scholarly journals Measurements of Inorganic Materials and Acidity in Plantation Teakwood

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Rudy Nur Hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Metallic Elements ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Tectona Grandis L.F

Information concerning ash materials and acidity (pH values) within the wood of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations is especially limited. Samples taken from the stands of Perhutani plantation (Madiun and Randublatung) and community forests in Kulon Progo (Temon and Kalibawang) were analyzed to determine the ash content, metallic elements constituting the ash fraction, as well as pH values. The ranges of ash content were 0.55-3.88% whereas acid insolube ash content (silica/silicates) were 0.12-2.45%. The main four inorganic elements in wood were assayed by atomic absorption. The levels of these metals ranged from 340-4774 ppm for calcium, 17-4399 ppm for potassium, 143-1676 ppm for magnesium, and 0247 ppm for iron. Further, the pH values varied from 5.33-7.25. Differences of inorganic variables and pH values in wood were found between trees of different growth-site and radial position. The variation among the different sites was significant in the contents of silica, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium while the effects of radial direction were significant in the silica and potassium levels. Ash content was positively correlated with acid insoluble ash (r = 0.77) and potassium content (r = 0.47). Furthermore, pH values were positively correlated with the magnesium content (r = 0.65) and negatively correlated with potassium (r = -0.49) and sodium contents (r = -0.55). A description of the chemical properties of the soil, however, was not sufficient in determining whether there was a relationship between the levels of metal elements or pH values in the wood and in the soil.

scholarly journals Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. VI. Kadar Zat Anorganik dan Keasaman

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Rudy Nur Hidayah
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Radial Direction ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Inorganic Element ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Teak Wood ◽  
Mg Content

Zat anorganik dan keasaman telah terbukti dalam mempengaruhi sifat-sifat kayu. Paper-paper sebelumnya dalam seri ini telah membahas sifat fisik dan kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat. Untuk itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kadar zat anorganik dan keasaman kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Gunungkidul di 3 tempat tumbuh dengan zona ekologis berbeda (Panggang, Playen, Nglipar). Parameter yang diteliti adalah nilai pH, kadar abu (ASTM D-1102), kadar silika dan silikat (SNI 14-1031-1989), dan kadar unsur zat anorganik (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, dan Cu) melalui Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Kisaran kadar abu serta kadar silika dan silikat secara berurutan adalah 0,38-2,62%, dan 0,01-1,17%. Kisaran nilai kadar zat anorganik Ca, K, Mg, Na, dan Fe adalah 408–2919 ppm; 69-23705 ppm; 947-1653 ppm; 4-31 ppm; dan 0-326 ppm, secara berturutan sedangkan Mn dan Cu tidak terdeteksi di semua sampel. Selanjutnya, kisaran nilai pH yang diperoleh sebesar 5,23 – 6,98. Berdasarkan analisis variansi, kadar abu, silika-silikat, dan Na dipengaruhi oleh faktor tempat tumbuh dan arah radial pohon (gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam). Kayu dari Playen (zona tengah/Ledok Wonosari) menunjukkan nilai yang cukup tinggi untuk kadar abu dan silika-silikat. Faktor arah radial pohon berpengaruh nyata pada unsur Ca, K, dan Mg melalui uji Kruskal-Wallis. Dari analisis korelasi Pearson, didapatkan hubungan kuat antara kadar abu dengan kadar silika-silkat (r = 0,77-0,88) serta kadar abu-Ca (r=-0,51) dan kadar abu-Mg (r=0,59) di bagian teras. Dalam tingkat unsur, hubungan terkuat diamati pada kadar Ca-Mg (r = -0,46). Perhatian khusus perlu diberikan pada kadar silika-silkat yang relatif tinggi di sampel yang diamati karena pengaruhnya terhadap penumpulan peralatan gergaji.Study of Teakwood Quality from Community Forests in Gunungkidul. VI. Inorganic Material Contents and AcidityAbstractInorganic materials and acidity in the wood has been proved to affect the wood properties. The previous paper in this series reported on the physical and chemical properties of teak wood from community forests. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the content of inorganic materials and acidity of teak wood grown in the 3 sites (Panggang, Playen, Nglipar) with different ecological attributes from community forests in Gunungkidul. The evaluated parameters were pH values, the contents of ash (ASTM D-1102), silica and silicates (SNI 14-1031-1989), and inorganic matters (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Cu) by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The ranges of ash and silica-silicates content were 0.38-2.62%, and 0.01-1.17%, respectively. The ranges of inorganic element content for Ca, K, Mg, Na, and Fe were 408–2919 ppm; 69 – 23705 ppm; 947–1653 ppm; 4 – 31 ppm; and 0 – 326 ppm, respectively whereas Mn and Cu were not detected in any samples. Further, the obtained pH values range was 5.23–6.98. On the basis of analysis of variance, the contents of ash, silica-silicates, and Na were affected significantly by site and radial direction (sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood) factors. The woods from Playen (middle zone/Ledok Wonosari) had significantly high in ash and silica-silicate contents. By Kruskal-Wallis test, radial direction factor affected significantly the levels of Ca, K, and Mg. As defined by Pearson’s correlation analysis, it was found a strong correlation between the ash and silica-silicates contents (r=0.77-0.88), as well as between the ash-Ca content (r=-0.51) and the ash-Mg content (r=0.59) in the heartwood part. In the inorganic element levels, the strongest correlation was measured between Ca-Mg content (r=-0.46). Special attention should be given to the comparatively high amounts of the silica-silicates content in the observed samples as it would dull cutting tools considerably.

