scholarly journals Water footprint analysis for the assessment of milk production in Brandenburg (Germany)

2010 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Drastig ◽  
A. Prochnow ◽  
S. Kraatz ◽  
H. Klauss ◽  
M. Plöchl
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
Time Period

Abstract. The working group "Adaptation to Climate Change" at the Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB) is introduced. This group calculates the water footprint for agricultural processes and farms, distinguished into green water footprint, blue water footprint, and dilution water footprint. The green and blue water demand of a dairy farm plays a pivotal role in the regional water balance. Considering already existing and forthcoming climate change effects there is a need to determine the water cycle in the field and in housing for process chain optimisation for the adaptation to an expected increasing water scarcity. Resulting investments to boost water productivity and to improve water use efficiency in milk production are two pathways to adapt to climate change effects. In this paper the calculation of blue water demand for dairy farming in Brandenburg (Germany) is presented. The water used for feeding, milk processing, and servicing of cows over the time period of ten years was assessed in our study. The preliminary results of the calculation of the direct blue water footprint shows a decreasing water demand in the dairy production from the year 1999 with 5.98×109 L/yr to a water demand of 5.00×109 L/yr in the year 2008 in Brandenburg because of decreasing animal numbers and an improved average milk yield per cow. Improved feeding practices and shifted breeding to greater-volume producing Holstein-Friesian cow allow the production of milk in a more water sustainable way. The mean blue water consumption for the production of 1 kg milk in the time period between 1999 to 2008 was 3.94±0.29 L. The main part of the consumed water seems to stem from indirect used green water for the production of feed for the cows.

scholarly journals ANALISIS WATER FOOTPRINT PRODUKSI SUSU SAPI (STUDI KASUS DI KELOMPOK PETERNAK DESA MARGAMUKTI) - Water Footprint Analysis of Milk Cow Production (Case Study at the Farmer Groups of Margamukti Village)

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peni Faridah Khaerani
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Integrated Farming

AbstrakKebutuhan akan susu semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan jumlah penduduk, tingkat pendapatan, dan selera masyarakat. Dengan semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan akan susu, permintaan akan populasi sapi perah pun akan meningkat pula. Konsumsi produk hewani berkontribusi lebih dari seperempat water footprint manusia. Air yang dibutuhkan untuk menghasilkan pakan merupakan faktor utama di balik water footprint produk hewani Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besaran water footprint dalam produksi susu sapi serta untuk merumuskan upaya-upaya yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengurangi besarnya water footprint produksi susu sapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian kuantitatif dominant kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, pengukuran langsung dan wawancara semi-terstruktur pada setiap tahap budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, nilai water footprint  produksi susu sapi adalah 606,88 m3/ton, dengan nilai masing-masing komponennya adalah 233,0 m3/ton untuk green water, 178,1 m3/ton untuk blue water serta 195,78 m3/ton untuk grey water. Upaya-upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi water footprint produksi susu sapi : dengan meningkatkan produktivitas air pada tahap budidaya rumput gajah serta melakukan pengolahan limbah dan menerapkan  metode livestock integrated farming pada tahap budidaya ternak sapi perah.Kata Kunci : Water footprint, produksi susu sapi, upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi water footprintAbstractThe need for milk is increasing in line with population growth, income levels, and public taste. With the increasing demand for milk, dairy cow population demand will increase as well. Consumption of animal products contribute more than a quarter of the human water footprint. Water needed to produce food is a major factor behind the water footprint of animal products This study aims to determine the amount of water footprint in cow milk production as well as to formulate measures that can be done to reduce the amount of water footprint of milk production of cows. This study uses a quantitative dominant qualitative research design. Data were collected through observation, direct measurement  and semi-structured interviews at each stage of cultivation. The results showed that, the value of milk production water footprint is 606.88 m3/ton, with the value of each component is 233,0 m3/ton for green water, 178,1 m3/ton  for blue water and 195.78 m3/ton for grey water. Efforts that can be done to reduce the water footprint of milk production : increasing the productivity of water at the stage of elephant grass cultivation and doing the waste water treatment and apply livestock integrated farming method in dairy cattle farming stage.Keywords: Water footprint, milk production, efforts to reduce the water footprint

scholarly journals A water footprint approach to guide water resource management in data-scarce regions: A case study for the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Mount Kenya

