scholarly journals Contributions and Criticism of Western Scholars on Islamic inheritance (An Analytical Study)

rahatulquloob ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 47-58
Author(s):  
Dr. Farhat Aziz ◽  
Muhammad Yousuf Yaqoob
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Great Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Higher Criticism ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Language Literature

In this paper, the criticisms and contributions of Western Scholars and their impacts on society have been discussed. To study the civilization‘s heritage, history, language, literature, fine arts, sciences, and sociology, of the people of East, by the westerns, is called Orientalism. In the ancient Arabic dictionary, the term “orientalism” is not present. In Europe, after the Renaissance, to introduce the East in the West, and to point out the expected interests of the West in the East, the Western Scholars performed their duty elegantly.  All of the ancient and modern western scholars wrote about the Holy Qur‘an, and almost all of them neglected its present order and tried to determine the order of revelation of Qur’anic verses according to their own mind. Torrey of Yale spent his whole life to find out contradictions in the book of God. Bell of Edinburgh applied the rules of higher criticism on Qur’anic injunctions. Many other orientalists as Arthur Jeffery, A.T.Welch, J.D.Pearson, Montgomery Watt and Karen Armstrong are also written about the Qur’an and biography of the prophet (PBUH). Western scholars also have a great role in denouncing the history of Islam. It is the need of the era to go through their literary efforts to explore their objectives and outcomes. It is also essential to study their struggle to prove about their right and wrong points. At a time, the Orientalists gained popularity among all schools of thought of different religions. This study is necessary and beneficial for all students, teachers and research scholars of every field of life.

The Ondo road Eastwards of Lagos,c. 1870–95

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Akintoye
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
The People ◽  
British Colony ◽  
History Of ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
The Government ◽  
Almost All

Trade with European merchants along the Guinea Coast was very important in the history of the Yoruba in the nineteenth century. But until 1870 almost all this trade was done by the western Yoruba peoples. All the important ports (Porto Novo, Badagry and Lagos) were located on the western sea-board of the Yoruba country, and from these ports trade routes radiated inland. Moreover, along the routes, Christian missionary evangelism spread. The eastern Yoruba country remained out of the stream of these formative developments.About 1870, however, owing to obstructions to trade on the western routes, the government of the British colony of Lagos tried to open a new route in the east as a roundabout means of tapping the main centres of trade in the west. But this route, the Ondo Road, soon became a great formative force in the lives of the peoples of the eastern Yoruba provinces. Compared with the main western routes, the trade on the new route was quite small. Nevertheless, its demands resulted in vastly increased productivity both in the agriculture and local manufactures of the people. Also it was along this route that missionary work—as evidenced by the building of mission stations, churches and schools—at last began to affect the eastern Yoruba areas.

scholarly journals The sportification of judo: global convergence and evolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shohei Sato
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Global Convergence ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Olympic Sport

AbstractThis article re-examines our understanding of modern sport. Today, various physical cultures across the world are practised under the name of sport. Almost all of these sports originated in the West and expanded to the rest of the world. However, the history of judo confounds the diffusionist model. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, a Japanese educationalist amalgamated different martial arts and established judo not as a sport but as ‘a way of life’. Today it is practised globally as an Olympic sport. Focusing on the changes in its rules during this period, this article demonstrates that the globalization of judo was accompanied by a constant evolution of its character. The overall ‘sportification’ of judo took place not as a diffusion but as a convergence – a point that is pertinent to the understanding of the global sportification of physical cultures, and also the standardization of cultures in modern times.

The tompon-tany and the tompon-drano in the History of Central and Western Madagascar

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Finn Fuglestad
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Conceptual Revolution

At some undefined time in the fairly recent past central and western Madagascar witnessed a conceptual 'revolution' which had far-reaching political consequences. The religious beliefs and symbols which constituted the main ingredients of this 'revolution'--and probably also the people who propagated them--were in some way connected with the Zafindraminia-Antanosy and the Anteimoro of the southeastern and eastern coast. It is quite clear that these and similar groups had been strongly influenced by Islam and that they practiced what could perhaps be described as a corrupt or diluted Islam or a syncretic 'pagan' Muslim religion. (It is significant that as their name indicates the Zafindraminia claim descent from Raminia who they hold to have been the mother of Muhammad.) One of the main ingredients of this religion was the cult of the ody or guardian amulets, objects usually made of wood which are strikingly reminiscent of the so-called “charms” or “gris-gris” sold by Muslim clerics over much of Africa. Another ingredient is represented by the institution of ombiasy. The ombiasy (the main manufacturers of ody) whom the Frenchman Etienne de Flacourt at Fort-Dauphin in the seventeenth century took to be Muslim clerics were originally the “priests” (or the “devins guérisseurs,” according to Hubert Deschamps) of the Anteimoro and the Zafindraminia-Antanosy. Subsequently this institution was disseminated throughout nearly the whole of Madagascar. Yet another ingredient was the system of divination known as sikidy, which also spread to other parts of Madagascar, including Imerina and the Sakalava country.These beliefs, symbols, and institutions deeply influenced the people of the west coast (the present-day Sakalava country) and of central Madagascar (Imerina and Betsileo country).

