scholarly journals Mineral profile and dietary mineral supplements on the concentrations of some minerals in the brain regions of pigs.

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-326
Author(s):  
D. O. Adejumo ◽  
O. O. Okunola
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Mineral Supplements ◽  
Mineral Supplementation ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Conventional Diet ◽  
Dietary Minerals ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Parts

The nervous system though largely electrical in action is "powered" by its content of minerals which exist in ionic forms in nature and play a major role in neural action, membrane permeability and excitation. 20 grower boars were randomly assigned to two dietary groups of 10 boars each. The first ration was a conventional grower feed without vitamin/mineral premix while the second diet was supplemented with Agricare® premix* and more common salt than the conventional diet. The animals were fed ad libitum and slaughtered at 60kg body weight. The brains were dissected out into six brain parts namely: cerebellum, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex and medulla oblongata, and immediately analysed for electrolytes. Calcium in the cerebellum and hypothalamus of mineral-supplemented pigs was significantly higher (P<0.05) than concentrations in the pigs on unsupplemented diets. Calcium concentrations in the other brain regions did not show significant differences. Sodium concentrations were relatively stable in all the brain parts irrespective of dietary mineral supplementation although higher concentrations were recorded in the brain parts of pigs on mineral supplemented diets. However, sodium concentrations were higher in the cerebellum and cerebral cortex of the mineral-supplemented pigs with values of 15.0 mg di and 14.8 mg dt- which are significantly (P<0.05) higher than concentrations of 11.8 mg dr and11.3 mg dr respectively recorded for the pigs on the unsupplemented diet. This study has established a direct link between dietary minerals and salt on the mineral content of the pig brain 

scholarly journals Regulation of brain water during acute glucose-induced hyperosmolality in ovine fetuses, lambs, and adults

2004 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Stonestreet ◽  
Katherine H. Petersson ◽  
Grazyna B. Sadowska ◽  
Clifford S. Patlak
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Linear Correlations ◽  
Brain Water ◽  
The Ideal

We tested the hypothesis that, during acute glucose-induced hyperosmolality, the brain shrinks less than predicted on the basis of an ideal osmometer and that brain volume regulation is present in fetuses, premature and newborn lambs. Brain water responses to glucose-induced hyperosmolality were measured in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla of fetuses at 60% of gestation, premature ventilated lambs at 90% of gestation, newborn lambs, and adult sheep. After exposure of the sheep to increases in osmolality with glucose plus NaCl, brain water and electrolytes were measured. The ideal osmometer is a system in which impermeable solutes do not enter or leave in response to an osmotic stress. In the absence of volume regulation, brain solute remains constant as osmolality changes. The osmotically active solute demonstrated direct linear correlations with plasma osmolality in the cerebral cortex of the fetuses at 60% of gestation ( r = 0.72, n = 24, P = 0.0001), premature lambs ( r = 0.58, n = 22, P = 0.005), newborn lambs ( r = 0.57, n = 24, P = 0.004), and adult sheep ( r = 0.70, n = 18, P = 0.001). Similar findings were observed in the cerebellum and medulla. Increases in the quantity of osmotically active solute over the range of plasma osmolalities indicate that volume regulation was present in the brain regions of the fetuses, premature lambs, newborn lambs, and adult sheep during glucose-induced hyperosmolality. We conclude that, during glucose-induced hyperosmolality, the brain shrinks less than predicted on the basis of an ideal osmometer and exhibits volume regulation in fetuses at 60% of gestation, premature lambs, newborn lambs, and adult sheep.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF SINGLE COMPLEX INTOXICATION WITH MORPHINE AND ALCOHOL ON THE CONTENT OF NEUROACTIVE AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN OF RATS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 590-596
Author(s):  
I. M. Velichko ◽  
◽  
S. V. Lelevich ◽  
V. V. Lelevich ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neuroactive Amino Acids ◽  
Excitation Processes ◽  
The Brain

Background. Cases of combined consumption of surfactants (alcohol and opiates) in both the adult population and adolescents are quite common at present. An important role in the functional activity of the central nervous system is played by neuroactive amino acids, the level of which changes under the influence of psychotropic substances.Purpose. To study the content of neuroactive amino acids in the cerebral cortex, striatum, hypothalamus, midbrain and cerebellum in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as the complex administration of these substances.Material and methods. The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method in different parts of the brain, the levels of neurogenic amino acids were determined in acute alcohol and morphine intoxication, as well as their complex administration in different sections.Results. Acute complex morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by manifestation of excitation processes in the striatum and hypothalamus, as well as inhibition in the midbrain. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in the content of GABA in all brain regions studied except the hypothalamus.Conclusion. Morphine-alcohol intoxication is accompanied by a decrease in the glycine content in the striatum, as well as an increase in its concentration in the midbrain and the level of glutamate in the hypothalamus. Alcohol-morphine intoxication leads to an increase in GABA levels in the cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain and cerebellum.

