scholarly journals Primary anthropogenic aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 931-954 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Lei ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
K. B. He ◽  
D. G. Streets
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Metallic Mineral ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
Mineral Product ◽  
Activity Information

Abstract. An inventory of anthropogenic primary aerosol emissions in China was developed for 1990–2005 using a technology-based approach. Taking into account changes in the technology penetration within industry sectors and improvements in emission controls driven by stricter emission standards, a dynamic methodology was derived and implemented to estimate inter-annual emission factors. Emission factors of PM2.5 decreased by 7%–69% from 1990 to 2005 in different industry sectors of China, and emission factors of TSP decreased by 18%–80% as well, with the measures of controlling PM emissions implemented. As a result, emissions of PM2.5 and TSP in 2005 were 11.0 Tg and 29.7 Tg, respectively, less than what they would have been without the adoption of these measures. Emissions of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP presented similar trends: they increased in the first six years of 1990s and decreased until 2000, then increased again in the following years. Emissions of TSP peaked (35.5 Tg) in 1996, while the peak of PM10 (18.8 Tg) and PM2.5 (12.7 Tg) emissions occurred in 2005. Although various emission trends were identified across sectors, the cement industry and biofuel combustion in the residential sector were consistently the largest sources of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for 53%–62% of emissions over the study period. The non-metallic mineral product industry, including the cement, lime and brick industries, accounted for 54%–63% of national TSP emissions. There were no significant trends of BC and OC emissions until 2000, but the increase after 2000 brought the peaks of BC (1.51 Tg) and OC (3.19 Tg) emissions in 2005. Although significant improvements in the estimation of primary aerosols are presented here, there still exist large uncertainties. More accurate and detailed activity information and emission factors based on local tests are essential to further improve emission estimates, this especially being so for the brick and coke industries, as well as for coal-burning stoves and biofuel usage in the residential sector.

scholarly journals Primary aerosol emission trends for China, 1990–2005

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 17153-17212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Lei ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
K. B. He ◽  
D. G. Streets
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Cement Industry ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Metallic Mineral ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
Industry Sectors ◽  
Mineral Product ◽  
Activity Information ◽  
Product Industry

Abstract. An inventory of anthropogenic primary aerosol emissions in China was developed for 1990–2005 using a technology-based approach. Taking into account changes in the technology penetration within industry sectors and improvements in emission controls driven by stricter emission standards, a dynamic methodology was derived and implemented to estimate inter-annual emission factors. Emission factors of PM2.5 decreased by 7%–69% from 1990 to 2005 in different industry sectors of China, and emission factors of TSP decreased by 18%–80% as well. Emissions of PM2.5, PM10 and TSP presented similar trends: increased in the first six years of 1990s and decreased until 2000, then increased again in the following years. Emissions of TSP reached a historical high (35.5 Tg) in 1996, while the peak of PM10 (18.8 Tg) and PM2.5 (12.7 Tg) emissions occurred in 2005. Although various emission trends were identified across sectors, the cement industry and biofuel combustion in the residential sector were consistently the largest sources of PM2.5 emissions, accounting for 53%–62% of emission over the study period. The non-metallic mineral product industry, including the cement, lime and brick industries, accounted for 54%–63% of national TSP emissions. There were no significant trends of BC and OC emissions until 2000, but the increase after 2000 brought the historical high of BC (1.51 Tg) and OC (3.19 Tg) emissions in 2005. Although significant improvements in the estimation of primary aerosols are presented, there still exist large uncertainties. More accurate and detailed activity information and emission factors based on local tests are essential to further improve emission estimates, this especially being so for the brick and coke industries, as well as for coal-burning stoves and biofuel usage in the residential sector.

The local and remote atmospheric impacts of Africa’s 21st century aerosol emission trajectory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Wells ◽  
Apostolos Voulgarakis
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate ◽  
Emission Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Remote Locations ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Radiation Fluxes ◽  
The World ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Lower Biomass

<p>Aerosols are a major climate forcer, but their historical effect has the largest uncertainty of any forcing; their mechanisms and impacts are not well understood. Due to their short lifetime, aerosols have large impacts near their emission region, but they also have effects on the climate in remote locations. In recent years, studies have investigated the influences of regional aerosols on global and regional climate, and the mechanisms that lead to remote responses to their inhomogeneous forcing. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenarios (SSPs), transient future experiments were performed in UKESM1, testing the effect of African emissions following the SSP3-RCP7.0 scenario as the rest of the world follows SSP1-RCP1.9, relative to a global SSP1-RCP1.9 control. SSP3 sees higher direct anthropogenic aerosol emissions, but lower biomass burning emissions, over Africa. Experiments were performed changing each of these sets of emissions, and both. A further set of experiments additionally accounted for changing future CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, to investigate the impact of CO<sub>2</sub> on the responses to aerosol perturbations. Impacts on radiation fluxes, temperature, circulation and precipitation are investigated, both over the emission region (Africa), where microphysical effects dominate, and remotely, where dynamical influences become more relevant. </p>

scholarly journals Bias in CMIP6 models as compared to observed regional dimming and brightening

