scholarly journals Ziej is a woman and het is a girl

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-44
Author(s):  
Joske Piepers ◽  
Ad Backus ◽  
Jos Swanenberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Production Study ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Subject Pronoun

Abstract In this paper, we report on a study of gender reference in Limburgian, specifically the use of the neuter subject pronoun het ‘she’ (lit. ‘it’) to refer to a female referent. This pronoun is used in addition to the feminine pronoun ze ‘she’. We investigate the role of the referent’s social and grammatical characteristics in the variation between grammatically feminine and ‘non-feminine’ (nf; i.e., neuter and masculine) pronouns in two experiments. First, we test the effect of a referent’s age in a language production study, in which 41 native speakers participated. The results of this study indicate that speakers use het more often to refer to younger than to older women. Second, we use an acceptability judgment task (N = 72) to assess whether the preference for non-feminine pronouns for younger women might be explained by grammatical agreement with non-feminine antecedent nouns (e.g., grammatically neuter maedje ‘girl’). The results indicate that this is not the case: het is preferred as a pronoun for younger but not older women, regardless of an antecedent noun’s grammatical gender. We conclude that the variation in pronoun gender in Limburgian is a socio-pragmatic phenomenon, and we offer suggestions for future research in this area.

The role of prosody in morphological change: The case of Hebrew bound numerals

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irit Meir
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Grammaticality Judgments ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Modern Hebrew ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
The One

AbstractThe morphological system of cardinal numerals in Modern Hebrew is currently undergoing rapid changes, enabling linguists to unravel the forces shaping the change as it takes place. In the free forms, gender marking on numerals is neutralized by collapsing both masculine and feminine forms into one paradigm, the feminine paradigm. In the bound (definite) forms, an opposite direction is attested, in that at least for some numerals, the masculine forms become more prevalent. The study reported here aims to determine whether the factor determining the change is prosodic or functional in nature, by eliciting production and grammaticality judgments of noun phrases containing bound numerals from five different age groups of native speakers. The results suggest that prosody plays a role in shaping the change, as forms with penultimate stress are favored over those with ultimate stress. In addition, processes of production and processes of grammaticality judgments seem to be subject to different kinds of constraints. This state of affairs indicates that the tension between the tendencies toward simplification on the one hand and maximal distinctness on the other occurs at the morphological level as well.

scholarly journals Feature Matching Does Not Equal Convergence: Acquisition of L2 French Accusative Pronouns by L1 Spanish Speakers

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Elena Shimanskaya ◽  
Tania Leal
Keyword(s):  
Feature Matching ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Formal Similarity ◽  
Considerable Difficulty ◽  
Feature Reassembly ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Surface Similarity

Our study aims to determine whether formal similarity between two languages (operationalized via the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis) allows adult L2 learners of French (Spanish native speakers; NSs) to straightforwardly acquire third-person singular accusative clitics in their L2. Additionally, we examined the role of surface similarity, since French and Spanish overlap and diverge in several ways. In terms of formal similarity, third-person accusative clitic pronouns in Spanish are almost perfect analogues of their French counterparts. In terms of surface similarity, however, while the feminine accusative pronouns are identical (“la” [la]), the masculine ones differ in Spanish (“lo” [lo]) and French (“le” [lǝ]). Participants included French NSs (n = 26) and Spanish-speaking L2 French learners (n = 36). Results from an offline forced-choice picture selection task and an online self-paced reading task did not support the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis because learners showed considerable difficulty with the interpretation and processing of these pronouns, revealing that, unlike French NSs, their interpretations and processing are guided by the feature [±Human] and, to a lesser degree, by gender, which might be due to the surface-level similarity between feminine accusative clitic pronouns in both languages.

Vowel system or vowel systems?

