scholarly journals Multipurpose uses of forage species, estimation of availability and distribution of grass species, and effect of location on the crude fibre and ash contents of common browse species in Nsukka, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-124
Author(s):  
C. C. Onyeonagu ◽  
J. E. Asiegbu ◽  
A. R. Nweke ◽  
C. S. Akagha
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Browse Species

A study of multipurpose browse and grass species from four rural communities of Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State was conducted between 2005 and 2006. Structured questionnaires were administered to farmers in the four communities. A total of 38 plant species belonging to 24 plant families were identified as multipurpose browse species. A greater number of the plant species are used for fuel wood (22 species), for fruits and leaves as vegetables (20 species) and for human and veterinary medicine (16 species). Twenty seven species of these browse plants from 2 communities were subjected to nutritional evaluation of their ash and crude fibre contents. The percentage crude fibre content of Icancina trichantha (73. 8%) was highest compared with the other browse species. Browse species from Edemani community gave significantly (P < 0.05) higher crude fibre contents than those from Obukpa community. Elaeis guineensis had significantly (P < 0.05) the highest ash content (23.5%). Plants from Edemani had higher ash content (11.4%) than those from Obukpa community (8.1%). Location and species interaction significantly (P < 0.05) affected the ash contents of the browse plants. A total of 6 plants were identified as multipurpose grass species. A greater number of the grass species are used for soil fertility enrichment (4 species), for lighting (2 species) and as roofing materials (2 species). The most frequently used grass species (with mean usage = 15%) across all sampled communities include: Andropogon gayanus and Anthephora ampulaceae. All the grass species identified are moderately available in the area of study.

scholarly journals The Natural Forages of Northern Nigeria I. Nitrogen and Mineral composition of Grasses and Browse from the Northern Guinea Savanna and Standing Hays from the different Savanna Zones

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-246
Author(s):  
M. M. Kapu
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Northern Guinea Savanna ◽  
Guinea Savanna ◽  
Savanna Vegetation ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Browse Species

THE mineral status of nine native grass species and ten browse species from the Northern Guinea Savanna Vegetation was investigated together with the mineral Composition of standing hays from Daura and Kano areas of the Sudan Savanna, Bauchi ranch of the sub-Sudan, Samaru (Shika Kadama) of the Northern Guinea Savanna and Jos area of the Plateau vegetation, in Northern Nigeria. All forage types (grasses, browse and standing hays) which were sampled in April of 1975 were analysed for nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). The grass species included: Andropogon gayanus, A. ascinodis, Brachiaria jubata, Cynodon dactylon, Hyparthelia dissoluta, Pancium phragmitoides, Setaria anceps, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Urelytram muricatum, while the browse consisted of Adenodolichos panicu latus, Annogeissus leocarpus, Briddelia ferruginea, Crossopteryx febrifug, Dichrostachys cenerea (glometata), Khaya senegalensis, Mimosa pigra, Parinari curatellifolis, Psorospermum guineense, and Pterocarpus erinaceus. Both grass and browse species were leafy materials from among those Species considered to be highly consumed by cattle. in general, the average values for Na, P, and Zn in the grasses, browse and standing hays were inadequate for the nutritional needs of cattle one standing hays from all locations contained suboptimum amounts of N, Ca, P, K, Mg, Na and The Cu content of all three forage types was adequate for cattle nutrition. The grass and browse species contained adequate amounts of N, K, Mg and Cu. The trace elements and Ca and Mg tended to be more concentrated in the browse species than in the grass species. The opposite was true of K. Grasses, browse and standing hays contained equal amounts of Na. Similarly, the grass and browse species contained identical amounts of P. Supplementation of mineral concentrates to include Na, P, K, Ca and Zn was suggested.

scholarly journals A NOTE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF SOME DRY SEASON FORAGES FED TO GOATS

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 71-75
Author(s):  
T. A. ADEGBOLA ◽  
I. MECHA
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Andropogon Gayanus ◽  
Guinea Grass ◽  
Cynodon Nlemfuensis