Micro Vascularization of the Cerebral Cortex in Frontal and Parietal Lobes of the Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cunniculus)

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1208-1209
Author(s):  
R.P. Chopard ◽  
C.I. Conegero ◽  
I. Watanabe ◽  
R. Ocaña
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Blood Circulation ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Blood Circulation System ◽  
The Brain

In order to warrant the blood supply to the nervous system it is necessary an efficient and intact blood circulation system, where the pattern of vascularization is of fundamental importance. In this way, we intend to demonstrate the tridimensional architecture and the pattern of vascularization in the region of the brain cortex of frontal and parietal lobes. There for, our proposal is to study the microvascularization of the rabbit cortex (Oryctologus cuniculus).The studies about blood irrigation of the brain regions are very important to verify the capilar nets and their relations with intensity of blood flux in specified regions of central nervous system.The articles about vascularization that uses models obtained by the injection of aloplastic materials whose viscosity is similar to the blood's that allows the difusion until the capilar net was introduced by Murakami (1971). Lametschwandter et al (1984), studied aspects of corrosion technique to microvascular models.

Regulation of brain water during acute hyperosmolality in ovine fetuses, lambs, and adults

2003 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 1491-1500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara S. Stonestreet ◽  
Joyce M. Oen-Hsiao ◽  
Katherine H. Petersson ◽  
Grazyna B. Sadowska ◽  
Clifford S. Patlak
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Volume Regulation ◽  
Brain Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water

In adult rats, when plasma osmolality increases, water flows across the blood-brain barrier down its concentration gradient from brain to plasma, and brain volume deceases. The brain responds to this stress by gaining osmotically active solutes, which limit water loss. This phenomenon is termed brain volume (water) regulation. We tested the hypothesis that brain volume regulation is more effective in young lambs and adult sheep than in fetuses, premature lambs, and newborn lambs. Brain water responses to acute hyperosmolality were measured in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla of fetuses at 60 and 90% of gestation, premature ventilated lambs at 90% of gestation, newborn lambs, young lambs at 20–30 days of age, and adult sheep. After exposure of the sheep to increases in systemic osmolality with mannitol plus NaCl, brain water content and electrolytes were quantified. The ideal osmometer is a system in which impermeable solutes do not enter or leave in response to an osmotic stress. There were significant differences from an ideal osmometer in the cerebral cortex of fetuses at 90% of gestation, cerebral cortex, and cerebellum of newborn lambs, and cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and medulla of young lambs and adult sheep; however, there were no differences in the brain regions of fetuses at 60% of gestation and premature lambs, cerebellum and medulla of fetuses at 90% of gestation, and medulla of newborn lambs. We conclude that 1) brain water loss is maximal and brain volume regulation impaired in most brain regions of fetuses at 60 and 90% of gestation and premature lambs; 2) brain volume regulation develops first in the cerebral cortex of the fetuses at 90% of gestation and in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of newborn lambs, and then it develops in the medulla of the lambs at 20–30 days of age; 3) brain water loss is limited and volume regulation present in the brain regions of young lambs and adult sheep; and 4) the ability of the brain to exhibit volume regulation develops in a region- and age-related fashion.

Relationship between levels and uptake of serotonin and high affinity [3H]imipramine recognition sites in the rat brain

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1239-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel D. Hrdina ◽  
Bruce A. Pappas ◽  
David C. S. Roberts ◽  
Robert J. Bialik ◽  
Cathrine L. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Serotonin Uptake ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Recognition Sites ◽  
Imipramine Binding ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
The Brain

High affinity [3H]imipramine binding, endogenous levels of serotonin and noradrenaline, and serotonin uptake were determined in brain regions of rats with selective destruction of serotonergic neurons by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), of adrenergic neurons by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), and of rats treated with reserpine. Neonatal treatment with 5,7-DHT resulted in a significant decrease of both serotonin levels and density (Bmax) of high affinity [3H]imipramine binding sites in the hippocampus. In contrast, an elevation of serotonin levels and an increase in Bmax of [3H]imipramine binding were noted in the pons–medulla region. No changes were observed in the noradrenaline content in either of these regions. Intracerebral 6-OHDA lesion produced a drastic suppression of noradrenaline levels in cerebral cortex but failed to alter the binding affinity (KD) or density (Brnax) of [3H]imipramine recognition sites. A single injection of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) resulted in marked depletion of both serotonin (by 57%) and noradrenaline (by 86%) content and serotonin uptake (by 87%) in the cerebral cortex but had no significant influence of the parameters of high affinity [3H]imipramine binding in this brain region. The results suggest that high affinity [3H]imipramine binding in the brain is directly related to the integrity of serotonergic neurons but not to the magnitude of the uptake or the endogenous levels of the transmitter, and is not affected by damage to noradrenergic neurons or by low levels of noradrenaline.