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-292
Author(s):  
Wilkinson Daniel Wong Gonzales ◽  
Rebecca Lurie Starr
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Language Ecology ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Mixed Language ◽  
Contact Language ◽  
Vowel Systems ◽  
Mixed Code ◽  
Mixed Languages

Abstract The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lánnang-uè is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages, suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.

scholarly journals EP.TH.275The role of amino acid transporters SLC1A5 and SLC3A2 in primary breast cancer in older women

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Parks ◽  
Lutfi Alfarsi ◽  
Andrew Green ◽  
Kwok-Leung Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Primary Breast Cancer ◽  
Tumour Size ◽  
Glutamine Metabolism ◽  
Amino Acid Transporters ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Er Status

Abstract Aims Breast cancer in older women has more favourable biology, compared to younger women. Increased glutamine metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. The prognostic role of amino acid transporters involved with glutamine flux, SLC1A5 and SLC3A2, has been shown in breast cancer in younger women. This study aimed to investigate the role of SLC1A5 and SLC3A2 in breast cancer in older women as possible prognostic markers. Methods Surgical specimens were obtained from an existing series of 1,758 older women (≥70 years) with primary breast cancer, treated in a single institution with long-term (37+ years) follow-up. Of this cohort, 813 had primary surgical treatment. As part of previous work, it was possible to construct good quality tissue microarrays (TMAs) in 575 cases. Immunohistochemical staining for SLC1A5 and SLC3A2 was performed. H-score was considered as a continuous variable as well as using positivity cut-offs of ≥ 45 for SLC1A5 and ≥15 for SLC3A2, using X-tile software. Association between H-score and tumour size, grade, ER status, local-recurrence-free-survival (LRFS), overall survival (OS) and breast-cancer-specific-survival (BCSS) was investigated. Results No correlation was seen between neither marker and LRFS, OS, or BCSS in older women with breast cancer. Both markers were associated with high tumour grade and negative ER status (both p < 0.001). Conclusions These findings are contrary to those found in younger women, where these amino acid transporters are associated with shorter BCSS. This may suggest that breast cancer in older women is less reliant on glutamine metabolism, which is consistent with an overall less aggressive phenotype.

scholarly journals The role of language production mechanisms in children's sentence repetition: Evidence from an inflectionally rich language

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
SONALI NAG ◽  
MARGARET J. SNOWLING ◽  
JELENA MIRKOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Speech Error ◽  
Sentence Repetition ◽  
Error Analyses ◽  
Production Mechanisms

ABSTRACTWe examine the role of language production mechanisms in sentence repetition, a task widely used as a diagnostic tool in developmental disorders. We investigate sentence repetition in 5- to 8-year-old native speakers of Kannada, an inflectionally rich language of India. The inflectional characteristics of the language make it an ideal testing ground for exploring the engagement of grammatical and phonological encoding processes. We presented active, passive, and embedded sentences and, in a subset of the material, we also manipulated sentence length. Using accuracy and speech error analyses at the sentence, word, and affix levels, we provide evidence that individual differences in task performance are influenced by the linguistic properties of the material. These findings clarify the role of key language production mechanisms involved in sentence repetition. We propose that it is the versatility to develop a profile across several language production mechanisms that makes sentence repetition particularly useful as a clinical tool.

Morphological Integrity in Ilocano

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 633-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Language Production ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
The Status ◽  
Morphological Processes ◽  
Post Production ◽  
The Many ◽  
Natural Interactions

The status of morphology and procedures of morphological production vary in remarkably diverse ways among languages of different typologies. The analysis presented in this study documents pervasive phenomena manifested in the discourse of Ilocano, as a result of the unique highly-prefixing typology of the language, which may contribute to our understanding of the concepts of lexeme, morphological integrity, and affixal boundness. From a thirty-hour corpus of natural interactions among native speakers of Ilocano, certain patterns of language production are introduced that typify the need to understand the synchronic role of morphology in a polysynthetic language and the status that inflectional and/or derivational affixes have in the lexicons of the speakers (Rubino 1994a). This paper will illustrate the intricate workings of the Ilocano language with regard to inter-morphemic pausing, production of affixes without lexical roots, the post-production restructuring of affixation, and the many uses of the versatile empty root kua which is employed by speakers who have uttered the syntactic frame of the word with appropriate affixes, before accessing the lexical root, suggesting that planning and production often take place at the morphemic level. It will then become apparent how the use of discourse data can be utilized to better our understanding of morphology and morphological processes.