scholarly journals Studi Mutu Kayu Jati di Hutan Rakyat Gunungkidul. V. Sifat Kimia Kayu

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 108
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Arsyi Rahman Mohammad ◽  
Pito Wargono ◽  
Vendy Eko Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Radial Cross Section ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Teak Wood

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi sifat kimia kayu jati dari hutan rakyat Kabupaten Gunungkidul. Pohon (dbh 28-37 cm) diambil dari tempat tumbuh berbeda yaitu Nglipar, Panggang, dan Playen. Setiap tempat diambil 3 pohon sebagai ulangan dan sampel yang digunakan adalah disk yang diambil dari bagian pangkal. Penampang radial disk dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu gubal, teras luar, dan teras dalam. Sifat kimia yang diuji adalah kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, lignin, ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, kelarutan dalam NaOH 1%, dan abu. Sebagai pembanding, digunakan kayu jati dewasa dari tegakan Randublatung (Perhutani). Kisaran nilai kimia dari komponen dinding sel kayu jati Gunungkidul adalah kadar holoselulosa 75,76-79,74%, á-selulosa 46,72-50,90%, hemiselulosa 27,41-30,14%, lignin 29,22-32,80%, dan kelarutan dalam NaOH 1% sebesar 16,43-17,35%. Selanjutnya, kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena, kelarutan dalam air panas, dan abu adalah 5,04-10,77%, 2,74-7,85%, dan 0,60-1,66%, secara berurutan. Interaksi antara kedua faktor berpengaruh nyata pada kadar holoselulosa, á-selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan ekstraktif etanol-toluena. Faktor tempat tumbuh berpengaruh nyata pada kadar abu sedangkan faktor radial berpengaruh nyata pada kadar kelarutan dalam air panas dan abu. Kayu jati dari Gunungkidul memberikan nilai rerata kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena dan abu yang lebih rendah sedangkan nilai di parameter lainnya masih dalam kisaran nilai kayu jati dari Randublatung.Kata kunci: Tectona grandis, sifat kimia, hutan rakyat, arah radial, Gunungkidul AbstractThis study aimed to explore the chemical properties of teak wood grown in community forests from Gunungkidul Regency. Trees (dbh 28-37 cm) were selected from three different sites i.e. Nglipar, Panggang, and Playen. Three trees were cut from each site and disks were taken from the base of the trees. The disk in radial cross section was divided into 3 parts: sapwood, outer heartwood, and inner heartwood. Chemical properties tested were holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, ethanol-toluene extractives, hot-water soluble extractives, solubility in NaOH 1%, and ash contents. Mature teakwoods from Randublatung (Perhutani plantation) were used for comparison purpose.The values range of chemical composition in the cell wall components of the Gunungkidul teak wood were holocellulose content 75.76-79.74%, , á-cellulose content 46.72-50.90%, hemicellulose content 27.41-30.14%, lignin content 29.22-32.80%, and solubility in NaOH 1% 16.43-17.35%. Further, the ethanol-toluene extractive, hot-water soluble, and ash content values ranged from 5.04 to 10.77%, 2.74-7.85%, and 0.60-1.66%, consecutively. Interaction between two factors affects significantly to holocellulose, á-cellulose, hemicellulose, and ethanol-toluene extractive contents. The growth-site significantly influence on the ash contents as radial factor has significantly affect on the levels of hot water soluble extractives and ash content. The amounts of ethanol-toluene extractive and ash contents of Gunungkidul teak wood showed the lower values than those of teak from Randublatung. The values of other parameters were remain in the range of value of teak from Randublatung. 

