Occurrence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle in Kaduna metropolis and its environs

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
A. T. Tinau ◽  
I. K. Alhabib ◽  
A. G. Bala ◽  
B. Usman
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Tuberculin Reaction ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Test Of Significance ◽  
Tuberculin Tests

The tedious nature of tuberculin tests in Nigeria, warrants the need for an alternative rapid animal-side means of diagnosis. The aim of this study was to provide information on the epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the occurrence of M. bovis infection in cattle in Kaduna metropolis and it's environ. A total 239 heads of cattle from 8 herds were randomly selected and tuberculin tested, two herds being from each of the four local government areas involved and pooled milk samples from the eight herds were tested for acid fastness. Also, all heads of cattle totaling 2978 slaughtered at the 2 abattoirs during the month of May, 2012 were examined at postmortem and tissues with lesions compatible with lesions of were collected and tested for acid fastness. The results of the experiment showed that only 23 (9.6%) of the animals tested were classified as reactors and these came from only one of the eight herds studied. A clear swelling was seen in each of the positive cases. Out of the eight herds tested, 6 (75%) were settled and the remaining 2 (25%) were semi- settled. Similarly, 6 (75%) of the herds were for mixed production system and 2(25%) were kept solely as dairy herds. Positive tuberculin test was only observed from among one of the six settled herds 1(17%) while cattle in the remaining 5(83%} settled herds all tested negative. All the two semi-settled herds (100%) tested negative. The tuberculin reaction among different production systems showed that only 1 (50%) of the dairy herds tested positive and all the 6 (100%) mixed herds tested negative. Atuberculin positive reaction of 19 (7.9%) was observed among the females and 4 (1.67%) among the males. The chi-square test of significance between the tuberculin reaction and sex of the animals showed no significant effect (P > 0.05). Hence, it can be concluded that, Mycobacterium bovis was neither cultured nor isolated and therefore, could not be confirmed responsible for the observed reactions. However, its involvement is strongly suggested by both its higher values compared to those for Mycobacterium avium in the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and the observed in the stained smears of both the milk samples collected and the bovine tissues from the abattoirs.

scholarly journals DETERMINANTS OF INCOME SECURITY AMONG PENSIONABLE RETIRED PERSONS IN KENYA

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Lucy Maina ◽  
Elishiba Kimani
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Retirement Savings ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Income Security ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Test Of Significance ◽  
Logistic Regression Procedure

Retirees’ income security constitutes a key concern for nations aiming to secure their ageing populations. Kenya has a growing retirement sector with about 252,000 retired civil servants who are on pension and a significant number of private sector retirees who receive a gratuity at retirement. Though formally retired workers may receive a pension, studies consistently report low pensions uptake and inadequate incomes for those retired as well as an increasing national and societal burden. This paper explores the key determinants of income security among 978retired persons who were receiving dues on their retirement savings. Guided by the life cycle and third age theory, the study investigated whether retirees’ socio-economic attributes, pre-retirement financial status, retirees’ benefit package, retirees’ utilization of retirement savings and investments and pre-retirement preparation correlated with income security. A mixed-method study design was used combining survey and case study approaches. Cluster, purposive and random sampling methods were employed to select retirees under the four categories of retirement schemes in Kenya across 18 selected counties of Kenya. Hypotheses were tested using the Chi square test of significance and comparison of means (t-test) specifically to illustrate the relationship between socio-economic indicators, pre-retirement factors and income security at retirement. Logistic regression procedure was employed to isolate the significant factors that predict income security in retirement. The binary logistic regression analysis confirm that retirees with higher education had 26% higher chances of enjoying income security, those who earned higher pre-retirement salary had 25% higher chances of having a secure income at retirement, those knowledgeable about pensions had 35% higher chances of being income secure while those who had planned for their retirement had 14% higher chances of achieving income security. The study recommends crafting of a robust retirement planning package, financial and health plans for retirees’ income security and sustainable livelihoods.

scholarly journals Diagnostic evaluation of causes of bleeding per vagina in pregnancy through ultrasonography

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1369
Author(s):  
Sumathy K. K.
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Bleeding ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Emergency Ultrasonography ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Abruptio Placenta ◽  
Test Of Significance ◽  
General Physical

Background: Vaginal bleeding is a common obstetric situation ranging from an insignificant episode to life threatening emergency. Ultrasonography is playing an increasing role in the diagnostic process. The objective of present study was to evaluate the uses of ultrasound as new diagnostic aid for patients of bleeding PV in pregnancy.Methods: A hospital-based prospective study was conducted among 100 pregnant patients who have the problem of bleeding. A complete general physical and pelvic examination was done, and patients were then subjected to ultrasound examination. Epi info 7 software was used for statistical analysis. Chi- square test was used as the test of significance. P<0.05 is considered statistically significant.Results: Among these 100 cases, Incomplete abortion was the commonest cause of bleeding. This was observed in 15 cases (27%). There were 8 (20%) cases of complete abortion in the present study in the scan done on <20 weeks. Abruptio placenta was seen in 10 (25%) cases as the most common cause in the scan after 20 weeks.Conclusions: Ultrasound is a valuable tool in the differentiation of causes of first trimester vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound is helpful in the decision-making algorithm about the safe continuation of the pregnancy, timely intervention for abnormal pregnancy.