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 16023-16040
Author(s):  
Kine Onsum Moseid ◽  
Michael Schulz ◽  
Trude Storelvmo ◽  
Ingeborg Rian Julsrud ◽  
Dirk Olivié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions have increased considerably over the last century, but climate effects and quantification of the emissions are highly uncertain as one goes back in time. This uncertainty is partly due to a lack of observations in the pre-satellite era, making the observations we do have before 1990 additionally valuable. Aerosols suspended in the atmosphere scatter and absorb incoming solar radiation and thereby alter the Earth's surface energy balance. Previous studies show that Earth system models (ESMs) do not adequately represent surface energy fluxes over the historical era. We investigated global and regional aerosol effects over the time period 1961–2014 by looking at surface downwelling shortwave radiation (SDSR). We used observations from ground stations as well as multiple experiments from eight ESMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 6 (CMIP6). Our results show that this subset of models reproduces the observed transient SDSR well in Europe but poorly in China. We suggest that this may be attributed to missing emissions of sulfur dioxide in China, sulfur dioxide being a precursor to sulfate, which is a highly reflective aerosol and responsible for more reflective clouds. The emissions of sulfur dioxide used in the models do not show a temporal pattern that could explain observed SDSR evolution over China. The results from various aerosol emission perturbation experiments from DAMIP, RFMIP and AerChemMIP show that only simulations containing anthropogenic aerosol emissions show dimming, even if the dimming is underestimated. Simulated clear-sky and all-sky SDSR do not differ greatly, suggesting that cloud cover changes are not a dominant cause of the biased SDSR evolution in the simulations. Therefore we suggest that the discrepancy between modeled and observed SDSR evolution is partly caused by erroneous aerosol and aerosol precursor emission inventories. This is an important finding as it may help interpret whether ESMs reproduce the historical climate evolution for the right or wrong reason.

Bias in CMIP6 models compared to observed regional dimming and brightening trends (1961-2014)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kine Onsum Moseid ◽  
Michael Schulz ◽  
Trude Storelvmo ◽  
Ingeborg Rian Julsrud ◽  
Dirk Olivié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupled Model ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aerosol Effects ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
Trend Reversal

<p>Anthropogenic aerosol emissions have increased considerably over the last century, but climate effects and quantification of the emissions are highly uncertain as one goes back in time. This uncertainty is partly due to a lack of observations in the pre-satellite era, and previous studies show that Earth system models (ESMs) do not adequately represent surface energy fluxes over the historical era. We investigated global and regional aerosol effects over the time period 1961-2014 by looking at surface downwelling shortwave radiation (SDSR).<br>We used observations from ground stations as well as multiple experiments from five ESMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 6 (<em>CMIP6</em>). Our results show that this subset of models reproduces the observed transient SDSR well in Europe, but poorly in China. <br>The models do not reproduce the observed trend reversal in SDSR in China in the late 1980s, which is attributed to a change in the emission of SO<sub>2</sub> in this region. The emissions of SO<sub>2</sub> show no sign of a trend reversal that could explain the observed SDSR evolution over China, and neither do other aerosols relevant to SDSR. The results from various aerosol emission perturbation experiments from <em>DAMIP</em>, <em>RFMIP</em> and <em>AerChemMIP</em> suggest that its likely, that aerosol effects are responsible for the dimming signal, although not its full amplitude. Simulated cloud cover changes in the different models are not correlated with observed changes over China.  Therefore we suggest that the discrepancy between modeled and observed SDSR evolution is partly caused by erroneous aerosol and aerosol precursor emission inventories. This is an important finding as it may help interpreting whether ESMs reproduce the historical climate evolution for the right or wrong reason.</p>

scholarly journals The Impacts of Aerosol Emissions on Historical Climate in UKESM1

Atmosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1095
Author(s):  
Jeongbyn Seo ◽  
Sungbo Shim ◽  
Sang-Hoon Kwon ◽  
Kyung-On Boo ◽  
Yeon-Hee Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Central China ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

As one of the main drivers for climate change, it is important to understand changes in anthropogenic aerosol emissions and evaluate the climate impact. Anthropogenic aerosols have affected global climate while exerting a much larger influence on regional climate by their short lifetime and heterogeneous spatial distribution. In this study, the effective radiative forcing (ERF), which has been accepted as a useful index for quantifying the effect of climate forcing, was evaluated to understand the effects of aerosol on regional climate over a historical period (1850–2014). Eastern United States (EUS), Western European Union (WEU), and Eastern Central China (ECC), are regions that predominantly emit anthropogenic aerosols and were analyzed using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) simulations implemented within the framework of the Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) in the UK’s Earth System Model (UKESM1). In EUS and WEU, where industrialization occurred relatively earlier, the negative ERF seems to have been recovering in recent decades based on the decreasing trend of aerosol emissions. Conversely, the radiative cooling in ECC seems to be strengthened as aerosol emission continuously increases. These aerosol ERFs have been largely attributed to atmospheric rapid adjustments, driven mainly by aerosol-cloud interactions rather than direct effects of aerosol such as scattering and absorption.