scholarly journals Analysis of Contents of Calcium, Magnesium and Total Hardness in Water for Pharmaceutical Use

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Đermanović ◽  
Ljubica Bojanić ◽  
Biljana Vučić
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Primary Water ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Hardness Values

Water is one of the most frequently used raw materials in pharmaceutical industry. Water for pharmaceutical purposes includes the two primary water types: purified water and water for injection. Drinking water used for obtaining purified water is not official in pharmacopoeia. Depending on quality prescribed for a certain product preparation, various water types and procedures have been used to prepare pharmaceutical industry water. Possible ways to obtain water for pharmaceutical purposes are: reverse osmosis, demineralization, electrodeionization, ultrafiltration, distillation. Reasons for the widespread use of water lie in the facts that it is capable of dissolving a great number of therapeutic substances, compatible with a large number of substances, appropriate to be used from a physiological aspect given that it is an integral part of the cell and the major component of body fluids and whenever the drug is administered in the form of an aqueous solution, reabsorption is rapid and complete, it also has suitable physical-chemical properties. In this study, analysis results of 15 samples of water were obtained using pharmacopoeial methods for pharmaceutical purposes. Results showed that 86.6% of water samples were accurate and 13.3% did not have appropriate calcium content, magnesium content and total hardness values.

scholarly journals Properties of Included Phloem in Teakwood

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Colour Properties ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Teak Tree ◽  
Cielab System ◽  
Extractive Components ◽  
Tectona Grandis L.F ◽  
And Chemical Properties

In some areas of Indonesia, the heartwood of teak tree (Tectona grandis L.f.) contains included phloem, which is categorized as defects. This paper characterized the colour and chemical properties of such abnormal wood. Three selected trees from Perhutani plantation, Randublatung region, were assessed. The heartwood colour properties were measured by CIELAB system. Result showed that the included phloem-containing heartwood (IPHW) was darker (L*), but less red (a*) and yellow (b*) compared to the adjacent normal heartwood (NHW). The lignin and ash contents were not significantly different in the wood radial direction. In contrast, the level of extractive contents were significantly different between sapwood and heartwood. The amount of ethanol-benzene extractive and solubility in 1% NaOH in the IPHW region were significantly higher than that in normal tissues. The analysis of extractive components using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the deoxylapachol and lapachol was highly marked in the IPWH region. The obtained results suggest that napthaquinone compounds were related to the protection against wood-destroying organisme attack.

scholarly journals PHOSPHOGYPSUM AND VINASSE APPLICATION: SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND ALFALFA PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONALDO DO NASCIMENTO ◽  
◽  
JULIANA APARECIDA DE SOUZA ◽  
ADÔNIS MOREIRA ◽  
LARISSA ALEXANDRA CARDOSO MORAES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Soil Calcium ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Calcium Magnesium