Water SA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3 July) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael van der Laan ◽  
Sandra Eckert ◽  
Maya da Silva ◽  
John Annandale
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Small Component

Due to population growth and agricultural intensification, water scarcity is increasing in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin. Quantitative information is needed to improve the management of this resource, but is a challenge due to lack of hydrometeorological data. Using water footprint thinking, a pragmatic approach applying available information and simple assumptions was used to estimate blue and green water availability and consumption for different land uses and activities. Despite the attention it receives, flower production makes up a small component of the basin’s water footprint (1.4% of blue water consumed, roses used 0.73%), although the drastic impact of horticulture on low flows during dry periods is recognized. Surface water evaporation from irrigation dams containing captured floodwaters or pumped groundwater has a water footprint comparable to greenhouse horticultural production itself. Small-scale irrigation was estimated to use 71.4% of the blue water consumed, while total commercial horticultural production was estimated to use 8.2%. Direct human consumption was estimated at 3% and livestock and wildlife consumption at 4.2% of consumed blue water. Labour opportunities were almost 10 times higher for roses than for maize per hectare and per m3 of water consumed. Water productivity in terms of selling price was 128 times higher for 1 tonne of roses than for 1 tonne of maize. This approach can be used in data-poor regions to advance understanding between multiple stakeholders (such as between farmers, pastoralists and conservationists) for participatory management, and to better understand the basin’s water balance to estimate exploitable water resources.

scholarly journals Increasing efficiency in ethanol production: Water footprint and economic productivity of sugarcane ethanol under nine different water regimes in north-eastern Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. e1203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chico ◽  
Antonio D. Santiago ◽  
Alberto Garrido
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Economic Productivity ◽  
Water Regimes ◽  
Eastern Brazil ◽  
North Eastern

<p>Ethanol production in Brazil has grown by 219% between 2001 and 2012, increasing the use of land and water resources. In the semi-arid north-eastern Brazil, irrigation is the main way for improving sugarcane production. This study aimed at quantifying water consumed in ethanol production from sugarcane in this region using the water footprint (WF) indicator and complementing it with an evaluation of the water apparent productivity (WAP). This way we were able to provide a measure of the crop´s physical and economic water productivity using, respectively, the WF and WAP concepts. We studied sugarcane cultivation under nine different water regimes, including rainfed and full irrigation. Data from a mill of the state of Alagoas for three production seasons were used. Irrigation influenced sugarcane yield increasing total profit per hectare and economic water productivity. Full irrigation showed the lowest WF, 1229 litres of water per litre of ethanol (L/L), whereas rainfed production showed the highest WF, 1646 L/L. However, the lower WF in full irrigation as compared to the rest of the water regimes implied the use of higher volumes of blue water per cultivated hectare. Lower water regimes yielded the lowest economic productivity, 0.72 US$/m<sup>3</sup> for rainfed production as compared to 1.11 US$/m<sup>3</sup> for full irrigation. Since economic revenues are increased with higher water regimes, there are incentives for the development of these higher water regimes. This will lead to higher general crop water and economic productivity at field level, as green water is replaced by blue water consumption.</p>

scholarly journals Water Footprint, Blue Water Scarcity, and Economic Water Productivity of Irrigated Crops in Peshawar Basin, Pakistan

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1249
Author(s):  
Tariq Khan ◽  
Hamideh Nouri ◽  
Martijn J. Booij ◽  
Arjen Y. Hoekstra ◽  
Hizbullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Annual Consumption ◽  
Peshawar Basin

