and Khrystyna Dokhvat) managed to preserve the ancient Eastern Christian tradition of cult painting. The art of the above-mentioned artists is based on strict artistic rules recognized by the official Church after the Trullian Council (691-692), the Seventh Ecumenical Council (787) and the «Triumph of Orthodoxy», associated with decisions to introduce the dogma of icon worship in Constantinople Council (843). Preservation of the iconographic canon in the Ukrainian diaspora is a manifestation of the ancient Christian artistic spirit, which determined the types of major saints. The principles of the iconographic canon used in the painting of the Ukrainian diaspora also substantiated the location of the main gospel scenes in certain places on the walls of Christian religious buildings.

scholarly journals IMPERIAL AND SOVIET DIMENSIONS OF THE UKRAINIAN NATIONAL ISSUE IN O. LOTOTSKY’S JOURNALISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-59
Author(s):  
Galina Mykhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Independent State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
National Issue

This paper aims at studying O. Lototsky’s journalistic works during the revolutions of 1905-1907, 1917-1921 and the emigration of 1920-1930. The main focus is on the analysis of the position of Ukrainian lands in the imperial era and the Soviet period, as well as the vision of key problems and political prospects proposed in the articles of O. Lototsky. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. Both general scientific and special-historical methods are used in the study, namely: historical and comparative, problematic, research tools of the history of ideas (intellectual history) and biographistics. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by its focus on the analysis of the content of Lototsky’s journalistic works in the context of opportunities to solve the Ukrainian national issue in the conditions of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. Conclusions. O. Lototsky’s creative legacy contains a significant amount of journalistic material. Their topics are diverse: from reviews of the economic situation of Ukrainian lands to the analysis of the state of educational institutions in the Russian Empire and the problems of the clergy. Considerable attention in these materials is devoted to the Ukrainian national issue. Due to O. Lototsky’s active social activity from 1906 to 1917, the topics of his essays frequently intertwined with the problems in which he was directly involved (for example, the status of the Ukrainian language and the abolition of bans on its use). The position of the Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire and other states in the specified period was of his particular concern. During the emigrant era, the publicist continued to express his vision of the situation of Ukrainian territories within the USSR. The leading idea expressed in most of O. Lototsky’s materials of that period was that the state policy of both the Russian Empire and the USSR did not provide for the creation of an independent Ukrainian state, let alone support for Ukrainian culture. Given the historical experiences of the Ukrainian lands, O. Lototsky in the 1920s and 1930s was an active supporter of the creation of an independent state. O. Lototsky’s diverse creative legacy, his active social and political activities leave many more aspects for further elaboration, analysis, and determination of the significance of his heritage in the intellectual history of Ukraine and the Ukrainian movement.

NOVEMBER REVOLUTION IN GALITCA IN 1918 AS A MILITARY OPERATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-69
Author(s):  
L. Y. Genyk
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
World War ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Creation ◽  
First World ◽  
Strategic Goal

The purpose of this article is to analyze the plans of Ukrainian political forces regarding the proclamation and formation of an independent state of Ukraine, and their implementation in terms of military strategy and tactics. The article analyzes various forms (peaceful and military uprising) of preparation for the transfer or receipt of power by the Ukrainian side after the end of the First World War in the Dnieper Ukraine and in Galicia, as well as ways to achieve the strategic goal of the Ukrainian people the crea­tion of a Ukrainian state. Methods of analysis of archival documents, analogy, comparison, hy­pothetical established, that all representatives of the political parties of East Galicia considered and focused only on the peaceful way of receiving power by the Ukrainian people in the autumn (in accordance) based on the plan de­veloped and agreed upon the life of Prince Franz-Ferdinand whit represent­atives of the Ukrainian side, who were represented in the Austro-Hungarian Parliament – the Reich rat. Other variants (options) of the proclamation and formation of the Ukrainian state were not foreseen, not considered, not pre­pared or the Galician politicians. Military variants could theoretically have beet two, but none of them were political forces, that to take up preparations for the creation of a state, have not (foreseen) predicted and not complete the training (preparation have not been made).  The only ones, who thought soberly and really saw the power version of the creation of the Ukrainian state and its protection, were Ukrainian officers and elders in retirement or who served in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Findings. Unfortunately, due to the passivity of politicians, the prepa­ration of a military operation on the proclamation and protection of the Ukrainian state it was started too late. And although it is just the gaining power of the Ukrainians as tactical military operation, it has been successful, but the strategic purpose (goal) – the proclamation and preservation of the state Ukraine – Ukrainians have not prepared and failed.  The reason for the defeat is the mentality of Ukrainian.