Intra-arterial histamine increases blood-brain transport in rats

1982 ◽  
Vol 243 (2) ◽  
pp. H307-H317 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Gross ◽  
G. M. Teasdale ◽  
D. I. Graham ◽  
W. J. Angerson ◽  
A. M. Harper
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Internal Carotid ◽  
Electron Microscopic Examination ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
H2 Receptors ◽  
Cortical Capillaries ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

The neurotransmitter histamine is located in multiple compartments in the brain and may influence cerebral vessels during some conditions. We made measurements of cerebrovascular transport of labeled sucrose, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), and horseradish peroxidase during sustained infusion of histamine into the internal carotid artery of anesthetized rats. Histamine increased the rates of transport of sucrose and AIB up to 237% in several brain regions and in different areas of cerebral cortex. The effect was dose dependent, was reversible within 2 h, and was mediated primarily by histamine H2-receptors. An increase in cortical water content occurred, and electron microscopic examination revealed that perivascular astroglial processes were swollen. There was a twofold increase in the number of endothelial pits and vesicles in cortical capillaries perfused by histamine. We conclude that histamine can influence the function of the blood-brain barrier.

scholarly journals The Role of Structure MRI in Diagnosing Autism

Diagnostics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Mohamed T. Ali ◽  
Yaser ElNakieb ◽  
Ahmed Elnakib ◽  
Ahmed Shalaby ◽  
Ali Mahmoud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Accuracy Score ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Feature Values ◽  
The Brain

This study proposes a Computer-Aided Diagnostic (CAD) system to diagnose subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The CAD system identifies morphological anomalies within the brain regions of ASD subjects. Cortical features are scored according to their contribution in diagnosing a subject to be ASD or typically developed (TD) based on a trained machine-learning (ML) model. This approach opens the hope for developing a new CAD system for early personalized diagnosis of ASD. We propose a framework to extract the cerebral cortex from structural MRI as well as identifying the altered areas in the cerebral cortex. This framework consists of the following five main steps: (i) extraction of cerebral cortex from structural MRI; (ii) cortical parcellation to a standard atlas; (iii) identifying ASD associated cortical markers; (iv) adjusting feature values according to sex and age; (v) building tailored neuro-atlases to identify ASD; and (vi) artificial neural networks (NN) are trained to classify ASD. The system is tested on the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE I) sites achieving an average balanced accuracy score of 97±2%. This paper demonstrates the ability to develop an objective CAD system using structure MRI and tailored neuro-atlases describing specific developmental patterns of the brain in autism.

scholarly journals Novel Methods for Measuring Depth of Anesthesia by Quantifying Dominant Information Flow in Multichannel EEGs

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kab-Mun Cha ◽  
Byung-Moon Choi ◽  
Gyu-Jeong Noh ◽  
Hyun-Chool Shin
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Information Entropy ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Depth Of Anesthesia ◽  
Novel Methods ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Multichannel Eeg

In this paper, we propose novel methods for measuring depth of anesthesia (DOA) by quantifying dominant information flow in multichannel EEGs. Conventional methods mainly use few EEG channels independently and most of multichannel EEG based studies are limited to specific regions of the brain. Therefore the function of the cerebral cortex over wide brain regions is hardly reflected in DOA measurement. Here, DOA is measured by the quantification of dominant information flow obtained from principle bipartition. Three bipartitioning methods are used to detect the dominant information flow in entire EEG channels and the dominant information flow is quantified by calculating information entropy. High correlation between the proposed measures and the plasma concentration of propofol is confirmed from the experimental results of clinical data in 39 subjects. To illustrate the performance of the proposed methods more easily we present the results for multichannel EEG on a two-dimensional (2D) brain map.

scholarly journals Morphometrical Study of human neonatal cerebral cortex (Age of 28 day)

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-76
Author(s):  
Bader K. Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Thickness Measurement ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Human Brain Development ◽  
Human Neonate ◽  
Occipital Pole ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neutral Buffer Formalin ◽  
Morphometrical Study

     The character and timing of gyral and sulci development is one manifestation of the complex orchestration of human brain development. This work describes the morphometry and thickness measurement of human neonate cerebral cortex at age of 28 days. Four Brains samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for 24 hrs. Slides from various brain regions were prepared and routine hamatoxylin and eosine staining procedure was applied using histological technique. The present results clarify that the brain mean measurement from the frontal to the occipital pole was 189.6 mm, while the measurements of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital cortices were 4.06, 3.84, 3.48 and 3.68 mm, respectively.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

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