A Review of Studies on Languaging and Second Language Learning (2006-2017)

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 1222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiying Niu ◽  
Lijia Li
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Second Language Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
L2 Learning

Since Swain postulated the concept “languaging” in 2006 to capture the role of language production in second language (L2) learning, a growing body of empirical studies has been conducted on languaging. However, little research has reviewed these studies. The present paper reviews 15 empirical studies that were conducted over the past decade on languaging in L2 learning, followed Vygotsky’s socioculutral theory of mind, and directly took languaging as the treatment or part of the treatment. We distinguished task-prompted and teacher-imposed languaging in the paper. All studies reviewed focused on teacher-imposed languaging. On the basis of reviewing the foci and findings of the studies, we offer our critical comments and recommendations for future research.

The Shift in Power with Age

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariella Friedman ◽  
Yael Tzukerman ◽  
Hana Wienberg ◽  
Judith Todd
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Interpersonal Power ◽  
Power Strategies ◽  
Apparent Shift ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City ◽  
Israeli Kibbutz

Previous research has described an apparent shift in perceived interpersonal power towards equality between men and women later in life. This study investigated (a) whether the “shift in power with age” would appear in the Israeli kibbutz, (b) the role of the “parental emergency” in the shift, and (c) whether changes in behaviors or attitudes best account for the shift. One hundred twenty younger and older Israeli women and men, half from the city and half from the kibbutz, wrote TAT stories, which were then rated for overall power of the female and male characters, their power strategies, and their motives. A shift in perceived power with age was found in both the city and the kibbutz. Parental status reduced the power of the woman and increased the power of the man only in the city, whereas the reverse was true in the kibbutz. These results counter the “parental emergency” explanation for the shift in power with age. Furthermore, older women used traditionally feminine power strategies, but their behavior was evaluated as more powerful than the same behavior in younger women. Thus, it is not the behaviors but rather people's evaluation of the behaviors that changes across the life span of the individual.

scholarly journals Boys Are Boys: A Contrastive Study of Nominal Tautology Between L1 English and L1 Arabic

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hanan Mohammed Kabli
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
L1 English ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Acceptability Judgment

This study aims to examine nominal tautology functioned as human nature based on the assumptions by Wierzbicka (1987). It compares English and Arabic tautology on construction like Boys are boys. This study integrates Miki’s evocation function with two other core concepts namely a macro-frame and a micro-frame. In addition, the role of the context is closely investigated as it forms an essential component in the realization of nominal tautology as proposed by Gibbs and McCarrell (1990). All these notions are merged into one solid framework to comprehend the mechanism of tautology in the brain of the speakers/hearer in any given language. Acceptability Judgment Task is used as an instrument to elicit participants’ acceptable judgments and interpretations on human nature tautology. The study includes two groups; English native speakers (51 participants) and Arabic native speakers (34 participants). According to the analyses, the results show no difference between the study groups, in the realization of nominal tautology related to human nature at the level of the acceptability and the interpretation.

scholarly journals Daur ʻIlm al-Lugah an-Nafsī fī Taʻlīm al-Lugah al-ʻArabiyyah li Gair an-Nāṭiqīn Bihā

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Imam Wahyudi ◽  
Zainuri Zainuri
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Second Language Learners ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Teacher Factors ◽  
And Linguistics

Learning is a unit consisting of various factors that support each other. In learning Arabic, it is not only teacher factors and Arabic language material that must be considered, students as second language learners also need attention for the success of learning. The purpose of this article was to describe the role of psycholinguistics in learning Arabic for non-native speakers. Researchers used literature review to extract data from various sources. From the data obtained, it was known that the role of psycholinguistics in learning Arabic makes teachers able to understand the processes that occur in students when they listen, speak, read, or write. Psycholinguistics as an applied science between psychology and linguistics can be used to understand the behavior of second language learners, language acquisition, and language production and the processes that occur in it.

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