scholarly journals Health Monitor System

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VIII) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
M. Ujair Hoble
Keyword(s):  
Medical History ◽  
The People ◽  
Medical Sector ◽  
Medical Reports ◽  
History Of ◽  
Suitable Treatment ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Health Monitor ◽  
Crucial Part

Health is a crucial part of human lives. Nowadays, healthcare is becoming vital each day, as there are lots of diseases that emerge around us. Technology is transforming the medical sector by massively impacting almost all practices and processes of medical professionals. Despite this, many of the people and medical staff still dealing with paper-based medical records and prescriptions while conducting treatment. When a patient wants to appoint any hospital or clinic, to carry previous medical reports or past prescriptions is becoming essential for them. It is necessary because the doctor gets an idea about the patient’s health status by referring to their previous medical histories, helping for better treatments and medications. However, patients cannot maintain every medical documentary for years. Conventionally, the doctor asks patients about their previous diseases, prescription, or medicine details orally, nevertheless it becomes difficult to get exact information from the patient. Sometimes, it becomes more important for the doctor to know about the medical history of a person so that they can provide suitable treatment with better clarity of that person’s health. Focussing on this, a smart medical assistant system is designed where doctors can record all prescriptions, treatment, or medical details of the patient on software instead of writing on a paper. All these records are stored in the central cloud and made visible to doctors as well as patients. Each patient has assigned a unique authentication card for maintaining the privacy of their medical history account. Doctors can access and update a patient’s medical history anytime and anywhere by logging into their account through a smartcard swipe. The system can avoid overdue to treatment decisions. Likewise, the system helps to keep transparency about medicines and treatment.

scholarly journals The Paradoxical Use of the Term Sulh: An Analytical Study from Quranic Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Rafiqul Hoque ◽  
Muhammad Mustaqim Mohd Zarif
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
The West ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Sides

Dispute resolution systems are broadly divided into two sides namely Judicial Dispute Resolution (JDRS) and Non-Judicial Dispute Resolution Systems (NJDRS). The first one is more formal, and the latter is informal which is known as Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) all over the world. Though ADR is claimed to be a great innovation of the West, it is found to be practiced in the Islamic Judicial System from its very inception. ADR was practiced throughout the history of Islamic Judiciary as sulh. However, the use of the word sulh in the meaning of ADR needs to be explained in the present judicial context. Scholars sometimes discussed sulh as a system parallel to ADR and sometimes as a process, which creates confusion in its multiuse. Hence, this study aims at eliminating this confusion on the paradoxical use of the term sulh as a system for dispute resolution as well as a process of that system. At present, hardly any study has precisely differentiated between them. Thus, this qualitative study focuses on discussing it primarily from the perspectives of the Quran, documented sources as well as interviews. The major finding of this study is that sulh, comparing with present day ADR, does not need to be used paradoxically. The main contribution of the study is to propose a clarification of sulh in the line of ADR fruitfully. The findings of this study are not only useful in clarifying the exact meanings of the term as used in different contexts but also applicable to solve problems faced by arbitrators involved in various indigenous traditional dispute resolution systems such as shalish in Bangladesh and elsewhere.

scholarly journals SUBJECTS OF HOUSEHOLD AND PERSONAL ITEMSAS A SOURCE FOR STUDYING THE URBAN EVERYDAY LIFE OF THE LATE IMPERIAL ERA

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
O.N. Yakhno ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Value Orientations ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

The author discusses the need to expand the source base for studying the history of everyday life. It is noted that a solid pool of historiographic works has already been accumulated in this area of research. Recent publications focusing on the reconstruction of everyday life in national capitals and provincial centers contain extensive generalizations and conclusions. At the same time, almost all studies are based on various legal acts, current records, statistical materials, publications in periodicals of a relevant period, and written sources of private origin. Subjects of material culture, the "world of things" that surrounds people in their everyday life, receive much less attention as a potential source of research. The article demonstrates in what way the analysis of numerous household items, various accessories for hobbies and pastime, as well as personal care items, may contribute to a better understanding of both the material side of everyday life and the diversity of individual and group preferences, behavioral and communication styles, and value orientations of the people. The author draws a conclusion that this approach is particularly important for studying the changes in everyday life observed in critical periods in the Russian history characteristic of the early 20th century.