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and vinasse on soil chemical properties and productivity and nutritional characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a 3×5 factorial arrangement, with three vinasse rates (0, 150 and 300 m3 ha-1) and five phosphogypsum rates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Mg ha-1). The alfalfa chemical composition and shoot dry matter (SDW) and soil chemical properties (in the layers 0.0-0.2 and 0.21-0.4 m) were evaluated. The vinasse rates increased the soil potassium contents, while the phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in soil calcium and sulfur contents. The base saturation was increased and the magnesium content showed a quadratic response on the layer 0.21-0.4 m with the increase in phosphogypsum rates. The calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents in the alfalfa leaves were lower with vinasse application. The phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in alfalfa SDW. Vinasse rated 150 m3 ha-1 was been enough to SDW increase. Calcium and magnesium contents in the leaves fitted a quadratic model, with maximum calcium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 9.5 Mg ha-1 and the minimum magnesium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 8.7 Mg ha-1. The leaf sulfur contents in all vinasse rates and leaf potassium contents in the highest vinasse rate showed maximum accumulation at near 9 Mg ha-1 of phosphogypsum.

scholarly journals Chemical properties of modified mahogany wood by heat treatment

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganis Lukmandaru ◽  
Dewi Susanti ◽  
Ragil Widyorini
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Ph Values

Mahogany woods from community forests generally have relatively low qualities due to lack of maintenance activities and for their young harvesting stage. Heat treatment is known as wood modification method that could improve the quality of the wood. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction effect of temperature and method of heat treatment on the chemical properties of young mahogany wood. Materials used in this research were mahogany wood boards from community forest which were heat-treated using oven and steam methods performed at the temperature of 90°C, 120°C, and 150oC for 2 hours. In this research, some chemical changes were analyzed. Results of the research showed that the interaction of temperature and heat treatment method gave a significant decreasing on the pentosan amount, and hot-water extractive solubility, particularly the steaming at 150oC. The increasing temperature of heat treatment significantly decreased the content of holocellulose, α-cellulose, hemicellulose, and pH values whereas it increased lignin content,  extractives (cold-water and alcohol-benzene extractives) and solubility in 1% NaOH. Steaming method provided lower levels in the content of holocellulose, ethanol-benzene extract, cold-water solubility, and pH values compared to the oven heating. However, the steaming method over 1200C should be considered as it would reduce the wood strengths.

scholarly journals Contents of selected macroelements in soils, potatoes and fodder beets at variable soil reaction / Zawartość wybranych makroelementów w glebach oraz w ziemniakach i burakach pastewnych przy zmiennym odczynie gleby

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoni Rogóż ◽  
Monika Tabak
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Potato Tubers ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Abstract The aim of the research was to determine the concentration of selected macroelements in soil and in root crops (potatoes and fodder beets) at a variable soil reaction. The changes in pH values in the studied soils influenced the content of these elements in soluble forms determined in 0.1 mol HCl·dm-3. A statistical analysis showed a positive relationship between the soil pH value and the calcium and magnesium contents in a form close to the total form, as well as the content of soluble forms of phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium. The content of the studied macroelements, i.e. phosphorus, calcium, magnesium in the cultivated fodder beets and potatoes depended on abundance and form in which the studied elements occurred in soil, and also on specie and analyzed part of the plant. Along with the increase in pH values of the an increase in the phosphorus content and reduction of the magnesium content in the roots and above-ground parts of the beets were found. The calcium content in the roots increased along with an increase in pH of the soils, whereas direction of changes in the content of this element in the petioles and laminae of the beets was not unambiguous. A slight decrease in the content of the studied elements in the potato tubers (along with the increase in pH of the soils) was found.