Pakistan possesses the fourth largest irrigation network in the world, serving 20.2 million hectares of cultivated land. With an increasing irrigated area, Pakistan is short of freshwater resources and faces severe water scarcity and food security challenges. This is the first comprehensive study on the water footprint (WF) of crop production in Peshawar Basin. WF is defined as the volume of freshwater required to produce goods and services. In this study, we assessed the blue and green water footprints (WFs) and annual blue and green water consumption of major crops (maize, rice, tobacco, wheat, barley, sugarcane, and sugar beet) in Peshawar Basin, Pakistan. The Global Water Footprint Assessment Standard (GWFAS) and AquaCrop model were used to model the daily WF of each crop from 1986 to 2015. In addition, the blue water scarcity, in the context of available surface water, and economic water productivity (EWP) of these crops were assessed. The 30 year average blue and green WFs of major crops revealed that maize had the highest blue and green WFs (7077 and 2744 m3/ton, respectively) and sugarcane had the lowest blue and green WFs (174 and 45 m3/ton, respectively). The average annual consumption of blue water by major crops in the basin was 1.9 billion m3, where 67% was used for sugarcane and maize, covering 48% of the cropland. The average annual consumption of green water was 1.0 billion m3, where 68% was used for wheat and sugarcane, covering 67% of the cropland. The WFs of all crops exceeded the global average. The results showed that annually the basin is supplied with 30 billion m3 of freshwater. Annually, 3 billion m3 of freshwater leaves the basin unutilized. The average annual blue water consumption by major crops is 31% of the total available surface water (6 billion m3) in the basin. Tobacco and sugar beet had the highest blue and green EWP while wheat and maize had the lowest. The findings of this study can help the water management authorities in formulating a comprehensive policy for efficient utilization of available water resources in Peshawar Basin.

scholarly journals A Prospective Study for the Mitigation of the Climate Change Effects: The Case of the North Aegean Region of Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10420
Author(s):  
Ioannis Chatziioannou ◽  
Efthimios Bakogiannis ◽  
Charalampos Kyriakidis ◽  
Luis Alvarez-Icaza
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Sea Levels ◽  
Aegean Region ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
North Aegean ◽  
A Prospective Study

One of the biggest challenges of our time is climate change. Every day, at different places of the world, the planet sends alarming messages about the enormous transformations it is experiencing due to human-based activities. The latter are responsible for changing weather patterns that threaten food production, energy production and energy consumption, the desertification of land, the displacement of people and animals because of food and water shortages due to the reductions in rainfall, natural disasters and rising sea levels. The effects of climate change affect us all, and if drastic measures are not considered in a timely manner, it will be more difficult and costly to adapt to the aforementioned effects in the future. Considering this context, the aim of this work is to implement a prospective study/structural analysis to the identified sectors of a regional plan of adaptation to climate change so as to promote the resilience of the region against the negative phenomena generated by the climate crisis. This was achieved in two steps: first, we identified the relationships between the strategic sectors of the plan and organized them in order of importance. Second, we assessed the effectiveness of several public policies oriented towards a city’s resilience according to their impact upon the strategic sectors of the plan and the co-benefits generated by their implementation for society. The results highlight that the most essential sectors for the mitigation of climate change are flood risk management, built environment, forest ecosystem management, human health, tourism and rise in sea level. As a consequence, the most important measures for the resilience of the North Aegean Region against climate change are the ones related to the preparation of strategic master plans for flood protection projects.

scholarly journals Adaptation to climate-change effects on fisheries in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1134-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsutaku Makino ◽  
Yasunori Sakurai
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Adaptation To Climate Change ◽  
Natural Heritage ◽  
Climate Change Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Heritage Area ◽  
World Natural Heritage

Abstract Makino, M., and Sakurai, Y. 2012. Adaptation to climate-change effects on fisheries in the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, Japan. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . In the Shiretoko World Natural Heritage area, many factors have been observed that imply effects of climate change on ecosystems, such as decreases in seasonal sea ice, changes in fishing grounds, and the appearance of non-local species. This study summarizes observed and anticipated effects of such climate change on fisheries in the heritage area and discusses policy and research needs for adapting to these changes. International research and monitoring at the scale of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) is the basis of all policy measures for adapting to climate change. Several measures need to be combined, taking into account the various socio-ecological aspects of fisheries and scales of ecosystems. Such measures of adaptation should be incorporated also into the cross-sector coordination system and the Integrated Management Plan, which were established to manage the World Heritage area. Also, culture is an important part of society, and the World Heritage programme may offer clues for creating a new and peaceful culture based on the LME.