scholarly journals Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium bovis in milk from cows in northeastern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 2166-2169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joelson Marcolino Ramos ◽  
Marcos Bryan Heinemann ◽  
José Soares Ferreira Neto ◽  
Antônio Francisco de Souza Filho ◽  
Nicolás Céspedes Cárdenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Tuberculin Test ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Three Samples

ABSTRACT: Milk samples from 16 cows that tested positive on the tuberculin test in the state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil, were used for mycobacteria isolation and identification. Mycobacteria were isolated from five (31.25%) of the 16 milk samples; three samples were classified as M. bovis, and two as belonging to the Mycobacterium genus. This is probably the first study of isolation and identification of M. bovis in milk from cows in Northeastern Brazil, which suggests that humans are at risk of contamination by ingestion.

scholarly journals Frequency of species of the Genus Eimeria in naturally infected cattle in Southern Bahia, Northeast Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valter dos Anjos Almeida ◽  
Vanessa Carvalho Sampaio de Magalhães ◽  
Elza de Souza Muniz Neta ◽  
Alexandre Dias Munhoz
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Eimeria Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Southern Bahia ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
One Year ◽  
Genus Eimeria

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of species of the genus Eimeria species in naturally infected bovines in Southern Bahia, Northeast Brazil. The study population comprised 117 Zebu crossbred cattle that belonged to 10 dairy herds with extensive or semi-extensive production systems. The modified Gordon and Whitlock technique was used to determine positive samples and number of oocysts per gram of feces. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-square test with Yates correction and a 95% confidence interval. Thirty-nine cattle (33.33%) were positive, and ten different species were identified in infected animals: E. bovis (24.79%); E. canadensis (8.55%); E. zuernii (6.83%); E. ellipsoidalis (5.99%); E. cylindrica (3.42%); E. auburnensis (3.42%); E. brasiliensis (2.56%); E. bukidnonensis (1.71%); E. alabamensis (0.85%), and E. subspherica (0.85%). Higher parasitism was observed in animals up to one year of age (p = 0.005), but no animal presented clinical signs of the disease. As the presence of clinical eimeriosis was not evidenced and all animals were Zebu crossbred cattle from extensive or semi-extensive production systems, further studies should be conducted to investigate the effects of these factors on disease development.

scholarly journals Closure of skin in surgical wounds with skin stapler and conventional sutures: a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Pinky Rabha ◽  
Shradha Srinivas ◽  
K. Bhuyan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Skin Closure ◽  
Aesthetic Outcome ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Surgical Wounds ◽  
Operative Complications ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Test Of Significance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Post Operative Complications

Background: Application of suture is the technique of choice for apposition of skin edges in surgical wounds. The same procedure performed with application of staplers is faster and produce better cosmetic outcomes. A comparative study between conventional suture and stapler closure of skin in abdominal surgical wounds was undertaken to study the merits and demerits of the techniques. The aim was to study the time required for closure of surgical wounds, aesthetic outcome, post-operative complications and patient’s compliance.Methods: This was a single centre, prospective, observational study, conducted upon 100 patients undergoing abdominal surgeries. 50 patients were selected for skin closure of surgical wounds with stapler and the other 50 patients for closure with conventional nylon sutures. Data were collected for time required for closure of skin, aesthetic outcome, post-operative complications and patient’s compliance for both the groups for comparison. Data were analysed using student t test for comparison and chi square test of significance. Results: There was significant better results in stapler group in terms of cosmetic outcome (96% vs 88%, p<0.001), time taken during closure (60 vs 219 seconds, p<0.001) and patient’s compliance VAS of 1.44 vs 4.58 p<0.001).Conclusions: Closure of skin with stapler is a faster method. Patient’s compliance with stapler closure is better. It produces cosmetically acceptable scar and less discomfort or pain during its removal.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with intramammary colonization with Mollicutes in dairy cattle from Southeast Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Carolina Nunes de Morais ◽  
Danielle Regis Pires ◽  
Nathalie Costa da Cunha ◽  
Leandro dos Santos Machado ◽  
Michel Abdalla Helayel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Intramammary Infection ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Southeast Brazil ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Polymerase Chain

ABSTRACT: Bacteria of Mollicutes Class are associated with intramammary infection and decrease in milk production. This study investigated the occurrence of Mollicutes and elucidated their risk factors in dairy herds from Southeast Brazil. For this, milk samples from 387 lactation cows from Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo States were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Mollicutes. Species of Mycoplasma were investigated in Mollicutes positive samples by PCR, including Mycoplasma bovis, M. alkalescens, M. bovigenitalium, M. bovirhinis, M. arginini and A. laidlawii. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to collect data on possible risk factors, which were assessed using Pearson’s Chi-square test followed by odds ratio (P≤0.05). Mollicutes were reported in 21% (4/19) of the herds and 4% (16/387) of the animals, while 1% (5/387) were positive for M. bovis and 3% (11/387) for M. arginini. All samples were negative to the other agents. Herds with more than 150 animals [OR=3.51 (95% CI 1.11-11.08)], manual milking [OR=9.97 (95% CI 2.80-35.49)] and not-milking animals with mastitis last [OR=6.54 (95% CI 1.92-22.29)] were risk factors. The presence of these conditions may favor intramammary infection by Mollicutes in dairy herds from Southeast Brazil. This is the first report of M. bovis in Rio de Janeiro and M. arginini in the studied states.

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