Artistry and Post-Colonial Issues in Wole Soyinka’s The Interpreters

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-142
Author(s):  
Vincent Odhiambo Oduor
Keyword(s):  
World View ◽  
Wole Soyinka ◽  
Independent State ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Colonial Society ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Ways Of Life

This paper sets out to examine how Wole Soyinka uses art in his first novel, The Interpreters to reflect the post-colonial issues that affect individuals in the newly independent state of Nigeria. It begins by illuminating Wole Soyinka as a unique artist who experiments with all genres of literature. The paper then discusses Artistry in The Interpreters but limiting the study to plot, characterisation and his style of narration.  This paper draws interest in the society as portrayed in the text. We see a society which is experiencing a gradual drifting from the traditional ways of life to the modern, though in a confused manner because their world view of the contemporary world is suppressed by the systems put by the post-colonial government.  The interpreters are an epitome of the broader community, which is experiencing changes in their country. The paper brings out an argument that with the creation of post-colonial society come different personalities with different responses to the situation. 

Between History and Tafsīr: Notes on al-Ṭabarī’s Methodological Strategies

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-129
Author(s):  
Marianna Klar
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Detailed Understanding ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relevant Section

The bulk of the cited anecdotes in the most immediately relevant section pertaining to the Fall of Adam within al-Ṭabarī’s History consist solely of material that is duplicated in al-Ṭabarī’s commentary on But Satan made them slip in Q. 2:36. The duplicated material is not presented in the same order across the two works, but the extent of the overlap between the two sources is intriguing. In his introduction to the Tafsīr, published (in the form of public lectures) from 270/883–884 onwards, al-Ṭabarī (d. 310/923) gives a definition of his own methodology; the introduction to his History, the first volume of which was made public some 20 years later in 294/906–907, announces meanwhile a focus on the history of kings. Yet al-Ṭabarī does not provide any explicit elucidation of what this difference might entail. In areas where al-Ṭabarī’s subject matter spans both texts such a question seems especially pertinent. This article seeks to contribute to a more detailed understanding of how concepts of genre affected the material that was included by al-Ṭabarī in the History and the Tafsīr, and to expose the author's editorial techniques, with specific reference to the parallel versions of the story of Adam and the Fall al-Ṭabarī provided. It draws upon the preceding historical account of the Creation of Eve, and the material that frames the repentance narratives. It also seeks to ascertain whether the individual context of each Qur'anic pericope affected the presentation of material within the Tafsīr itself.

scholarly journals Diplomatic Victory of the Kosovo Liberation Army

2021 ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Independent State ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Military Violence ◽  
National Movements ◽  
International Diplomacy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Sacrifice

In the dissolution of Yugoslavia, Serbian nationalism played a crucial role with the project of creating a greater Serbia, using military violence to achieve the goal of this project. The northern republics such as Slovenes, Croats and Kosovo Albanians had the strongest reaction against this project, since after the first pluralist elections in Yugoslavia, political parties seeking independence from Belgrade came to the helm of these republics. The actions of national movements of the Slovenians, Croats, Bosnians, Kosovo Albanians, Macedonians and Montenegrins for independence, have been a reaction to the project of Serbian nationalism for the creation of a greater Serbia. In these new circumstances created in the Yugoslav federation, Kosovo Albanians profiled the demands for a sovereign and independent state of Kosovo, legitimizing it with the referendum held under conditions of occupation and with a sovereign vote for the independence of Kosovo. Despite the creation of some parallel institutions such as education and the obedience of Western diplomacy for a peaceful solution to the Kosovo issue. This was not achieved until an armed resistance from Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) started in Kosovo, that the Kosovo issue was imposed on the diplomacies with international influence to start taking important decisions towards the solution to the Kosovo issue. Due to the KLA war, the contact group took the historical decision to organize an international conference in Rambouillet of France, with a concrete peaceful plan for Kosovo. Rambouillet’s decisions were rejected by the Yugoslav government, thus forcing NATO military intervention to stop crimes against Albanian civilians by Serb forces. The efforts of the Kosovo Albanians to get out of the Serbian occupation had been imposed, even though as such they were insufficient to achieve success for nearly a century, but due to the international diplomacy and the sacrifice of the Albanian national movement, Kosovo Freedom was achieved.

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