scholarly journals TINGKAT PARTISIPASI PENGELOLAAN DAN ANALISIS FINANSIAL HUTAN RAKYAT DENGAN SISTEM TUNDA TEBANG DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Ode Agus Salim Mando ◽  
Aminuddin Mane Kandari ◽  
Khairun Khairun ◽  
Rosmarlinasiah Rosmarlinasiah ◽  
Safril Kasim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
N Addition ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Planning Stage ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Quantitative And Qualitative Methods ◽  
Tectona Grandis L.F

This study aims to determine the mechanism, level of participation, financial analysis in following the delayed logging program in community forests. The research was located in the community forests of Watudemba and Ulu Lakara villages, Konawe Selatan District from April to May 2018. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, direct communication with 16 respondents and bibliographical studies. n addition, measurements were made by making 17 sample plots of teak stands (Tectona grandis L.f). The data analysis uses quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that: 1) The delay logging program mechanism consists of three stages, namely agreeing and signing a pending felling program agreement, distribution and loan repayment. 2) While the level of community participation in participating in the delayed cutting program at the planning stage (moderate-high, 81.25%), organizing (moderate-high, 68, 75%), implementation (moderate-high, 81.25%), as well as supervision and evaluation (moderate-high, 56.25%). 3) NPV value obtained is Rp. 266,811,200,-; BCR value obtained was 5.29; and the IRR value obtained by 37% over the age of the analysis of twenty years.This study aims to determine the mechanism, level of participation, financial analysis in following the delayed logging program in community forests. The research was located in the community forests of Watudemba and Ulu Lakara villages, Konawe Selatan District from April to May 2018. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation, direct communication with 16 respondents and bibliographical studies. n addition, measurements were made by making 17 sample plots of teak stands (Tectona grandis L.f). The data analysis uses quantitative and qualitative methods. The results showed that: 1) The delay logging program mechanism consists of three stages, namely agreeing and signing a pending felling program agreement, distribution and loan repayment. 2) While the level of community participation in participating in the delayed cutting program at the planning stage (moderate-high, 81.25%), organizing (moderate-high, 68, 75%), implementation (moderate-high, 81.25%), as well as supervision and evaluation (moderate-high, 56.25%). 3) NPV value obtained is Rp. 266,811,200,-; BCR value obtained was 5.29; and the IRR value obtained by 37% over the age of the analysis of twenty years.[Reviewer1]  [Reviewer1]Menyesuaikan dengan abstrak bahasa indonesia

Investigation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water under Mymensingh Municipality

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
F Zannat ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
MA Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality parameters of pond water at Mymensingh Urban region. The water samples were collected from 30 ponds located at Mymensingh Urban Region during August to October 2010. The chemical analyses of water samples included pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, S, Mn and As were done by standard methods. The chemical properties in pond water were found pH 6.68 to 7.14, EC 227 to 700 ?Scm-1, Na 15.57 to 36.00 ppm, K 3.83 to 16.16 ppm, Ca 2.01 to 7.29 ppm, S 1.61 to 4.67 ppm, Mn 0.33 to 0.684 ppm and As 0.0011 to 0.0059 ppm. The pH values of water samples revealed that water samples were acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. The EC value revealed that water samples were medium salinity except one sample and also good for irrigation. According to drinking water standard Mn toxicity was detected in pond water. Considering Na, Ca and S ions pond water was safe for irrigation and aquaculture. In case of K ion, all the samples were suitable for irrigation but unsuitable for aquaculture.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 85-89 2015

The effect of sugar beet fiber addition on the chemical properties of tortilla chips

2012 ◽  
pp. 385-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azadeh Saadatmandi ◽  
Mohammad Elahi ◽  
Reza Farhoosh ◽  
Mahdi Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Water Absorption Capacity ◽  
Overall Acceptability ◽  
Tortilla Chips

The incorporation of sugar beet fiber (0–5%) to tortilla chips and the effects on the chemical and sensory properties were studied. Addition of sugar beet fiber (SBF) led to an increasing of water absorption capacity, ash content and darkness while lowering the protein content and oil absorption. Sensory evaluation showed that the overall acceptability of tortilla chips reduces if adding more than 2% SBF.

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