The chemical composition of the leaves of three trees, Acioa baneri, Anacardium occidentale (Cashew) and Mangifera indica (Mango) and an herb, Aspillia africana (Hemorrhage plant), their dry matter intake (DMI, g/day) and digestibilities (%) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (0M), crude protein (CP) a crude fibre (CF) were determined in West African dwarf goats. The chemical composition of three grass species, Andropogon gayanus (Guinea grass), Cynodon nlemfuensis (Giant star grass) and Panicum maximum (Guinea grass was also determined to compare with those of the browses. The browses had higher CP (8.1-31.3%), acid detergent lignin (6.9-15.1%), Calcium (0.5-2.3%) and lower CF (9.6-23.5%) than the grasses which had 3.2-4.9% CP, 4.3-8.1% lignin, 0.43- 0.53% Ca and 24.4-28.1% CF. The consumption of fresh forages (g/d) varied from 193 on Acioa baneri to 918 on Aspilia africana. The highest DM intake was obtained on Aspilia africana, Apparent digestibility values (%) were: DM, 59.9&69.7; OM, 61.0-71.1; CP. 40.9-68.2 and CF, 39.3-64.9. Acioa batereri was the least digested of the forages. The higher CP content of the browses and their availability and acceptability by goals during the dry season in contrast 10 the low CP of the grasses indicates their potential for feeding goats. Acioa barteri is unsuitable as sole food for goats

scholarly journals Cloning and Mapping of a Putative Barley NADPH-Dependent HC-Toxin Reductase

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Han ◽  
A. Kleinhofs ◽  
A. Kilian ◽  
S. E. Ullrich
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Chromosome 9 ◽  
Immature Embryos ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Cochliobolus Carbonum ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
High Conservation ◽  
Hc Toxin

The NADPH-dependent HC-toxin reductase (HCTR), encoded by Hm1 in maize, inactivates HC-toxin produced by the fungus Cochliobolus carbonum, and thus confers resistance to the pathogen. The fact that C. carbonum only infects maize (Zea mays) and is the only species known to produce HC-toxin raises the question: What are the biological functions of HCTR in other plant species? An HCTR-like enzyme may function to detoxify toxins produced by pathogens which infect other plant species (R. B. Meeley, G. S. Johal, S. E. Briggs, and J. D. Walton, Plant Cell, 4:71–77, 1992). Hm1 homolog in rice (Y. Hihara, M. Umeda, C. Hara, Q. Liu, S. Aotsuka, K. Toriyama, and H. Uchimiya, unpublished) and HCTR activity in barley, wheat, oats and sorghum have been reported (R. B. Meeley and J. D. Walton, Plant Physiol. 97:1080–1086, 1993). To investigate the sequence conservation of Hm1 and HCTR in barley and the possible relationship of barley Hm1 homolog to the known disease resistance genes, we cloned and mapped a barley (Hordeum vulgare) Hm1-like gene. A putative full-length cDNA clone, Bhm1-18, was isolated from a cDNA library consisting of mRNA from young leaves, inflorescences, and immature embryos. This 1,297-bp clone encodes 363 amino acids which show great similarity (81.6%) with the amino acid sequence of HM1 in maize. Two loci were mapped to barley molecular marker linkage maps with Bhm1-18 as the probe; locus A (Bhm1A) on the long arm of chromosome 1, and locus B (Bhm1B) on the short arm of chromosome 1 which is syntenic to maize chromosome 9 containing the Hm2 locus. The Bhm1-18 probe hybridized strongly to a Southern blot of a wide range of grass species, indicating high conservation of HCTR at the DNA sequence level among grasses. The HCTR mRNA was detected in barley roots, leaves, inflorescences, and immature embryos. The conservation of the HCTR sequence, together with its expression in other plant species (R. B. Meeley and J. D. Walton, Plant Physiol. 97:1080–1086, 1993), suggests HCTR plays an important functional role in other plant species.

scholarly journals Achieving Sustainable Energy in Rural Communities in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Kwabena Boafo Adom-Opare ◽  
Daniel Kweku Baah Inkoom
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Industrial Energy

The paper uses a range of sustainability-measuring indicators to define and measure sustainable energy in a rural context. The use of fuel wood and charcoal in rural areas has consequences on the environment and human health and ultimately, climate change. Fuel wood and charcoal consumption for example pose threats in through carbon emissions. Though Ghana and most African countries are not heavy carbon emitters, it is important to recognize that fuel wood and charcoal are major sources of residential and industrial energy resource. From the study, it was estimated that household and industrial/commercial fuel wood and charcoal consumption, emitted 24,171 tCO2/year and the net carbon capture was about 112billion tCO2/year. The balance between carbon emitted and capture provides an indication of more room for carbon sequestration in the area and its environs; however high growth in fuel consumption coupled with increasing forest reduction and water evaporation (refer to section 4.6.3 on data on evaporation) presents a case for concern over the years.