History of Western sources on Japanese art

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Allen
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
The West ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Japanese Art ◽  
History Of

Learning about Japanese art has been difficult for Westerners. Limited access, language barriers, and cultural misunderstanding have been almost insurmountable obstacles. Knowledge of Japanese art in the West began over 150 years before the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853. Englebert Kaempfer (1657-1716), sent to Japan as a physician for the Dutch East India Company, befriended a young assistant who provided information for a book on Japanese life and history published in 1727. By 1850, more ethnographic information had been published in Europe. Catalogs of sales of Japanese art in Europe exist prior to 1850 and collection catalogs from major museums follow in the second half of that century. After the Meiji Restoration (1867) cultural exchange was possible and organizations for that purpose were formed. Diaries of 19th century travellers and important international fairs further expanded cross-cultural information. Okakura Kakuzo, a native of Japan, published in English about Japanese art and ultimately became Curator of the important collections of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. The advent of photography made visual images easily accessible to Westerners. Great collectors built up the holdings of major American museums. In the 20th century, materials written and published in Japan in English language have furthered understanding of Japanese culture. During the past twenty years, travelling exhibitions and scholarly catalogs have circulated in the West. Presently monographs, dissertations and translated scholarly texts are available. Unfortunately, there is little understanding in the West of the organization of Japanese art libraries and archives which contain primary source material of interest to art historians.

The Popular Sources of Political Authority in 1856 San Francisco

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Waldrep
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Central Moment ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
The West ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter traces the ideological formation surrounding a central moment in the history of American lynching, the San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856. The San Francisco vigilantes helped to craft highly influential arguments about the relationship between the people and the law that would be adopted by subsequent generations of lynchers in the West, Midwest, and South. The chapter follows the historical context in which the San Francisco vigilantes and their opponents articulated their respective understandings of constitutionalism. It argues that the numbers supporting the San Francisco vigilantes were a transient political majority, acting in defiance of constitutional principle, and thus it cannot be said that their lynchings were socially positive or antidemocratic.

Observe, Record, and Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Richard Schweid
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Home Health Care ◽  
Home Health ◽  
Home Health Aides ◽  
Arbitration Clause ◽  
The People ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

This chapter examines the home health aides' (HHAs) mantra: “observe, record, and report” (O.R.R.). At the end of each shift, Cooperative Home Care Associates (CHCA) aides filed an automated report by telephone, pressing numerals to respond to recorded questions about the tasks they had done that day. Any anomalies in the patient's physical or mental health had to be reported immediately to the client's nurse supervisor. The aides served as the eyes and ears of a patient's care team, and nowhere was O.R.R. more important as a prevention tool than with skin care. The Obama administration issued a rule allowing consumers to sue nursing homes for negligence rather than submit to binding arbitration, as is frequently specified in nursing home contracts with patients and their families. Seven months into his term, Donald Trump moved to eliminate the rule and allow nursing homes once again to insert a binding arbitration clause in their contracts. The chapter then traces the long history of money troubles between care workers and the people for whom they care. Almost all of CHCA's revenue came from clients whose home health care was paid for by federal Medicaid insurance.

The Sponge Family Guadalupiidae in the Texas Permian

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Finks
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
New Genera ◽  
The West ◽  
Entire Family ◽  
Ecological Relationships ◽  
West Texas ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
Almost All

New and old species and genera of the family Guadalupiidae (spherulitic hypercalcified demosponges of the order Agelasida) are described or redescribed from the West Texas Permian. The entire family is reviewed and observations are made on the epibionts, growth patterns, functional morphology, ecological relationships, morphologic variability, modular structure, and evolutionary history of these largely reef-dwelling sponges. The stratigraphic distribution of species is also noted; many are limited and can define zones. The new genera Exovasa and Incisimura and the new species Guadalupia auricula, G. cupulosa, G. ramescens, G. microcamera, G. vasa, Cystothalamia megacysta, Lemonea simplex, Incisimura bella, and Exovasa cystauletoides are described. Almost all previously published taxa are redescribed and in some cases redefined. The Guadalupiidae are unique among hypercalcified sponges in having a modular thalamid layer (thalamidarium) covered on the exhalant surface by a non-modular stromatoporoid-like layer (trabecularium).

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