scholarly journals Water Footprint Assessment and Water-Energy-Food Nexus for Domestic and Institutional Sectors in Klang Valley, Malaysia: a Review

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 244
Author(s):  
Nurul Azmah Safie ◽  
M.A. Malek ◽  
Z. Z. Noor
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Green Water ◽  
World Population ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Water Production ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Reliable Technique ◽  
Klang Valley

Change in climate, increasing world population and industrialization have placed considerable stress on water availability at certain places. Water Footprint accounting is a reliable technique that can be used for a better water management. This study focuses on establishing a doable methodology on water footprint accounting and assessment for direct water consumption from domestic and institutional sectors located in an urbanized environment such as Klang Valley, Kuala Lumpur. It includes investigation of Water Footprint at domestic household, schools, colleges, terminals and offices in Klang Valley. The value of water consumption, water production and water pollution will be determined using Hoekstra’s approach for green water, blue water and grey water. In addition, findings from this study will be linked to two other elements namely energy and food. This link is named as Water-Energy-Food Nexus. This study will establish the quantity and criteria of Water-Energy-Food Nexus specifically tailored to domestic and institutional sectors in Klang Valley.

scholarly journals Cradle-to-Gate Water-Related Impacts on Production of Traditional Food Products in Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5274 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.X.H. Bong ◽  
M.A. Malek ◽  
N.H. Mardi ◽  
Marlia M. Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Green Water ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Traditional Food ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Freshwater Ecotoxicity ◽  
Cradle To Gate

Modern technology and life-style advancements have increased the demand for clean water. Based on this trend it is expected that our water resources will be under stress leading to a high probability of scarcity. This study aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of selected traditional food manufacturing products namely: tempe, lemang, noodle laksam, fish crackers and salted fish in Malaysia. The cradle-to-gate approach on water footprint assessment (WFA) of these selected traditional food products was carried out using Water Footprint Network (WFN) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Freshwater eutrophication (FEP), marine eutrophication (MEP), freshwater ecotoxicity (FETP), marine ecotoxicity (METP) and water consumption (WCP), LCA were investigated using ReCiPe 2016 methodology. Water footprint accounting of blue water footprint (WFblue), green water footprint (WFgreen) and grey water footprint (WFgrey) were established in this study. It was found that total water footprint for lemang production was highest at 3862.13 m3/ton. The lowest total water footprint was found to be fish cracker production at 135.88 m3/ton. Blue water scarcity (WSblue) and water pollution level (WPL) of these selected food products were also determined to identify the environmental hotspots. Results in this study showed that the WSblue and WPL of these selected food products did not exceed 1%, which is considered sustainable. Based on midpoint approach adopted in this study, the characterization factors for FEP, MEP, FETP, METP and WCP on these selected food products were evaluated. It is recommended that alternative ingredients or product processes be designed in order to produce more sustainable lemang.

scholarly journals The Water Footprint of Global Food Production

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2696
Author(s):  
Mesfin M. Mekonnen ◽  
Winnie Gerbens-Leenes
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Dietary Shifts ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Main Consumer ◽  
Future Population

Agricultural production is the main consumer of water. Future population growth, income growth, and dietary shifts are expected to increase demand for water. The paper presents a brief review of the water footprint of crop production and the sustainability of the blue water footprint. The estimated global consumptive (green plus blue) water footprint ranges from 5938 to 8508 km3/year. The water footprint is projected to increase by as much as 22% due to climate change and land use change by 2090. Approximately 57% of the global blue water footprint is shown to violate the environmental flow requirements. This calls for action to improve the sustainability of water and protect ecosystems that depend on it. Some of the measures include increasing water productivity, setting benchmarks, setting caps on the water footprint per river basin, shifting the diets to food items with low water requirements, and reducing food waste.

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