scholarly journals Emerging fungal pathogen of an invasive grass: Implications for competition with native plant species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0237894
Author(s):  
Amy E. Kendig ◽  
Vida J. Svahnström ◽  
Ashish Adhikari ◽  
Philip F. Harmon ◽  
S. Luke Flory
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Leaf Spot Disease ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Invasive Grass ◽  
Native Plant Species ◽  
Species Specific

Infectious diseases and invasive species can be strong drivers of biological systems that may interact to shift plant community composition. For example, disease can modify resource competition between invasive and native species. Invasive species tend to interact with a diversity of native species, and it is unclear how native species differ in response to disease-mediated competition with invasive species. Here, we quantified the biomass responses of three native North American grass species (Dichanthelium clandestinum, Elymus virginicus, and Eragrostis spectabilis) to disease-mediated competition with the non-native invasive grass Microstegium vimineum. The foliar fungal pathogen Bipolaris gigantea has recently emerged in Microstegium populations, causing a leaf spot disease that reduces Microstegium biomass and seed production. In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effects of B. gigantea inoculation on two components of competitive ability for each native species: growth in the absence of competition and biomass responses to increasing densities of Microstegium. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation affected each of the three native species in unique ways, by increasing (Dichanthelium), decreasing (Elymus), or not changing (Eragrostis) their growth in the absence of competition relative to mock inoculation. Bipolaris gigantea inoculation did not, however, affect Microstegium biomass or mediate the effect of Microstegium density on native plant biomass. Thus, B. gigantea had species-specific effects on native plant competition with Microstegium through species-specific biomass responses to B. gigantea inoculation, but not through modified responses to Microstegium density. Our results suggest that disease may uniquely modify competitive interactions between invasive and native plants for different native plant species.

scholarly journals Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of communities in rural area

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfrida ELFRIDA ◽  
Albian Mubarak ◽  
Adi Bejo Suwardi
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Plant Species Diversity ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Improve Food Security

Abstract. Elfrida, Mubarak A, Suwardi AB. 2020. Short Communication: The fruit plant species diversity in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3670-3675. Home gardens have a significant potential to improve food security and offer a contribution to household income for communities in rural areas. The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of fruit plant species in the home gardens and their contribution to the livelihood of rural communities in Tenggulun Sub-district, Indonesia. The study was conducted in three villages of Tenggulun Sub-district, Aceh Tamiang District, namely Tenggulun, Selamat, and Simpang Kiri. Extensive field surveys, plant collections, and interviews with local communities were conducted, involving 350 households, using random sampling methods. A total of 39 fruit plant species consisting of 23 genera and 17 families were recorded at the three villages. Sixteen species, i.e., A. muricata, A. jiringa, Artocarpus integer, Averrhoa bilimbi, Baccaurea motleyana, Carica papaya, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus hystrix, Garcinia mangostana, Mangifera indica, Manilkara zapota, Musa x paradisiaca, Nephelium lappaceum, Psidium guajava, Spondias pinnata, and Syzygium aqueum were the most frequently recorded in all of the villages. In addition to being used as food, the fruit plants in the study area were also used as medicines, fodder, fuelwood, and household items. The fruit plant species have a significant role in supporting household livelihoods to improve food security and potentially offer a household income for the rural community in the study area.

scholarly journals Indigenous Bamboo and Resource Management in Kenya’s Aberdare Forests and Rural Communities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chika Sasahara ◽  
Shozo Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Public Access ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Fuel Wood ◽  
Management Area ◽  
Wood Resource ◽  
Central Kenya

The Kenya Forestry Service permits rental of low-density national forest areas for use as common farmland, but public access to such areas is restricted to prevent deforestation against a background of rising demand for fuel wood. This study was conducted to clarify characteristics relating to the production of indigenous bamboo (a useful wood resource) by the approximately 23% of locals who work on common farmland in central Kenya&rsquo;s Kamae forest management area, with estimation to determine above-ground biomass. The results showed that bamboo still represents 60% of such biomass, indicating sustainability in the industry.

scholarly journals Evaluation of phytochemical and nutritional potential of Talinum triangulare (Jacq) leaf, stem and root on human health

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinyere Ilodibia ◽  
Ngozi Igboabuchi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Cyanogenic Glycoside ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Talinum Triangulare ◽  
Standard Techniques ◽  
Nutritional Potential ◽  
Nutrient Compositions