scholarly journals Bias in CMIP6 models compared to observed regional dimming and brightening trends (1961–2014)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kine Onsum Moseid ◽  
Michael Schulz ◽  
Trude Storelvmo ◽  
Ingeborg Rian Julsrud ◽  
Dirk Olivié ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coupled Model ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Surface Energy Fluxes ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Wrong Reason ◽  
The Right ◽  
Aerosol Effects ◽  
Aerosol Emissions ◽  
Trend Reversal

Abstract. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions have increased considerably over the last century, but climate effects and quantification of the emissions are highly uncertain as one goes back in time. This uncertainty is partly due to a lack of observations in the pre-satellite era, and previous studies show that Earth system models (ESMs) do not adequately represent surface energy fluxes over the historical era. We investigated global and regional aerosol effects over the time period 1961–2014 by looking at surface downwelling shortwave radiation (SDSR). We used observations from ground stations as well as multiple experiments from five ESMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Version 6 (CMIP6). Our results show that this subset of models reproduces the observed transient SDSR well in Europe, but poorly in China. The models do not reproduce the observed trend reversal in SDSR in China in the late 1980s, which is attributed to a change in the emission of sulfur dioxide in this region. The emissions of SO2 show no sign of a trend reversal that could explain the observed SDSR evolution over China, and neither do other aerosols relevant to SDSR. The results from various aerosol emission perturbation experiments from DAMIP, RFMIP and AerChemMIP suggest that its likely, that aerosol effects are responsible for the dimming signal, although not its full amplitude. Simulated cloud cover changes in the different models are not correlated with observed changes over China. Therefore we suggest that the discrepancy between modeled and observed SDSR evolution is partly caused by erroneous aerosol and aerosol precursor emission inventories. This is an important finding as it may help interpreting whether ESMs reproduce the historical climate evolution for the right or wrong reason.

Spatially Resolved Emission Factors to Reduce Uncertainties in Air Pollutant Emission Estimates from the Residential Sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 4483-4493
Author(s):  
Xinlei Liu ◽  
Guofeng Shen ◽  
Laiguo Chen ◽  
Zhe Qian ◽  
Ningning Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factors ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Spatially Resolved

scholarly journals Effect of anthropogenic aerosol emissions on precipitation in warm conveyor belts in the western North Pacific in winter – a model study with ECHAM6-HAM

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Joos ◽  
Erica Madonna ◽  
Kasja Witlox ◽  
Sylvaine Ferrachat ◽  
Heini Wernli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Pacific ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Conveyor Belts ◽  
Winter Time ◽  
Warm Conveyor Belts ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. While there is a clear impact of aerosol particles on the radiation balance, whether and how aerosol particles influence precipitation is controversial. Here we use the ECHAM6-HAM global cli- mate model coupled to an aerosol module to analyse whether an impact of anthropogenic aerosol particles on the timing and the amount of precipitation from warm conveyor belts in low pressure systems in the winter time North Pacific can be detected. We conclude that while polluted warm con- veyor belt trajectories start with 5–10 times higher black carbon concentrations, the overall amount of precipitation is comparable in pre-industrial and present-day conditions. Precipitation formation is however supressed in the most polluted warm conveyor belt trajectories.

scholarly journals Highly-controlled, reproducible measurements of aerosol emissions from African biomass combustion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie L. Haslett ◽  
J. Chris Thomas ◽  
William T. Morgan ◽  
Rory Hadden ◽  
Dantong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Black Carbon ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Radiative Balance ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Aerosol Emission ◽  
Flaming Combustion ◽  
Aerosol Emissions

Abstract. Particulate emissions from biomass burning can both alter the atmosphere's radiative balance and cause significant harm to human health. However, due to the large effect on emissions caused by even small alterations to the way in which a fuel burns, it is difficult to study particulate production of biomass combustion mechanistically and in a repeatable manner. In order to address this gap, in this study, small wood samples sourced from Côte D'Ivoire in West Africa were burned in a highly-controlled laboratory environment. The shape and mass of samples, available airflow and surrounding thermal environment were carefully regulated. Organic aerosol and refractory black carbon emissions were measured in real time using an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and a Single Particle Soot Photometer, respectively. This methodology produced remarkably repeatable results, allowing aerosol emissions to be mapped directly onto different phases of combustion. Emissions from pyrolysis were visible as a distinct phase before flaming was established. After flaming combustion was initiated, a black-carbon-dominant flame was observed during which very little organic aerosol was produced, followed by a period that was dominated by organic-carbon-producing smouldering combustion, despite the presence of residual flaming. During pyrolysis and smouldering, the two phases producing organic aerosol, distinct mass spectral signatures that correspond to previously-reported variations in biofuel emissions measured in the atmosphere are found. Organic aerosol emission factors averaged over an entire combustion event were found to be representative of the time spent in the pyrolysis and smouldering phases, rather than reflecting a coupling between emissions and the mass loss of the sample. Further exploration of aerosol yields from similarly carefully controlled fires and a careful comparison with data from macroscopic fires and real-world emissions will help to deliver greater constraints on variability of particulate emissions in atmospheric systems.

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