Phytochemical and nutritional potentials of various parts (leaf, stem and root) of Talinum triangulare were evaluated using standard techniques. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was employed in data analysis. All the parts of the species were found to contain nutrient compositions in varying levels. Dry matter and carbohydrate were highest in the stem (91.69±0.12 and 68.66±0.01) respectively. Moisture, ash content and crude fibre were highest in the root (9.78±0.04, 17.53±0.11and 15.32±0.03) respectively while ether extract and crude protein were highest in the leaf (1.09±0.01 and 17.72±0.17) respectively. The results showed also varying quantities of the phytochemicals in the leaf, stem and root with some parts lacking some of the phytochemicals. The leaf contained the highest percentage of all the phytochemical investigated alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, sterol, Terpenoid, phenol and saponin (0.47±0.01, 0.26±0.00, 0.36±0.07, 0.03±0.01, 0.42±0.02, 0.02±0.01and 0.68±0.05 respectively. The root lacked sterol and phenol while stem lacked only phenol. The leaf, stem and root lacked cyanogenic glycoside. The results have indicated that these parts of the Talinum triangulare investigated are very nutritious and possessed bioactive compounds that could be extracted for the manufacture of new drug, food supplements and also be used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of diseases.

scholarly journals Nutritional evaluation of sweet orange citrus sinensis seed oil

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nwozo Sarah O ◽  
Omotayo Opeoluwa O ◽  
Nwawuba Stanley U
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Glutaric Acid ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
The Family ◽  
Safe Limit ◽  
Nutritional Benefits

Highlighting the nutritional benefit of oil gleaned from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis has become necessary; owing to the fact that the seed is predominantly considered a waste. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the nutritional benefits of oil extracted from the seed of sweet orange Citrus sinensis of the family; Rutaceae, and order; Sapindales. A total of 2.0 kg of coarsely crushed seeds were immersed in 15 liters of n-hexane for 72 hours in batches with intermittent vigorous shaking and the oil was further extracted using a soxhlet extractor. Other procedures for analysis were performed using standard methods. The result revealed that, the anti-nutrients levels were found to be within the safe limit, vitamin and minerals fell within the daily recommended intake limit. The proximate composition of Citrus sinensis seeds oil revealed that the oil contains; Protein 1.560±0.120, Moisture content 4.636±0.153, Fat 89.810±0.282, Ash content 1.776±0.161, Crude fibre 0.619±0.052 and Carbohydrate 1.614±0.036. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed the presence of the following fatty acid compounds; Linoleic acid 37.644%, Palmitic acid 28.051%, Isopropyl linoleate 12.699%, Pentadecanoic acid 9.652%, Stearic acid 5.839%, Butyl linoleate 2.867, and Glutaric acid 2.616%. Therefore, indicating that, the oil extracted from sweet orange Citrus sinensis seeds it’s an excellent choice for both nutritional and industrial purposes.

Enumeration of Plant Species Inhabiting Oil Palm Trees (Elaeis-guineensis) at Zawlpui Plantation Site, Serchhip District, Mizoram

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35
Author(s):  
Lal awmpuia ◽  
◽  
H. Lalruatsanga ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Palm Trees ◽  
Plant Stem

A survey of plant species inhabiting oil palm trees was conducted in Zawlpui area of Serchhip district, Mizoram. The study area is a tropical potent agriculture zone, wherein small-scale business of Elaeis guineensis plantation is carried out by several farmers mainly within the gentle sloppy terrain. Oil palm with a rough bark harbors immense inhabitation by a variety plants, that rooted mostly on the debris at leaf base. Species diversity on the plant stem supposedly encourage insects and termites to establish herewith, thus causing harming to the tree. The sample stands within 400 m–800 m altitude were picked randomly. A total of 50 palm tree were accounted and all associated plants on the stem above 30 cm from the ground are all recorded. Species that cannot be identified on the site were pressed and observed at Botany Research lab, Pachhunga University College. The survey documented 38 vascular plant species which include 4 epiphytes and 1 non-vascular species of lichen, 1 bryophyte and 4 fungal species at that time. Invasive Peperomia pellucida and epiphytic pteridophytes Nephrolepis biserrata was found in most of the stand sample; however, Peperomia population decreases with the increasing elevation. Dynamics of inhabitant species diversity also correlate to location of tree. The study also established that diversity of inhabiting species was comparatively high on parts of the stem facing sunlight.

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